Avaliação prognóstica de níveis glicêmicos em pacientes com choque cardiogênico: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Prognostic assessment of glycemic levels in patients with cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora a hiperglicemia tenha valor prognóstico nas doenças cardiovasculares, há poucos dados disponíveis sobre seu valor prognóstico para pacientes em choque cardiogênico. OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar os níveis glicêmicos no momento da admissão hospitalar em pacientes com choque cardiogênico decorrente de diversas causas etiológicas. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados Elsevier, PubMed e Cochrane de estudos que avaliassem o valor prognóstico de índices glicêmicos na admissão de pacientes com choque cardiogênico, sendo o desfecho primário mortalidade geral. Incluímos estudos que definiram como hiperglicemia valores de corte de 180 a 220 mg/dL. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o RevMan 5.1.7, e a heterogeneidade foi avaliada usando estatísticas I². RESULTADOS: Um total de 7 dos 5.214 estudos foram incluídos, resultando 3.504 pacientes, com média de idade variando entre 60 e 74 anos, sendo 2.242 (64%) homens. Desses pacientes, cerca de 926 (26%) tinham o diagnóstico prévio de Diabetes Mellitus. Estes pacientes foram divididos em subgrupos conforme seu índice glicêmico na admissão, Normoglicemia (<180mg/dL) e Hiperglicemia (180-220 mg/dL). O grupo hiperglicêmico foi associado a maior mortalidade (OR 2,14; IC 95% 1,53 - 3,00; p<0.00001; I²= 53%; Figura 1). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta revisão sistemática e metanálise, valores de glicemia entre 180 a 220 mg/dL foram associados a maior risco de mortalidade em pacientes em choque cardiogênico.

Revascularização completa versus parcial para idosos com síndrome coronariana aguda: uma metanálise e revisão sistemática de dados randomizados e ajustados multivariáveis / Complete versus partial revascularization for elderly people with acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized, multivariable-adjusted data

Introdução: Evidências de estudos randomizados apoiam a revascularização completa em vez do culpado apenas para pacientes com síndrome arterial coronariana aguda (SCA) e doenças coronarianas multiarteriais. Se estes resultados se estendem a pacientes idosos, no entanto, não foi completamente explorado. Métodos: Realizamos uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise comparando os resultados clínicos de idosos (definidos como idade >;75 anos) com SCA e DMV submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) completa vs. parcial. Foram pesquisados ​​PubMed, Embase e Cochrane. Calculamos razões de risco agrupadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% para preservar os dados de tempo até o evento. Resultados: Incluímos 7 estudos, dos quais 2 eram RCT e 5 eram coortes ajustadas multivariáveis, compreendendo um total de 10 147, dos quais 43,8% foram submetidos à revascularização completa. Em comparação com PCI apenas parcial, a revascularização completa foi associada a uma menor mortalidade por todas as causas (razão de risco 0,71; IC 95% 0,60-0,85; P < 0,01), mortalidade cardiovascular (razão de risco 0,64; IC 95% 0,52-0,79; P < 0,01) e infarto do miocárdio recorrente (razão de risco 0,65; IC 95% 0,50-0,85; P < 0,01). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação ao risco de revascularizações (razão de risco 0,80; IC 95% 0,53-1,20; P = 0,28). Conclusão: Entre pacientes idosos com SCA e DAC multiarterial, a revascularização completa está associada a um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular e infarto do miocárdio recorrente.

A espessura da gordura epicárdica está associada à restenose de stent coronariano? Uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Is epicardial fat thickness associated with coronary stent restenosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUÇÃO: Os fatores relacionados ao paciente que contribuem para a restenose do stent ainda não estão claros. A espessura da gordura epicárdica é proposta como um marcador potencial para pacientes de maior risco. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma revisão sistemática e metanálise comparando a média da espessura da gordura medida por ecocardiografia em pacientes que desenvolveram versus pacientes que não desenvolveram restenose intrastent durante o acompanhamento após intervenção coronariana percutânea. Foram pesquisados PubMed, Cochrane e Embase. Um modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi usado para calcular as diferenças médias (MDs), com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando o Review Manager 5.4.1. RESULTADOS: Quatro estudos observacionais compreendendo 820 pacientes foram incluídos, dos quais 61,3% eram do sexo masculino e 25,6% desenvolveram restenose; a idade média variou de 57,6 a 63,0 anos. O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 12 meses. A espessura média da gordura epicárdica variou de 3,8 a 10,4 mm no grupo de restenose e de 3,2 a 7,9 mm no grupo sem restenose. Pacientes que desenvolveram restenose do stent coronariano durante o acompanhamento mostraram uma espessura basal significativamente maior da gordura epicárdica do que aqueles sem restenose (MD = 1,02 mm; IC 95% 0,23; 1,80; p= 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados apontam para uma associação significativa entre o aumento da espessura da gordura epicárdica e a incidência de restenose intrastent coronariana. Dada a possível relevância prognóstica dessa medida, recomendamos sua consideração para inclusão nos relatórios de exames, especialmente em pacientes com doença aterosclerótica.

Avaliação prognóstica de parâmetros ecocardiográficos em pacientes com Doença de Chagas: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Prognostic evaluation of echocardiographic parameters in patients with Chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONTEXTO: A doença de Chagas continua sendo uma das principais causas não isquêmicas de cardiomiopatia na América Latina. No entanto, nossa compreensão dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos prognósticos além da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) permanece limitada. Objetivo: Conduzir uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar a relação entre o strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (GLS-VE), o diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDFVE) e a FEVE com o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas, transplante cardíaco ou necessidade de dispositivo de assistência ventricular mecânica. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados Elsevier, PubMed e Cochrane por estudos que avaliassem GLS-VE, DDFVE e FEVE em pacientes com doença de Chagas, abrangendo tanto as fases indeterminada quanto de cardiomiopatia. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o RevMan 5.1.7, e a heterogeneidade foi avaliada usando estatísticas I². Calculamos razões de risco (HR) combinadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% sob um modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Também realizamos uma análise de subgrupos de análises multivariáveis para minimizar o efeito de variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS: Incluímos 1.277 pacientes de 10 estudos observacionais, com idade média variando de 53 a 66 anos, sendo 60,3% do sexo masculino. Desses pacientes, 1.138 (89%) apresentavam cardiomiopatia chagásica, enquanto 139 estavam na fase indeterminada. A FEVE média variou de 26% a 52%. A redução do GLS-VE (HR 1,14; IC 95% 1,01-1,29; p= 0,04; Figura 1A) e o aumento do DDFVE (HR 1,07; IC 95% 1,02-1,12; p< 0,0001; Figura 1B) foram associados a maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas, transplante cardíaco ou necessidade de dispositivo de assistência ventricular mecânica. Em contrapartida, maiores índices de FEVE foram associados a menor risco desse desfecho composto (HR 0,93; IC 95% 0,90-0,96; p= 0,002), o que permaneceu estatisticamente significativo após análise de subgrupos com apenas resultados ajustados por multivariáveis (HR 0,95; IC 95% 0,91- 0,99; p= 0,001; Figura 1C). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta revisão sistemática e metanálise de pacientes com doença de Chagas, a redução do GLS-VE e o aumento do DDFVE foram associados a maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas, transplante cardíaco ou necessidade de dispositivo de assistência ventricular mecânica, enquanto o aumento da FEVE foi fator protetor prognóstico independente para esse desfecho.

Intracardiac echography-guided fluoroless ablation versus conventional fluoroscopy-guided ablation for cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has improved catheter ablation procedures, reducing reliance on fluoroscopy. Yet, the efficacy and safety of zero-fluoroscopy (ZF) procedures remain uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ZF ablation procedures guided by ICE vs. conventional techniques regarding efficacy and safety outcomes. PubMed, Cochrane, and embase were searched. A random-effects model was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs), odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: We includedfourteen studies with 1,919 patients of whom 1,023 (58.72%) performed ZF ablation using ICE. We found a significant reduced ablation time (SMD -0.18; 95% CI -0.31;-0.04; p=0.009), procedure time (MD -7.54; 95% CI -14.68;-0.41; p=0.04), fluoroscopic time (MD -2.52; 95% CI -3.20;-1.84; p<0.001) in patients treated with ZF approach compared with NZF approach. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in acute success rate (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99-1.01; p=0.85), long-term success rate (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.93-1.05; p=0.77) and complications (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.48-1.46; p = 0.54). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that among patients undergoing arrhythmia ablation, fluoroscopy-free ICE-guided technique reduces procedure time and radiation exposure with comparable short and long-term success rates and complications.

Complete versus culprit-only revascularization for older adults with acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis and systematic review

BACKGROUND: Randomized studies support complete over culprit-only revascularization for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) However,whether these findings extend to elderly patients has not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing clinical outcomes of elderly individuals (defined as age > 75 years) with ACS and multivessel coronary artery disease submitted to complete vs. culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched. We computed pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to preserve time-to-event data RESULTS: We included 7 studies, of which 2 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 7,409 patients, of whom 3225 (43.5%) underwent complete revascularization. As compared with culprit lesion only PCI, complete revascularization was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.68-0.85; p<0.001), cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82; p<0.001), and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.50-0.85; p=0.002). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the risk of recurrent revascularizations (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.54-1.16; p=0.23). CONCLUSION: Among elderly patients with ACS and multivessel CAD, complete revascularization is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and recurrent MI.

Cardioneuroablation for reflex syncope: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Reflex syncope reduces quality of life and leads to fall-related injuries, with no highly effective treatment. In this context, cardioneuroablation (CNA) presents as a promising therapy for these patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central for studies that evaluated safety and efficacy outcomes related to CNA procedures. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and assessment of bias. Generalized linear mixed models was used. We performed a single-arm meta-analysis using R version 4.2.3. RESULTS: A total of 25 studies comprising 871 patients were included. The mean follow-up ranged from 8 to 40 months. Mean age ranged from 32.9 to 53.9 years and 541 (62.1%) were female. The ablation target was biatrial in 302 patients (34%), left atrium only in 433 (49%), and right atrium only in 136 (15%). The freedom from syncope was 94% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90.13-97.00; P<0.01). Left and right atrial CNA was associated with a significant higher freedom from syncope (96.03%; 95% CI 93.13-97.73) than left atrial ablation only (94.61%; 95% CI 82.88-98.45) and right ablation only (84.53%; 95% CI 74.30-91.18). Peri-procedural adverse event occurred on 1.4% (95% CI 0.44- 4.50). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that in patients with reflex syncope, CNA is a procedure associated with a significant reduction in syncope incidence and with low complication rates. Among the procedures used, both right and left ablation were more effective.

Cardiac myosin inhibitors in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND: Selective cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMI) are promising therapies for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Yet, the extent of their benefits remains unclear due to the limited population studied. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CMI vs. placebo in patients with obstructive HCM. PubMed, Cochrane, and embase were searched. We calculated risk ratios (RRs), mean differences (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Four RCTs with 485 patients with obstructive HCM were included, of whom 261 (53.8%) were prescribed CMI (10.7% were aficamten and 89.3% were mavacamten). CMI significantly reduced resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient (SMD -1.4, 95% CI -1.6,-1.2, p<0.001), but also reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (MD -5.1%, 95% CI -7.6,-2.6, p<0,001). Patients receiving CMI had a higher rate of study-defined complete hemodynamic response (RR 16.8, CI 95% 5.5, 51.4, p<0,001; Figure 1A) with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 8; and improvement of at least one point in NYHA functional class (RR 2.29, CI 95% 1.8,2.9, p<0,001; Figure 1B). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis of RCTs including patients with obstructive HCM, CMI led to a significant reduction in LVOT gradient and symptomatic improvement. The NNT to achieve one complete hemodynamic response was 8. There was a significant, albeit modest, decrease in LVEF in the CMI group.

Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids in athletes on left ventricle systolic and diastolic function: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among athletes has been linked to pathological structural and functional cardiac changes. However, the studies are small, and the results are inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of echocardiographic outcomes comparing athletes with prolonged use of AAS (at least 2 years of use) versus sex and age- matched athletes who were did not use AAS. PubMed, Cochrane, and embase were searched. A random-effects model was used to calculate mean differences (MDs), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4.1. RESULTS: We included 17 studies comprising 1,023 athletes, of whom 543 (53%) were AAS users. The mean age ranged to 24.2 to 43 years. Compared with non-AAS users, athletes who used AAS exhibited a significant increase in interventricular septal wall thickness (MD 1.33 mm; 95% CI [0.8,1.89], p<0.001), a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (MD 2.77 %; 95% CI [-4.2,-1.34], p<0.001;Figure 1B) , and worsening of global longitudinal strain (MD 3.39%; 95% CI [2.88,3.91], p<0.001;Figure 1B). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in the E/A ratio (MD -0.21; 95% CI [-0.35,-0.07], p=0.003) and an increase in the E/e' ratio (MD 1.71; 95% CI [0.96,2.46], p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that prolonged use of AAS in athletes is associated with increased left ventricular wall thickness and worsening of systolic and diastolic parameters.

Reduced left atrial strain and risk of ischemic stroke in patients with normal sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Abnormalities in the left atrium have been linked to a higher risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events. Left atrial (LA) strain analysis can identify LA dysfunction, even in patients with normal LA volumes. However, the precise association between LA strain and the occurrence of ischemic stroke in individuals who are in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is not well established. Hypothesis: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between reduced LA strain and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with NSR. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central for studies that examined our clinical question. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and assessment of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. We calculated pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) under a random effects model. RESULTS: We included 8,632 patients from 4 cohort studies, of which 3 were prospective. The mean follow-up ranged from 2.5 years to 10.9 years. The mean age ranged from 68.8 to 75.2 years. All results were obtained through multivariable-adjusted analysis, which includes adjusting for LA size and occurrence of new-onset atrial fibrillation during follow-up. The incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly increased in patients with reduced reservoir strain (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.09-2.15; p=0.01; Figure 1) and conduit strain (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.16-1.59; p < 0.001). Reduced contractile strain was not predictive of stroke incidence (HR 1.94; 95% CI 0.96-3.93; p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate an independent association of reduced LA strain with an increased incidence of ischemic stroke in patients without a previous history of atrial fibrillation. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of LA strain as part of a comprehensive risk stratification for stroke.

PCSK9 inhibitors modify plaque and reduce plaque progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

INTRODUCTION: Elevated coronary plaque burden and high-risk plaque characteristics, such as thin fibrous cap, are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) on changes to plaque burden and composition. Hypothesis: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of standard lipid-lowering therapy with vs. without PCSK9i on plaque burden and phenotype. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central for studies that performed serial intravascular imaging comparing patients with vs. without PCKS9i therapy. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and assessment of bias. All outcomes were continuous; thus, we computed pooled mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Random-effects models were used. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1. RESULTS: We included 1,696 patients from 6 RCTs. The mean follow-up ranged from 36 to 76 weeks. Mean age ranged from 58.4 to 61.8 years; 1,246 (65%) were male; and 368 (21.6%) had previous myocardial infarction. Percent atheroma volume (MD -1.05%; 95% CI -1.32, -0.77%; p<0.001), total atheroma volume (MD -6.33 mm3; 95% CI -10.01,-2.66 mm3; p<0.001), and total lipid index (SMD -0.58; 95% CI -0.90,-0.26; p<0.001) were significantly reduced in patients treated with PCSK9i. The minimum fibrous cap thickness (SMD 0.59; 95% CI 0.26,0.93; p<0.001) was also significantly improved in patients randomized to PCSK9i. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggests that PCSK9i reduce progression of coronary atherosclerosis and stabilizes plaque, as evidence by favorable changes in percent atheroma volume, total atheroma volume, lipid index of the plaque, and minimal fibrous cap thickness.