Association between caries and periodontal diseases in a sample of employed adults in Spain: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To study whether there is an association between caries and periodontitis in a representative sample from employed Spanish adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study is part of a wide epidemiological survey (WORALTH, Workers' ORAL healTH). Oral examination was carried out in 5130 dentate subjects. Periodontal status was assessed by clinical attachment level (CAL) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) in index teeth. For caries, all teeth were classified as healthy, decayed (D), filled (F), or missed (M), and DMFT index and prevalence of cavitated caries were calculated. ANOVA, Chi-square tests, and regression models were performed. RESULTS: DMFT increased with CAL values, being 7.8, 9.6, and 10.5 for CAL 0-3 mm, 4-5 mm, and ≥ 6 mm, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, subjects with CPI ≥ 3 showed an odds ratio of 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.3; 1.8]; p < 0.001) for presenting cavitated caries, and patients with CAL ≥ 6 mm had 0.8 higher mean DMFT (95% CI [0.2; 1.5]; p = 0.015), and 0.3 higher mean DFR (95% CI [0.2; 0.5]; p < 0.001) than those with CAL < 6 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CAL ≥ 6 m mm was associated with an increased DMFT and DFR, and the presence of CPI ≥ 3 was associated with a higher prevalence of cavitated caries in this representative sample. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is a tendency to present higher prevalence of dental caries among patients with periodontitis. Therefore, common preventive measures in dentistry, such as oral hygiene practices, should ideally include actions aimed to prevent at the same time dental caries and periodontitis.

The association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Spain: Results from the WORALTH (Workers' ORAL healTH) Study.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence of an association between periodontitis and MetS (metabolic syndrome) remains controversial. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between periodontitis and MetS in a cross-sectional population survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: WORALTH (Workers' ORAL healTH) Study is a cross-sectional survey, conducted on a representative sample of the Spanish employed population, including 5154 participants. An oral examination following the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria evaluated the periodontal status using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Clinical Attachment Levels (CAL). Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for potential confounders was used to evaluate the association between periodontitis and MetS, and its individual components. RESULTS: Participants presenting a CPI = 4 were more likely to have MetS than subjects with CPI < 4 [odds ratio, OR = 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.81; p < 0.001]. High blood pressure was the component with stronger association with periodontal status (OR = 1.94 for CAL ≥6 mm; 95% CI 1.49-2.53; p < 0.001). After stratifying for sex, the association was higher in women (OR = 2.20 for CPI = 4; 95% CI 1.31-3.62; p < 0.001). Non-metabolically healthy subjects, obese or not, presented a worse periodontal condition. CONCLUSION: Severe periodontitis (CPI = 4) was associated with MetS in a representative sample of the Spanish employed population. This association seems to be independent of body mass index and other potential confounders.

COVID-19 and Sick Leave: An Analysis of the Ibermutua Cohort of Over 1,651,305 Spanish Workers in the First Trimester of 2020.

Objectives: The worldwide SARS-COV2 pandemic has impacted the health of workers and companies. The aim is to quantify it according to sick leave. Methods: Using ICD-9 codes, we analyzed Ibermutua records of all sick leaves during the first trimester of 2020, compared to during the same months of 2017, 2018, and 2019. We stratified the analysis by causes, patient sex, activity sectors, and regional data. All sick leaves were adjusted by the number of Ibermutua-affiliated persons in each period. Results: In March 2020, there was an unprecedented (116%) increase in total sick leaves, mainly due to infectious and respiratory diseases. Men and women were equally affected. All activity sectors were impacted, with the highest increase (457%) observed among health-related workers, especially due to contagious disease. The incidences of sick leaves were heterogeneous among different regions. Cost-analysis of sick leaves during the first trimester of 2020 compared with in previous years showed 40.3% increment (mean 2,813 vs. 2,005 € per 100 affiliated workers). Conclusions: The SARS-COV2 pandemic is having a huge impact on workers' health, as shown by data regarding sick leaves in March 2020. This is associated with greater economic burden for companies, both due to the cost associated with sick leaves and the losses in productivity due to confinement.

Prediabetes and diabetes prevalence in the Workers' Oral Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between periodontitis, diabetes, and prediabetes, assessed by fasting plasma glucose (FPG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Workers' Oral Health Study is a cross-sectional survey conducted on a representative sample of the Spanish employed population including 5154 participants (59.5% men, aged 16-65). Examination of periodontal status assessed Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and clinical attachment levels (CAL). Biochemical determinations included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for potential confounders was used to evaluate the association between periodontitis and abnormal glucose regulation. RESULTS: Ninety-five participants (2.2%) of the study population had diabetes, while 373 (8.8%) presented prediabetes. Prediabetes was not associated with CPI or CAL in fully adjusted multivariate logistic regressions models. Diabetes was significantly associated with subjects having a CPI 4 after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio OR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-3.1). This association was stronger in subjects < 45 years (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.2-12.7). CONCLUSION: Periodontitis was associated with diabetes mellitus, but not with prediabetes, in a representative sample of the Spanish employed population. The association was stronger for younger subjects, which emphasizes the need for early detection of diabetes in younger patients affected by periodontitis, particularly because periodontal therapy may help to improve glycemic control. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Periodontitis is associated with diabetes mellitus, having at the same time a negative effect on glycemic control. It is important to develop proper early diagnosis strategies for both conditions, particularly in young male adults.

Frecuencia de fibrilación auricular en una amplia muestra de adultos jóvenes extraída de la población laboral española / Frequency of atrial fibrillation in a large sample of young adults selected from the spanish working population

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Root caries analysis in working population of 35-44 years of age (Spain)

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of socio-demographic variables, toothbrushing frequency, frequency of snacking between meals, and tobacco and alcohol consumption, in root caries in the Spanish working population of Valencia and Murcia regions. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study of 458 workers 35-44 years of age, who underwent a routine workrelated check-up, from June 2009 to April 2010, and were also examined, following the WHO methodology, by a calibrated dentist. Stratified random sampling. Participants fulfilled a questionnaire comprising demographic data, toothbrushing frequency, snacking frequency and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Results: The DFS index (root caries) in the employed population of 35-44 years was 0.45 ± 1.3, with a root caries prevalence of 18.6% and an active root caries prevalence of 13.5%. Higher root caries prevalence and active root caries prevalence were associated with male gender, manual occupations, foreign country of origin, lower levels of education and income, lower brushing frequency and higher frequency of snacking between meals. The DFS index was associated with all studied socio-demographic variables, but gender, and it was also associated with brushing frequency. The mean number of root decayed teeth was associated with all socio-demographic variables, but country of origin, and it was also associated with brushing frequency. Conclusions: Adult workers 35-44 years of age showed worse root condition in regard to caries than general population of this age cohort. In this study, the frequency of toothbrushing and snacking between meals were the variables that influenced more in root caries (AU)

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Frequency of different electrocardiographic abnormalities in a large cohort of Spanish workers.

AIMS: Our aim was to describe the electrocardiographic findings of a large sample of Spanish workers from several different employment sectors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between May 2008 and November 2010, 13 495 consecutive 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained during health examinations of working adults aged 16-74 years in 5 cities in different regions of Spain. Of those, 13 179 ECGs suitable for interpretation were included in this study. All tracings were classified by the same cardiologist, according to the Minnesota Code criteria. The mean age of the sample was 40 years, and 73.4% were male. Frequencies of complete right bundle branch block, complete left bundle branch block, and left ventricular hypertrophy were 1.1, 0.2, and 3.6%, respectively. Major Q wave abnormalities were observed in 1.7% of the subjects, T wave abnormalities in 0.7%, early repolarization in 2.4%, and other ST segment abnormalities in 0.2%. Atrial fibrillation was present in 0.08% of the workers and atrial flutter in 0.02%. Frequencies of the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern, Brugada pattern, long QT pattern, and short QT pattern were 0.2, 0.068, 0.038, and 0.015%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows the electrocardiographic findings of a large sample of Spanish workers from several different employment sectors. The frequencies of many ECG patterns related to an adverse prognosis (left ventricular hypertrophy, complete left bundle branch block, T wave abnormalities, ST segment abnormalities, and atrial fibrillation) were low.

Periodontal conditions among employed adults in Spain.

AIM: To assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions among a representative sample of employed adults in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national cross-sectional study was conducted during 2008-2011. Periodontal status of 5130 workers, stratified by gender, age and occupation, was assessed based on Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), following the WHO criteria. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects with periodontal pockets (CPI codes 3-4) was 38.4%, [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 36.4-40.5] increasing significantly in subjects ≥45 years; 13.7% (95% CI: 12.8-14.7) of workers showed CAL 4-5 mm, while 7.7% (95% CI: 7.0-8.5) showed CAL ≥6 mm, again increasing significantly in the population ≥45 years. Prevalence of worse periodontal conditions was significantly higher in male workers, in subjects with primary school education and lower income, and in smokers and former smokers. The periodontal condition in young adults (35-44 years) was worse in comparison with those previously reported in Spanish national surveys. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of destructive periodontal diseases was age-, gender-, education-, income- and tobacco smoking-related. Young adults showed worse periodontal conditions than has been previously reported in national surveys in Spain. It is suggested to include oral evaluation and preventive strategies in work-related medical check-ups.

Hábitos de higiene bucodental en la población trabajadora española / Oral hygiene habits in the Spanish working population

Objetivo: analizar los hábitos de higiene bucodental de la población trabajadora española. Método: estudio observacional de una muestra de 5.176 trabajadores que acudieron a realizarse un examen de Salud Laboral entre abril de 2008 y junio de 2011. Muestreo estratificado aleatorio. Los participantes completaron un Cuestionario sobre Salud Bucodental con información sobre variables demográficas, laborales y hábitos de salud bucodental. Resultados: el 63,7% de los sujetos (IC 95%: 62,4-65,0) refirieron cepillarse los dientes más de una vez al día (82,6% de las mujeres y 50,9% de los hombres), mientras que el 60,6% (IC 95%: 59,2-62,0) no usaban la seda dental y solo un 6,4% (IC 95%: 5,7-7,1) lo hacían más de una vez al día. Los hábitos de higiene más deficitarios se asociaron con ser varón, ocupaciones manuales y menores estudios e ingresos (p<0,05). Los hábitos de higiene bucodental de la población trabajadora española presentan importantes áreas de mejora (AU)

Methods: a cross sectional study of 5,176 workers, who underwent a routine work-related medical check-up from April 2008 to June 2011. Stratified random sampling. Participants fulfilled a questionnaire comprising demographic, occupational and oral hygiene habits items. Results: 63.7% (CI 95% 62.4-65.0) of workers referred to brush their teeth more than once per day (82.6% of females and 50.9% of males), while 60.6% (CI 95% 59.2-62.0) of them referred not to floss at all, and only 6.4% (CI 95% 5.7-7.1) of workers used dental floss more than once per day. Poorer oral hygiene habits were associated with male workers, blue-collar occupations, lower income and lower education level (p<0.05). Our results suggest that oral hygiene habits in the Spanish working population show important areas for improvement (AU)

Association of moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia with obesity, diabetes mellitus and vascular disease in the Spanish working population: results of the ICARIA study.

AIM: To study the prevalence, risk factors, and vascular disease associated with moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia in an active working population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 594,701 workers from all Spanish geographical areas, occupation sectors, ages, and sexes who underwent a yearly routine checkup. Data collected from participants included age, sex, anthropometric measurements, vascular risk factors, lipidic profile and basic biochemical analysis, from a fasting blood sample. A cardiovascular risk assessment was performed. RESULTS: The study population included 428,334 males and 166,367 females, mean age 36+/-10 years. A total of 95,673 (16%) workers had mild hypertriglyceridemia (HTg) (Tg 150-399mg/dL), 7,081 (1.1%) had moderate HTg (400-999mg/dL), and 224 (0.03%) had severe HTg (>or=1000mg/dL). Of workers with hypertriglyceridemia, 90% were male. Age, obesity, type 1 and 2 diabetes, alcohol consumption, and vascular disease were associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovascular risk gradually increased for each HTg category. Amongst risk factors, the major independent predictor of mild-HTg was obesity (OR 2.42, CI 95% 2.37-2.48), whereas diabetes was a predictor of moderate HTg (OR 3.64, CI 95% 3.17-4.18) and severe HTg (OR 7.35, CI 95% 4.27-12.66). In multivariate analyses, HTg was gradually associated with vascular disease, even after adjusting for other risk factors. CONCLUSION: In this working population, preventive programs for HTg and associated vascular disease should consider obesity-diabetes control as its first objective.

Occupation-related differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Spanish working population and determine how the prevalence varies according to occupation and sex. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 259,014 workers (mean age 36.4 years, range [16-74]; 72.9% male) who underwent a routine medical checkup. The Adult Treatment Panel III (2001) definition for metabolic syndrome was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.6% (95% CI 11.5-11.7) in male subjects and 4.1% (4.0-4.2) in female subjects and increased with age. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varied in the different categories of occupational activity depending on the sex considered. Among female subjects, the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in blue-collar than in white-collar workers, but this difference was not evident among male workers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies in the different categories of occupational activity in the Spanish working population. This variation also depends on sex.

[Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population]. / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular en la población laboral española.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The routine medical check-up provides a good opportunity for screening workers early for cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population. METHODS: The study included 216 914 working people (mean age 36.4 years, range 16-74 years, 73.1% male) undergoing routine medical check-up, which involved a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and standard serum biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Cardiovascular disease had been diagnosed previously in 0.7% of workers, hypertension in 6.2%, diabetes in 1.2%, and dyslipidemia in 8.9%. Routine check-up showed that 49.3% (51.3% of males and 43.8% of females) were smokers, 22.1% (27.0% of males and 8.8% of females) had high blood pressure (< or =140/90 mm Hg), 15.5% (18.3% of males and 13.3% of females) were obese (body mass index > or =30), 6.2% (7.8% of males and 1.9% of females) were hyperglycemic (blood glucose >110 mg/dL), and 64.2% had dyslipidemia (total cholesterol > or =200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol > or =160 mg/dL, triglycerides > or =200 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in males or < 50 mg/dL in females). When compared with workers in the service sector and after adjustment for potential confounders, workers in manufacturing, and particularly those in construction, had higher prevalences of both high blood pressure and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population is high, particularly in males and in certain types of employment.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular en la población laboral española / Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the spanish working population

Introducción y objetivos. Los reconocimientos de la salud de los trabajadores constituyen una oportunidad de detección precoz de factores de riesgo vascular. El presente estudio investiga la prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular en la población laboral española. Métodos. Se incluyó a 216.914 trabajadores (edad media, 36,4 años; intervalo, 16-74 años; el 73,1% eran varones) en los que se realizó un reconocimiento en una mutua laboral, que incluyó un cuestionario estructurado, una exploración física y determinaciones bioquímicas. Resultados. Tenían diagnóstico previo de enfermedad cardiovascular el 0,7%, de hipertensión arterial el 6,2%, de diabetes el 1,2% y de dislipidemia el 8,9%. Durante el reconocimiento se detectó la presencia de tabaquismo en el 49,3% (el 51,3% varones y el 43,8% mujeres), presión arterial elevada (≥ 140/90 mmHg) en el 22,1% (el 27,0% varones y el 8,8% mujeres), obesidad (índice de masa corporal ≥ 30) en el 15,5% (el 18,3% varones y el 13,3% mujeres), hiperglucemia (> 110 mg/dl) en el 6,2% (el 7,8% varones y el 1,9% mujeres) y alguna forma de dislipidemia (colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dl, cLDL ≥ 160 mg/dl, triglicéridos ≥ 200 mg/dl o cHDL < 40 mg/dl en varones o < 50 mg/dl en mujeres) en el 64,2%. Con respecto al sector «servicios», y tras ajustar por factores de confusión, los trabajadores del sector industria y sobre todo de la construcción mostraron una mayor prevalencia de elevación de la presión arterial y, especialmente, de tabaquismo. Conclusiones. Hay una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo en la población laboral española, especialmente en varones y en determinados sectores de actividad (AU)

Introduction and objectives. The routine medical check-up provides a good opportunity for screening workers early for cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population. Methods. The study included 216 914 working people (mean age 36.4 years, range 16-74 years, 73.1% male) undergoing routine medical check-up, which involved a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and standard serum biochemical analysis. Results. Cardiovascular disease had been diagnosed previously in 0.7% of workers, hypertension in 6.2%, diabetes in 1.2%, and dyslipidemia in 8.9%. Routine check-up showed that 49.3% (51.3% of males and 43.8% of females) were smokers, 22.1% (27.0% of males and 8.8% of females) had high blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg), 15.5% (18.3% of males and 13.3% of females) were obese (body mass index ≥30), 6.2% (7.8% of males and 1.9% of females) were hyperglycemic (blood glucose >110 mg/dL), and 64.2% had dyslipidemia (total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥200 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL in males or <50 mg/dL in females). When compared with workers in the service sector and after adjustment for potential confounders, workers in manufacturing, and particularly those in construction, had higher prevalences of both high blood pressure and smoking. Conclusions. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population is high, particularly in males and in certain types of employment (AU)