ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder with reproductive and metabolic dysregulation. PCOS has been associated with inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS); however, the moderating effects of inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and menopause on the PCOS-MetS association have not been studied in Hispanic/Latinas with PCOS who have a higher metabolic burden. OBJECTIVE: We studied the cross-sectional association between PCOS and (i) MetS in 7316 females of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), (ii) subcomponents of MetS including impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and elevated triglycerides (TGL), and (iii) effect modification by menopausal status and CRP. DESIGN: HCHS/SOL is a multicenter, longitudinal, and observational study of US Hispanic/Latinos. Our study sample included females from Visit 2 with self-reported PCOS and MetS (ages 23-82 years). RESULTS: PCOS (prevalence=18.8%) was significantly associated with MetS prevalence (OR=1.41[95% confidence interval: 1.13-1.76]), IFG and TGL (OR=1.42[1.18-1.72], OR=1.48[1.20-1.83] respectively). We observed effect modification by menopausal status (ORpre=1.46, pint=0.02; ORpost=1.34, pint=0.06) and CRP (ORelevated=1.41, pint=0.04; ORnormal=1.26, pint=0.16) on the PCOS-MetS association. We also observed a super-additive interaction between CRP and PCOS, adjusting for which resulted in an attenuated effect of PCOS on MetS (OR=1.29[0.93-1.78]). CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic/Latino females with PCOS had higher odds of MetS, IFG, and elevated TGL, than their peers without PCOS. Interaction analyses revealed that the odds of MetS are higher among PCOS females who have pre-menopausal status or high inflammation. Interventions in Hispanic/Latinas should target these outcomes for effective management of the disease.
ABSTRACT
Foreign-born Hispanics have better cardiometabolic health upon arrival in the US than their US-born counterparts, yet this advantage diminishes as duration of residence in the US increases. Underlying mechanisms explaining this paradox have been understudied. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA), this study examined immigration history (immigrant generation and duration of US residence) in relation to biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble forms of type 1 and 2 receptors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, adiponectin) in a sample of 1,290 predominantly Mexican-origin immigrants. Second and ≥3rd generation immigrants had higher IL-6 and leptin levels than 1st generation immigrants living in the US for less than 15 years (2nd generation percent difference = 45.9; 95% CI: 24.7, 70.7 and 3rd generation percent difference = 41.8; 95% CI: 17.7, 70.4). CRP and sTNF-R1 levels were higher among ≥3rd generation immigrants than 1st generation immigrants with less than 15 years of US residency. Worse inflammatory profiles were observed among Mexican-origin immigrants with longer US immigration histories, independent of health, and behavioral factors. Additional research is warranted to understand the factors that shape trajectories of biological risk across generations of Hispanics.