Polar Bloch points in strained ferroelectric films.

Topological domain structures have drawn great attention as they have potential applications in future electronic devices. As an important concept linking the quantum and classical magnetism, a magnetic Bloch point, predicted in 1960s but not observed directly so far, is a singular point around which magnetization vectors orient to nearly all directions. Here we show polar Bloch points in tensile-strained ultrathin ferroelectric PbTiO3 films, which are alternatively visualized by phase-field simulations and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopic imaging. The phase-field simulations indicate local steady-state negative capacitance around the Bloch points. The observation of polar Bloch points and their emergent properties consequently implies novel applications in future integrated circuits and low power electronic devices.

Room-Temperature Ferroelectricity of Paraelectric Oxides Tailored by Nano-Engineering.

Inducing clear ferroelectricity in the quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 is important for triggering methods to discover hidden phases in condensed matter physics. Several methods such as isotope substitution and freestanding membranes could introduce ferroelectricity in SrTiO3 toward nonvolatile memory applications. However, the stable transformation from quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 to ferroelectricity SrTiO3 at room temperature still remains challenging. Here, we used multiple nano-engineering in (SrTiO3)0.65/(CeO2)0.35 films to achieve an emergent room-temperature ferroelectricity. It is shown that the CeO2 nanocolumns impose large out-of-plane strains and induce Sr/O deficiency in the SrTiO3 matrix to form a clear tetragonal structure, which leads to an apparent room-temperature ferroelectric polarization up to 2.5 µC/cm2. In collaboration with density functional theory calculations, it is proposed that the compressive strains combined with elemental deficiency give rise to local redistribution of charge density and orbital order, which induce emergent tetragonality of the strained SrTiO3. Our work thus paves a pathway for architecting functional systems in perovskite oxides using a multiple nano-design.

Achieving High-Temperature Multiferroism by Atomic Architecture.

Materials with multiple order parameters, typically, in which ferroelectricity and magnetism are coupled, are illuminative for next-generation multifunctional electronics. However, searching for such single-phase multiferroics is challenging owing to antagonistic orbital occupancy and chemical bonding requirements for polarity and magnetism. Appropriate multiferroic candidates have been proposed, but their practical implementation is impeded by the low working temperature, weak coupling between ferroic orders, or antiparallel spin alignment in magnetic sublattices. Here, we report a family of single-phase multiferroic materials in which high-temperature magnetism and voltage-switchable ferroelectricity are coupled. Using pulsed laser deposition, we have fabricated single-crystalline thin films incorporating a uniformly percolated open-shell dn framework, which are composed of Fe cations with B-site occupancy and exhibit long-range spin ordering into the displacive ferroelectric PbTiO3 lattice, as demonstrated by atomically resolved chemical analysis. The tetragonal polar Pb(Ti1-x,Fex)O3 (PFT(x), x ≤ 0.10) family exhibits a switchable ferroelectric nature and magnetic interaction with a moderate coercive field of around 300 Oe at room temperature. Notably, the magnetic order even persists above 500 K, which is higher than already reported potential multiferroic candidates until now. Our strategy of merging a spin-ordered sublattice into inherent ferroelectrics via atomic occupancy engineering provides an available pathway for highly thermally stable multiferroic and spintronic applications.

Real-Time Transformation of Flux-Closure Domains with Superhigh Thermal Stability.

Polar topologies have received extensive attention due to their exotic configurations and functionalities. Understanding their responsive behaviors to external stimuli, especially thermal excitation, is highly desirable to extend their applications to high temperature, which is still unclear. Here, combining in situ transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations, the thermal dynamics of the flux-closure domains were illuminated in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers. In-depth analyses suggested that the topological transition processes from a/c domains to flux-closure quadrants were influenced by the boundary conditions of PbTiO3 layers. The symmetrical boundary condition stabilized the flux-closure domains at higher temperature than in the asymmetrical case. Furthermore, the reversible thermal responsive behaviors of the flux-closure domains displayed superior thermal stability, which maintained robust up to 450 °C (near the Curie temperature). This work provides new insights into the dynamics of polar topologies under thermal excitation and facilitates their applications as nanoelectronics under extreme conditions.

Polar Magnetism Above 600 K with High Adaptability in Perovskite Oxides.

High magnetic order temperature, sustainable polar insulating state, and tolerance to device integrations are substantial advantages for applications in next-generation spintronics. However, engineering such functionality in a single-phase system remains a challenge owing to the contradicted chemical and electronic requirements for polar nature and magnetism, especially with an ordering state highly above room temperature. Perovskite-related oxides with unique flexibility allow electron-unpaired subsystems to merge into the polar lattice to induce magnetic interactions, combined with their inherent asymmetry, thereby promising polar magnet design. Herein, by atomic-level composition assembly, a family of Ti/Fe co-occupied perovskite oxide films Pb(Ti1-x,Fex)O3 (PFT(x)) with a Ruddlesden-Popper superstructure are successfully synthesized on several different substrates, demonstrating exceptional adaptability to different integration conditions. Furthermore, second-harmonic generation measurements convince the symmetry-breaking polar character. Notably, a ferromagnetic ground state up to 600 K and a steady insulating state far beyond room temperature were achieved simultaneously in these films. This strategy of constructing layered modular superlattices in perovskite oxides could be extended to other strongly correlated systems for triggering nontrivial quantum physical phenomena.

Magneto-Electric-Optical Coupling in Multiferroic BiFeO3 -Based Films.

Manipulating ferroic orders and realizing their coupling in multiferroics at room temperature are promising for designing future multifunctional devices. Single external stimulation has been extensively proved to demonstrate the ability of ferroelastic switching in multiferroic oxides, which is crucial to bridge the ferroelectricity and magnetism. However, it is still challenging to directly realize multi-field-driven magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic oxides as potential multifunctional electrical devices. Here, novel magneto-electric-optical coupling in multiferroic BiFeO3 -based thin films at room temperature mediated by deterministic ferroelastic switching using piezoresponse/magnetic force microscopy and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy are shown. Reversible photoinduced ferroelastic switching exhibiting magnetoelectric responses is confirmed in BiFeO3 -based films, which works at flexible strain states. This work directly demonstrates room-temperature magneto-electric-optical coupling in multiferroic films, which provides a framework for designing potential multi-field-driven magnetoelectric devices such as energy conservation memories.

Thickness-Dependent Polar Domain Evolution in Strained, Ultrathin PbTiO3 Films.

Ferroelectric ultrathin films have great potential in electronic devices and device miniaturization with the innovation of technology. In the process of product commercialization, understanding the domain evolution and topological properties of ferroelectrics is a prerequisite for high-density storage devices. In this work, a series of ultrathin PbTiO3 (PTO) films with varying thicknesses were deposited on cubic KTaO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition and were researched by Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), reciprocal space mapping (RSM), and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). RSM experiments indicate the existence of a/c domains and show that the lattice constant varies continuously, which is further confirmed by atomic-scale STEM imaging. Diffraction contrast analysis clarifies that with the decrease in PTO film thickness, the critical thickness for the formation of a/c domains could be missing. When the thickness of PTO films is less than 6 nm, the domain configurations in the ultrathin PTO films are the coexistence of a/c domains and bowl-like topological structures, where the latter ones were identified as convergent and divergent types of meron. In addition, abundant 90° charged domain walls in these ultrathin PTO films were identified. PFM studies reveal clear ferroelectric properties for these ultrathin PTO films. These results may shed light on further understanding the domain evolution and topological properties in ultrathin ferroelectric PTO films.

Atomic mapping of periodic dipole waves in ferroelectric oxide.

A dipole wave is composed of head-to-tail connected electric dipoles in the form of sine function. Potential applications in information carrying, transporting, and processing are expected, and logic circuits based on nonlinear wave interaction are promising for dipole waves. Although similar spin waves are well known in ferromagnetic materials for their roles in some physical essence, electric dipole wave behavior and even its existence in ferroelectric materials are still elusive. Here, we observe the atomic morphology of large-scale dipole waves in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice mediated by tensile epitaxial strains on scandate substrates. The dipole waves can be expressed in the formula of y = Asin (2πx/L) + y 0, where the wave amplitude (A) and wavelength (L) correspond to 1.5 and 6.6 nm, respectively. This study suggests that by engineering strain at the nanoscale, it should be possible to fabricate unknown polar textures, which could facilitate the development of nanoscale ferroelectric devices.

Spinodal Decomposition-Driven Endurable Resistive Switching in Perovskite Oxides.

Common pursuits of developing nanometric logic and neuromorphic applications have motivated intensive research studies into low-dimensional resistive random-access memory (RRAM) materials. However, fabricating resistive switching medium with inherent stability and homogeneity still remains a bottleneck. Herein, we report a self-assembled uniform biphasic system, comprising low-resistance 3 nm-wide (Bi0.4,La0.6)FeO3-δ nanosheets coherently embedded in a high-resistance (Bi0.2,La0.8)FeO3-δ matrix, which were spinodally decomposed from an overall stoichiometry of the (Bi0.24,La0.76)FeO3-δ parent phase, as a promising nanocomposite to be a stable and endurable RRAM medium. The Bi-rich nanosheets accommodating high concentration of oxygen vacancies as corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy function as fast carrier channels, thus enabling an intrinsic electroforming-free character. Surficial electrical state and resistive switching properties are investigated using multimodal scanning probe microscopy techniques and macroscopic I-V measurements, showing high on/off ratio (∼103) and good endurance (up to 1.6 × 104 cycles). The established spinodal decomposition-driven phase-coexistence BLFO system demonstrates the merits of stability, uniformity, and endurability, which is promising for further application in RRAM devices.

[Pollution Characteristics of Water-soluble Inorganic Ions in Chengdu in Summer and Winter].

The water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM2.5 and gaseous precursors of Chengdu were continuously observed by a gas and aerosol collector combined with ion chromatography (GAC-IC) in the summer and winter of 2017, and both their pollution characteristics and a typical pollution process in winter were analyzed. It was found that the concentration of PM2.5 in winter (100.2 µg·m-3) was significantly higher than that in summer (34.0 µg·m-3). WSIIs were important components of PM2.5 and their total contributions to PM2.5 were 52.9% and 53.3% in summer and winter, respectively. Secondary ions (SNA) accounted for 73.2% and 87.6% of WSIIs in summer and winter, respectively. SO42- and NO3- dominated the SNA in summer and winter, and the contributions to SNA were 37.7% and 59.7%, respectively. The NO3-/SO42- ratio (2.7) in winter was significantly higher than that in summer (0.8), reflecting the important contribution of mobile sources (especially motor vehicles) to PM2.5 in this season. The diurnal variation of SNA in the two seasons was obviously different due to the differences in sources and meteorological conditions. In winter, with the aggravation of pollution, the concentrations of WSIIs and gaseous precursors increased significantly, and NO3- was the key component in causing heavy pollution. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that the air masses in the two seasons in Chengdu differed significantly from each other. The WSIIs in summer and winter were dominated by SO42- and NO3-, respectively. The short-distance and low-altitude transmission from the east and south of Chengdu contributed significantly to PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu.