The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on soccer positional and physical demands in the Spanish La Liga.

The present study aimed to analyse the playing surface area, dispersion and distance covered of professional football teams comparing the pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods. Positional and match physical demands data were collected from all matches played in the First Spanish Division (n = 760) during season 2019/2020. Pre-lockdown (1st-27th matchday) and post-lockdown periods (28th-38th matchday) were compared. Variables related to team-level spatial (i.e., convex hull, team width and team length) and physical performance (i.e., total distance and high-speed running distance) were analysed using an optical tracking system (i.e., ChyronHego). In addition, these variables were concerned with respect to the match location contextual variable. Linear mixed models were used to examine the difference between the pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods following a hierarchical structure considering players, matches and teams. The results revealed that the pandemic lockdown affected the teams' performance when comparing the periods before and after lockdown, showing a general decrease in the average values of the spatial and physical variables measured. The current data could assist practitioners in making informed decisions in order to design and improve training plans for similar situations in which teams return to competition after an unusual period with no training.

Profiles of substance use disorders in patients of therapeutic communities: link to social, medical and psychiatric characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic community (TC) clients frequently display a pattern of multiple substance use disorders (SUDs) which is associated with poorer treatment outcomes. This study aimed to characterize multiple SUD profiles in patients enrolled in TCs, and examine the association of these profiles with social, medical and psychiatric outcomes. METHODS: Observational study. We acquired substance use diagnoses and sociodemographic, medical and psychiatric comorbidity data for 4102 patients who had been admitted to six public TCs in Andalusia (Spain) from 2004 to 2012. Latent class analysis was applied to participants' substance use diagnoses, and the resulting classes were associated with social (i.e., education, employment, criminality), medical (i.e., infectious diseases) and psychiatric comorbidity. RESULTS: We found four differentiated profiles of substance use diagnoses among TC patients: cocaine/opiates (Class 1: 37% of participants); cocaine/opiates/benzodiazepines (Class 2: 25.3%); alcohol (Class 3: 24.7%); and cocaine/cannabis/alcohol (Class 4: 12.9%). Classes 1 and 2 were associated with poorer social and medical characteristics. Class 2 was also associated with greater prevalence of impulsive spectrum mental disorders. Class 3 was associated with greater prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and cognitive dysfunction, and Class 4 was associated with higher prevalence of psychotic illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted to TCs have heterogeneous substance use diagnostic profiles. Profiles involving multiple use of heroin, cocaine, alcohol and benzodiazepines are associated with poorer social and medical function and impulse control disorders. Profiles involving alcohol use and cannabis/cocaine use are associated with cognitive dysfunction and psychotic illness respectively.

Mortality in a cohort of young primary cocaine users: controlling the effect of the riskiest drug-use behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Published studies indicate that primary cocaine users (PCUs) have a mortality rate 4-8 times higher than their age-sex peers in the general population. Most PCUs are primary intranasal cocaine users, never-injectors and never-opioid users (PICUNINOs) and are usually underrepresented in cohort mortality studies. The aim is to estimate excess mortality in all PCUs and in the subgroups of never-opioid users and PICUNINOs in Spain. METHODS: 714 PCUs aged 18-30 were street-recruited in 2004-2006 in Spain and followed until 2010 to ascertain vital status. Drug use was self-reported at baseline and 1-2years later. Mortality was compared with that of the general population using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). RESULTS: SMRs were 4.7 (95% CI: 2.4-9.0), 2.5 (95%CI: 0.8-7.8) and 3.1 (95% CI: 1.0-9.6), respectively, among all participants, never-opioid users and PICUNINOS when using only baseline data on drug use, and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.2-8.5) and 1.4 (95% CI: 0.2-9.9) among the latter two subgroups, when using baseline plus follow-up data. CONCLUSION: Short-term mortality in young Spanish PCUs is 5 times higher than in the general population. This excess mortality may largely be explained by a history of opioid use or the risk of starting such use.

[Recruitment methodology and characteristics of a cohort of young regular cocaine users in three Spanish cities (the Itinere-cocaine Project)]. / Metodología de reclutamiento y características de una cohorte de jóvenes consumidores habituales de cocaína de tres ciudades españolas (Proyecto Itínere-cocaína).

BACKGROUND: Health information systems that monitor drug use do not perform in-depth analyses of sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of use, or of the factors that influence health problems. We describe the recruitment methodology and characteristics of a cohort of young cocaine users. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 720 cocaine users who were not regular heroin users, recruited in the community independently of the health services by chain referral methods in the metropolitan areas of Madrid, Barcelona and Seville was studied. A computer-administered and partially self-administered questionnaire was used. A stratified analysis by city and by frequency of base cocaine use was performed. RESULTS: In the previous 12 months, 58.8% had used cocaine 1-2 days/week; 91.9% sniffed it regularly, 5.3 smoked it, and only 2.8% injected it; 6.1% had used it at least half the time in the form of base cocaine. Polydrug use was observed with cannabis (93.6%), ecstasy (73.2%) and amphetamines (60.6%). Approximately 4.0% had injected at least one drug. Crack users (22.1%) had a lower educational level, more intensive cocaine use, a higher prevalence of other drug use, especially opioids, and a much higher prevalence of injection. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms and completes the sociodemographic and drug profile provided by the information systems based on health services or population surveys. The results show that a large proportion of young cocaine users consume the drug sporadically and that two very different subpopulations exist, according to whether or not they use base cocaine.

Intervención de Enfermería: herramienta clave para mejorar el estado nutricional en los pacientes con Insuficiencia renal crónica / Nursing Intervention: a key tool for improving the nutritional state in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

Los pacientes con Insuficiencia renal crónica y en tratamiento de hemodiálisis se ven sometidos a una restricción de alimentos. Esto, unido al envejecimiento y a los hábitos inadecuados, provoca un riesgo importante de desnutrición. Nuestro objetivo es mejorar el estado nutricional de los pacientes de nuestra unidad de diálisis, mediante la intervención de enfermería: Asesoramiento Nutricional de la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería. Se realizó un estudio trasversal descriptivo, en el cual estudiamos la población de nuestra unidad en un momento dado (variables antropométricas y analíticas). Aplicamos la intervención: Asesoramiento Nutricional y realizamos un estudio comparativo y correlacional a 12 meses pre y post intervención. Encontramos una mejora nutriconal en todos las variables excepto en linfocitos. Siendo está mejora significativa en las variables IMC y albúmina (AU)

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency who are undergoing haemodialysis are subject to food restrictions. This, together with aging and unsuitable habits, leads to a significant risk of malnutrition. Our aim is to improve the nutritional state of the patients in our dialysis unit, through nursing intervention: Nutritional Advising of the Nursing Interventions Classification. A descriptive transversal study was carried out, in which we studied the population of our unit at a given time (anthropometric and analytical variables). We applied the Nutritional Advising intervention and carried out a comparative and correlational study before and after the intervention. We found a nutritional improvement in all variables except lymphocytes. The improvement was significant in the variables of BMI and albumin (AU)

Industria alimenticia "Procesamiento de la carne de cerdo"

Nuestro pais todos los paises de poco desarrollo ocupa uno de los lugares mas bajos en cuanto a la calidad alimentaria se refiere, gran parte de la poblacion no alcanza los niveles minimos de nutricion en cuanto al valor energetico, proteinico y minerales necesarios para el desarrollo de sus actividades fisicas y de metabolismo. En este marco la industria alimenticia debe posibilitar la oferta de productos con buenos contenidos de micro y macro nutrientes y un contenido de calorias adecuado para paliar de alguna manera el deficit nutricional existente. El objetivo del trabajo es el de realizar un estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalacion de una planta de procesamiento de carne de cerdo como materia prima fundamental con la adicion de carne vacuna, aditivos proteicos y otros insumos de tal manera que el producto final, a parte de satisfacer las necesidades de nutricion, llegue al mercado con precios accesibles a todo nivel social y economico. Otro de los objetivos es el de sustituir la produccion informal (clandestina), que no cumplen ningun de exigencias de Normas de calidad vigentes, ademas tampoco cumplen con las obligaciones tributarias fiscales. Asimismo los productos carnicos que ingresan al pais por la via del contrabando, al igual que las anteriores no cumplen con los requerimientos antes citados.