Different types of physical exercise in brain activity of older adults: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To verify the effects of different modalities of physical exercise on brain activity of older adults. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted according to the PICOS strategy and the following databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Scielo. Two independent evaluators performed the initial selection from reading the title and abstract based on the stipulated eligibility criteria. RESULTS: The searches resulted in 1935 titles, of which 97 were duplicated and 1793 were excluded based on reading the titles and abstracts. This phase resulted in 45 articles for detailed analysis. At this stage, 35 articles were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria. The information for qualitative analysis was extracted from 10 articles that met the criteria. CONCLUSION: There was improvement in the brain activity of older adults regardless of the type of physical exercise performed (aerobic, neuromuscular, flexibility or neuromotor), but with a discrete advantage for balance and coordination exercises (neuromotor).

Formação em educação física no contexto de saúde pública nos melhores cursos do Brasil / The formation of physical education in public health in the best courses in Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi revisar projetos pedagógicos (PP) para identificar a formação do profissional de Educação Física (PEF) (Bacharelado) no contexto de Saúde Pública nos melhores cursos do Brasil. Foram selecionados os 10 melhores cursos de graduação em EF ranqueados em dois sistemas de avaliações nacionais (Exame Nacional de Desempenho na Educação e Ranking Universitário Folha) e as 10 melhores Universidades num ranking internacional (QS World University Rankings). Mediante revisão rápida foram extraídas informações dos PPs de 18 cursos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Trinta e seis disciplinas no contexto de Saúde Pública foram localizadas nas grades curriculares. Em relação a carga horária média menos de 1% da grade eletiva dos cursos era dedicada a disciplinas sobre Saúde Pública. O estudo revelou um cenário de formação de Bacharéis em EF distante do crescimento que a área demonstrou no campo da Saúde Pública nos últimos anos. É importante que os cursos de graduação em EF considerem uma formação específica no contexto da Saúde Pública, de modo a favorecer a consolidação da atuação do PEF e a qualidade do seu serviço na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to review pedagogical projects (PP) to identify the formation of the Physical Education professionals (PEF) in the context of Public Health in the best courses in Brazil. Methods: The 10 best PE undergraduate courses ranked in two national assessment systems were selected (National Education Performance Examination and Folha University Ranking) and the 10 best Universities in an international ranking (QS World University Rankings). Through a quick review, information was extracted from the PPs of 18 courses that met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six subjects in the context of public health were located in the curricula. Regarding the average workload, less than 1% of the elective course schedule was dedicated to subjects on Public Health. The study revealed a scenario for the formation of Bachelors in PE far from the growth that the area has shown in the field of Public Health in recent years. It is important that PE undergraduate courses consider specific training in the context of Public Health, in order to favor the consolidation of the PEF's performance and the quality of its service in Primary Health Care.

Characterization of Reproductive and Morphological Variables in Female Elite Futsal Players.

We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women's Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training (i.e., volume and frequency). Subsequently, anthropometric measurements (i.e., body mass, height, circumferences, diameters, and skinfold thickness) were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics (e.g., somatotype). Fifty-nine (53.2%) players were postmenarche-trained and 52 (46.8%) were premenarche-trained. Eighteen (16.2%), 65 (58.6%), and 28 (25.2%) were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 (9.6%) and 1 (0.9%) had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three (69.5%), 23 (21.9%), and 9 (8.6%) reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as "normal," presented "regular" menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Effect of myofascial release on lower limb range of motion, sit and reach and horizontal jump distance in male university students.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of Myofascial release (MR) on lower limb ROM, sit and reach and horizontal jump distance in male university students. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. BACKGROUND: MR is a technique that aims to stretch fascia to increase range of motion (ROM), relieve pressure points and improve performance. However, there is limited evidence of its actual effects on flexibility and physical performance. METHODS: Twenty-one uninjured, male university students received MR (11 on the first session and the other 10 on the second session 24 h later), completed lower limb ROM assessments, the sit and reach and the horizontal jump tests in a randomized order. MR was performed before the tests with a myofascial stick in the anterior and posterior aspects of the right and left thigh and calf muscles. Each muscle group was massaged for 90 s, totaling 9 min of MR. The testing conditions with MR and without MR were compared using Student t-tests and the effect sizes (ES) were calculated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the testing conditions on horizontal jump distance. However, the sit and reach distance (28 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 9 cm, p = 0.001; ES = 0.44), left hip extension (10 ± 2 vs. 8 ± 2°, p = 0.006; ES = 1.00) and left plantar flexion (36 ± 7 vs. 39 ± 7°, p = 0.044; ES = 0.43) were higher with MR. CONCLUSIONS: MR increased sit and reach distance, left hip extension and plantar flexion, but it did not affect horizontal jump distance in uninjured, male university students.

EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING ON HANDGRIP STRENGTH AND MUSCULAR VOLUME OF YOUNG WOMEN.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity training methods are generally recommended to increase muscle mass and strength, with training loads of 60-70% 1RM for novice and 80-100% 1RM for advanced individuals. Blood flow restriction training, despite using lower intensities (30-50% 1RM), can provide similar improvements in muscle mass and strength. However, studies commonly investigate the effects of blood flow restriction training in large muscular groups, whereas there are few studies that investigated those effects in smaller muscle groups, such as the muscles involved in grasping (e.g, wrist flexors; finger flexors). Clinically, smaller muscular groups should also be considered in intervention programs, given that repetitive stress, such as repeated strain injuries, affects upper limbs and may lead to chronic pain and incapacity for work. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of blood flow restriction training in strength and anthropometric indicators of muscular volume in young women. HYPOTHESIS: The effect of blood flow restriction training in handgrip strength (HGS) and muscular volume of young women can be similar to traditional training, even with lower loads. METHODS: Twenty-eight university students, 18 to 25 years of age, were randomly assigned into two groups, blood flow restriction training (BFR, n = 14) and traditional training (TRAD, n = 14). The anthropometric measures and maximum handgrip strength (MHGS) test were performed before and after the intervention. The participants did three weekly sessions of dynamic concentric contraction exercises on a dynamometer for four weeks (12 sessions). Each session had a time length of five minutes and the intensity was established from a percentage of MHGS at 30-35% in the first week, 40-45% in the second and 50-55% in third/fourth weeks. Three sets of 15-25 handgrip repetitions were performed until a failure with a 30 seconds rest for BFR training and three sets of 8-12 repetitions with one-minute rest for TRAD training. RESULTS: A significant increase was found in the arm muscle circumference (20.6 ± 2.2 vs 21.6 ± 1.7cm) and right MHGS (32.7 ± 4.5 vs 34.3 ± 4.1 kgf) and left MHGS (28.0 ± 5.5 vs 30.9 ± 4.1 kgf) for the BFR training, and the left MHGS (27.6 ± 5.0 vs 31.0 ± 6.1 kgf) for the TRAD training. CONCLUSION: Dynamometer training with blood flow restriction, performed with low to moderate loads, was more effective than the traditional training in increasing HGS and muscle volume in young women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Relative age in female futsal athletes: implications on anthropometric profile and starter status / Idade relativa em atletas de futsal feminino: implicações no perfil antropométrico e titularidade / Edad relativa en atletas de futsal femenino: implicaciones en el perfil antropométrico y titularidad

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evidence suggests that a higher distribution of elite athletes have birth dates in the first few months of the year. However, the advantages of birth month on performance related to starter status, structure and body composition in female futsal (5-a-side football played on a hard court, mainly indoors), are unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of relative age (ERA) on competitive female futsal athletes, and its influence on anthropometric profile and starter status. Methods: One hundred and fifteen athletes, participants in the 20th Brazilian Cup of Adult Futsal Clubs, special division, were submitted to measurements of body mass, height, skinfold thickness, body perimeters and bone diameters, in order to characterize the anthropometric profile and determine the body somatotype. The athletes were distributed in semesters and quartiles of the months of the year, according to their birth dates. Differences in the distribution of expected and observed birth dates were tested using Chi-square tests (χ2). Comparisons between semesters and birth quartiles were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: There was no ERA in distribution (p=0.248), anthropometric profile (p=0.872 to 0.912), or starter status between athletes born from January to June (p=0.352) and those born between July and December (p=0.744). On the other hand, those born in the first months of the year showed longer practice times than those born in the latter months of the year. Conclusion: Although the ERA in this study reveals longer practice times favoring female futsal athletes born in the first quartile of the year, it did not influence the starter status, the distribution in the teams, or any advantage in anthropometric profile. Level of evidence III, Case-Control Study.

RESUMO Introdução: Evidências sugerem maior distribuição de atletas de elite com data de nascimento nos primeiros meses do ano. Entretanto, as vantagens que o mês de nascimento exerce no desempenho relacionado à titularidade, estrutura e composição corporal no futsal feminino são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da idade relativa (EIR) em atletas de futsal feminino competitivo e sua influência no perfil antropométrico e na titularidade. Métodos: Cento e quinze atletas, participantes da XX Taça Brasil de Clubes de Futsal Feminino Adulto, divisão especial, foram submetidas a medidas de massa corporal, estatura, espessuras de dobras cutâneas, perímetros corporais e diâmetros ósseos, a fim de caracterizar o perfil antropométrico e determinar o somatotipo corporal. As atletas foram distribuídas em semestres e quartis dos meses do ano, de acordo com suas datas de nascimento. Diferenças na distribuição das datas de nascimento esperadas e observadas foram comparadas utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). As comparações entre os semestres e os quartis de nascimento foram realizadas utilizando os testes paramétricos e não paramétricos. Resultados: Não houve EIR na distribuição (p=0,248), no perfil antropométrico (p=0,872 a 0,912) ou na titularidade entre as atletas nascidas de janeiro a junho (p=0,352) e as nascidas entre julho a dezembro (p=0,744). Por outro lado, as atletas nascidas nos primeiros meses do ano demonstraram maior tempo de prática do que as nascidas nos últimos meses do ano. Conclusão: Apesar do EIR neste estudo revelar maior tempo de prática favorecendo atletas de futsal feminino nascidas no primeiro trimestre do ano, não influenciou a condição de titular, a distribuição nas equipes, ou qualquer vantagem no perfil antropométrico. Nível de evidência III, Estudo Caso-Controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Evidencias sugieren mayor distribución de atletas de élite con fecha de nacimiento en los primeros meses del año. Entretanto, las ventajas que el mes de nacimiento ejerce sobre el desempeño relacionado a la titularidad, estructura y composición corporal en el futsal femenino son desconocidas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la edad relativa (EER) en atletas de futsal femenino competitivo y su influencia en el perfil antropométrico y en la titularidad. Métodos: Ciento quince atletas, participantes de la XX Copa Brasil de Clubes de Futsal Femenino Adulto, división especial, fueron sometidas a medición de masa corporal, estatura, espesores de los pliegues cutáneos, perímetros corporales y diámetros óseos, a fin de caracterizar el perfil antropométrico y determinar el somatotipo corporal. Las atletas fueron distribuidas en semestres y cuartiles de los meses del año, de acuerdo con sus fechas de nacimiento. Las diferencias en la distribución de las fechas de nacimiento esperadas y observadas fueron probadas usando el test de chi cuadrado (χ2). Las comparaciones entre los semestres y los cuartiles de nacimiento realizadas usando tests paramétricos y no paramétricos. Resultados: No hubo EER en la distribución (p = 0,248), en el perfil antropométrico (p = 0,872 a 0,912) o en la titularidad entre atletas nacidas de enero a junio (p = 0,352) y las nacidas entre julio a diciembre (p = 0,744). Por otro lado, las atletas nacidas en los primeros meses del año demostraron mayor tiempo de práctica que las nacidas en los últimos meses del año. Conclusión: Aunque el EER en este estudio revela un tiempo de práctica más prolongado que favorece a las atletas de futsal femenino nacidas en el primer trimestre del año, no influyó en la posición inicial, la distribución en los equipos ni ninguna ventaja en el perfil antropométrico. Nivel de evidencia III, Estudio Caso-Control.

Indicadores de força e prática habitual de atividades físicas em agentes universitários / Strength indicators and usual physical activity among university administrative employees

INTRODUÇÃO: O sedentarismo é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento diversas doenças, enquanto o estilo de vida fisicamente ativo e a aptidão física podem atuar na promoção e na manutenção da saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar o nível de atividade física e compará-lo com indicadores de força muscular e estrutura morfológica em agentes universitários. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 44 agentes universitários, dos quais foram obtidas as medidas de massa corporal (MC) e de estatura, para posterior cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise do nível de atividade física foi realizada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Em seguida, os agentes universitários foram submetidos a quatro testes de força: preensão manual direita (PMD) e esquerda (PME), tração lombar (TL) e tração de membros inferiores (TMI). A força muscular relativa (%FM) foi estimada pela divisão da força muscular absoluta (FMA=PMD+PME+TL+TMI) pela MC. RESULTADOS: O grupo insuficientemente ativo apresentou significativamente maior MC, maior tempo de comportamento sedentário nos fins de semana e menores indicadores de TL, TMI, FMA e %FM comparado aos fisicamente ativos. CONCLUSÃO: A inatividade física foi associada a menores indicadores de força muscular e maior MC em agentes universitários, sugerindo riscos para a saúde inerentes ao comportamento sedentário.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for several diseases, while physically active lifestyles and physical fitness contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health. OBJECTIVE: To establish the level of physical activity of university administrative employees and investigate its relationship with muscle strength indicators and morphological characteristics. METHODS: The sample comprised 44 university administrative employees. Data on body mass (BM) and height were collected to calculate the body mass index. The participants' level of physical activity was established based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were subjected to four muscle strength tests: right hand grip (RHG), left hand grip (LHG), lumbar traction (LT) and lower limb traction (LLT). Relative muscle strength (%MS) was calculated dividing absolute muscle strength (AMS=RHG+LHG+LT+LLT) by BM. RESULTS: The insufficiently active participants exhibited significant higher BM, lower LT, LLT, AMS and %MS, and spent more time in sedentary activities on weekends. CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity was associated with poorer muscle strength indicators and higher BM among university administrative employees, pointing to harms inherent to sedentary behavior.

Strength indicators and usual physical activity among university administrative employees.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for several diseases, while physically active lifestyles and physical fitness contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health. OBJECTIVE: To establish the level of physical activity of university administrative employees and investigate its relationship with muscle strength indicators and morphological characteristics. METHODS: The sample comprised 44 university administrative employees. Data on body mass (BM) and height were collected to calculate the body mass index. The participants' level of physical activity was established based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were subjected to four muscle strength tests: right hand grip (RHG), left hand grip (LHG), lumbar traction (LT) and lower limb traction (LLT). Relative muscle strength (%MS) was calculated dividing absolute muscle strength (AMS=RHG+LHG+LT+LLT) by BM. RESULTS: The insufficiently active participants exhibited significant higher BM, lower LT, LLT, AMS and %MS, and spent more time in sedentary activities on weekends. CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity was associated with poorer muscle strength indicators and higher BM among university administrative employees, pointing to harms inherent to sedentary behavior.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sedentarismo é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento diversas doenças, enquanto o estilo de vida fisicamente ativo e a aptidão física podem atuar na promoção e na manutenção da saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar o nível de atividade física e compará-lo com indicadores de força muscular e estrutura morfológica em agentes universitários. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 44 agentes universitários, dos quais foram coletados valores da massa corporal (MC) e de estatura, para posterior cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise do nível de atividade física foi realizada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Em seguida, os agentes universitários foram submetidos a quatro testes de força: preensão manual direita (PMD) e esquerda (PME), tração lombar (TL) e tração de membros inferiores (TMI). A força muscular relativa (%FM) foi estimada pela divisão da força muscular absoluta (FMA=PMD+PME+TL+TMI) pela MC. RESULTADOS: O grupo insuficientemente ativo apresentou significativamente maior MC, maior tempo de comportamento sedentário nos fins de semana e menores indicadores de TL, TMI, FMA e %FM comparado aos fisicamente ativos. CONCLUSÃO: A inatividade física foi associada a menores indicadores de força muscular e maior MC em agentes universitários, sugerindo riscos para a saúde inerentes ao comportamento sedentário.

Comparison between two generations to verify the morphological changes in female futsal athletes in a period of 10 years / Comparação entre duas gerações para verificar as alterações morfológicas em atletas de futsal feminino em um período de 10 anos

Abstract The aim was to compare two generations to verify the morphological changes in female futsal athletes. Age, years of playing, anthropometry measurements, percentage body fat and somatotype were compared between professional athletes in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n=115). The 2011 group revealed a significant longer practice time (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.7±3.5 years; p<0.001), higher thigh skinfold (26.1±8.5 vs. 22.5±6.7 mm; p<0.001), circumference of tensed forearm (27.4±2.1 vs. 26.7±2.1 cm; p=0.007), mesomorphy (4.1 vs. 3.3; p=0.001) and lower supraspinale skinfold (14.0±5.0 vs. 19.1±7.4 mm; p<0.001), trunk/extremity relationship (0.8±0.3 vs. 1.1±0.1; p<0.001) and endomorphy (4.5 vs. 5.0; p=0.009) than those of the 2001 athletes. Comparison in playing positions revealed that the 2011 goalkeepers (9.5±5.0 vs. 6.3±3.4 years; p=0.027), wings (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.4±3.2 years; p=0.001) and fixed (8.4±4.3 vs. 6.9±4.5 years; p=0.001) practiced more time than the 2001 athletes, whereas the somatotype profile of goalkeepers (4.6±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.1; p=0.001), wings (3.9±0.8 vs. 3.0±0.9; p=0.001), pivots (3.8±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.0; p=0.028) and fixed (4.3±0.9 vs. 3.7±1.0; p=0.036) registered a higher mesomorphy rate than that of the 2001 athletes, respectively. We may conclude that the 2011 group showed a significant increase in practicing time, coupled to higher mesomorphy and lower endomorphy rates than those experienced by the 2001 athletes.

Resumo O objetivo foi comparar duas gerações para verificar as alterações morfológicas em atletas de futsal feminino. Idade, tempo de treino, medidas antropométricas, percentual de gordura e somatotipo foram comparadas entre atletas profissionais de 2001 (n=112) e 2011 (n=115). A geração de 2011 demonstrou significativamente maior tempo de prática (9,0±4,3 vs 5,7±3,5 anos; p<0,001), espessura da dobra cutânea da coxa (26,1±8,5 vs 22,5±6,7 mm; p<0,001), circunferência de braço contraído (27,4±2,1 vs 26,7±2,1 cm; p=0,007), mesomorfia (4,1 vs 3,3; p=0,001) e menor espessura da dobra cutânea supraespinhal (14,0±5,0 vs 19,1± 7,4mm; p<0,001), relação tronco/extremidade (0,8±0,3 vs 1,1±0,1; p<0,001) e endomorfia (4,5 vs 5,0; p=0,009) do que as atletas de 2001. A comparação de acordo com a posição em quadra revelou que as goleiras (9,5±5,0 vs 6,3±3,4 anos; p=0,027) alas (9,0±4,3 vs 5,4±3,2 anos; p=0,001) e fixos (8,4±4,3 vs 6,9±4,5 anos; p=0,001) de 2011, apresentaram maior tempo de prática do que as atletas de 2001, enquanto o perfil somatotipológico das goleiras (4,6±1,0 vs 3,4±1,1; p=0,001), alas (3,9±0,8 vs 3,0±0,9; p=0,001), pivôs (3,8±1,0 vs 3,4±1,0; p=0,028) e fixos (4,3±0,9 vs 3,7±1,0; p=0,036) apresentou maior mesomorfia do que as atletas de 2001, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o grupo de 2011 demonstrou maior tempo de prática e taxas de mesomorfia, além de menor endomorfia comparado às atletas de 2001.

Comparison of metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with and without insulin resistance / Comparação de parâmetros metabólicos em crianças e adolescentes com e sem resistência à insulina

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare the behavior of metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and obesity indicators in children and adolescents with and without insulin resistance. Sixty-one overweight children (6 to 18 years) underwent anthropometric measurements of body mass (BM), height and waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), bioimpedance (relative (%F) and absolute fat (BF)), and blood collection for determination of glucose, insulin, and lipid profile (TG, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C). The BMI z-score was used to classify nutritional status and the HOMA-IR index (> 2.5) for insulin resistance. Participants were divided into two groups, insulin resistant (IR, n= 27) and non-insulin resistant (NIR, n= 33). Regardless of age, children and adolescents with excess weight and IR presented higher BM, WC, BMI, %F and BF (kg), TG, and plasma insulin than their NIR counterparts, who in turn presented higher LDL-C. The groups did not differ in nutritional status (BMI z-score); however, in the comparison between the undesired proportions of the metabolic components, only three presented alterations with significant differences between the groups (TC, LDL-C, and TG). It is concluded that IR influences the development of dyslipidemias in this age group, especially TG.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o comportamento de parâmetros metabólicos, pressão arterial e indicadores de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes com e sem resistência à insulina. Participaram do estudo 60 crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso (6 a 18 anos)que foram submetidos amedidas antropométricas de massa corporal (MC), estatura ecircunferência da cintura (CC), pressão arterial (PA), bioimpedância[gordura relativa (%G) e absoluta (GC)] e coleta sanguínea para determinação das concentrações de glicose, insulina e perfil lipídico (TG, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C). O IMC z-scorefoi empregado para classificação do estado nutricional e o índice HOMA-RI (>2,5) para resistência à insulina.Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, resistentes (RI, n=27) e não resistentes à insulina (NRI, n=33).Independente da idade, crianças e adolescentescom excesso de peso e RI, apresentaram maior MC, CC, IMC, %G e GC (kg), TG e insulina plasmática do que contraparesNRI, que por sua vez, apresentaram valores mais elevados de LDL-C. Os grupos não diferiram para oestado nutricional(IMC z-score)porém, na comparação entre as proporções indesejadas dos componentes metabólicos, apenas três apresentaram alterações com diferenças significativas entre os grupos (CT, LDL-C e TG). Conclui-se que a RI apresenta-se com influência para o desenvolvimento de dislipidemias nessa faixa etária em especial o TG.

Morphological profile of athlete starters and nonstarters of feminine futsal / Perfil morfológico de atletas titulares e reservas de futsal feminino

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to compare the morphological characteristics of female futsal athlete starters and nonstarters. The study included 115 athletes, 60 starters and 55 nonstarters, belonging to 10 teams that competed in the XX Brazilian Cup of Clubs, special division. Anthropometric measurements were obtained with the purpose of characterizing and determining body somatotype. The analyzes were performed with the aid of a commercial statistical package (SPSS version 18.0), adopting a significance level of p< 0.05. The results showed that the athlete starters were older (p=0.024), had a longer practice time (p=0.019), and lower fat percentage (p=0.047) and femur diameter (p=0.048) than the nonstarters, however, the last two variables lost significance after adjustment for practice time. Nevertheless, they presented a similar somatotypological classification (mesomorph-endomorph). Considering that body composition and sports experience are attributes associated with performance, the observed differences between the athlete starters and nonstarters could contribute to the decision making of coaches in the formation of the titular team in women's futsal matches.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as características morfológicas de atletas de futsal feminino titulares e reservas de alto nível competitivo. Participaram 115 atletas, 60 titulares e 55 reservas pertencentes a 10 equipes que disputaram da XX Taça Brasil de Clubes, divisão especial. Medidas antropométricas foram obtidas com a finalidade de caracterizar e determinar o somatotipo corporal. As análises foram realizadas com auxílio de um pacote estatístico comercial (SPSS versão 18.0) adotando como nível de significância p<0,05. Os resultados revelaram que as atletas titulares são mais velhas (p=0,024), possuem maior tempo de prática (p=0,019), menor percentual de gordura (p=0,047) e diâmetro do fêmur (p=048) do que as reservas, porém, as duas últimas perdem a significância ao serem ajustadas pelo tempo de prática. As atletas apresentaram semelhante classificação somatotipológica (mesomorfo-endomorfo). Considerando que a composição corporal e a experiência esportiva são atributos associados ao desempenho, as diferenças observadas entre as atletas titulares e reservas podem contribuir para a tomada de decisão do treinador na formação da equipe titular em jogos de futsal feminino.

Intensidade de esforço percebido em diferentes exercícios aplicados com idosas em unidades básicas de saúde / Rating of perceived exertion in different exercises applied with elderly in basic health units

Introdução: A Educação Física vem demonstrando crescente participação e destaque na saúde pública brasileira. Objetivo: Investigar a percepção da intensidade esforço (PSE) e a quantidade de exercícios físicos aeróbios e neuromusculares por mulheres adultas e idosas em unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) um município sul-brasileiro. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 88 mulheres, maioria idosas (66,5±4,9 anos). A PSE e quantidade de passos foram determinados escala de Borg e Pedômetros, respectivamente. As variáveis monitoradas durante 68 sessões de exercícios físicos, das quais 38 de neuromusculares e 30 de exercícios aeróbios. Resultados: As sessões exercícios aeróbios apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados a PSE (12,6±1,5 versus 12,2±1,5) e para a quantidade de passos (2103,6±964,0 805,4±458,7 p/sessão) do que as sessões de exercícios neuromusculares. : Ambas as modalidades de exercício devem contribuir para um aumento atividade física diária das participantes. A diferença observada para a PSE é discreta e corrobora com as recomendações para essa população.

Introduction: Physical Education have an increased participation and highlighting in Brazilian public health. Objective: To quantify the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and amount of aerobic and neuromuscular exercises applied in a basic unit of health in adult and elderly women in basic health units in a southern Brazilian city. Methods: Eighty-eight women took part in the study, mostly elderly (66.5±4.9 years). The RPE and amount of steps were monitored in 68 exercise sessions, with 38 neuromuscular sessions and 30 aerobic sessions. Results: The aerobic sessions presented slightly higher RPE than the neuromuscular session (12.6±1.5 versus 12.2±1.5) and the amount of steps (2103.6±964.0 versus 805.4±458.7 p/session) were higher in the aerobic session as well. Conclusion: Both exercise modes should contribute to improve daily physical activity of the participants. The difference observed in RPE is minimal and corroborate the recommendations for this population.

Morphological characteristics, muscle strength, and anaerobic power performance of wheelchair basketball players / Características morfológicas, desempenho de força e de potência anaeróbia em jogadores de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the morphological structure, muscle strength, and anaerobic power performance of the upper limbs of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven male players (33.2 ± 10.6 years, 71.8 ± 15.8 kg) were submitted to anthropometric measurements and dynamometry (kg), medicine ball throwing (m) and wingate arm tests (W). The results showed sitting height (79.7 ± 4.6 cm), relative body fat (20.7 ± 7.6%), handgrip strength and explosive muscle strength (50.1 ± 10.6 kg and 3.9 ± 1.1 m, respectively), as well as peak power (316.8 ± 126.2 W), mean power (160.5 ± 76.5 W) and fatigue index (50.4%) lower than the performance of other wheelchair basketball athletes. The morphological characteristics and performance of athletes in the present study suggest disadvantages when compared to other wheelchair basketball athletes.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi o de fornecer uma análise descritiva da estrutura morfológica, do desempenho de força e de potência anaeróbica de membros superiores de atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas. Onze jogadores do sexo masculino (33,2 ± 10,6 anos; 71,8 ± 15,8 kg) foram submetidos a medidas antropométricas e a testes de dinamometria (kg), lançamento de medicine ball (m) e de wingate de braços (W). Os resultados revelaram altura tronco-cefálica (79,7 ± 4,6 cm), percentual de gordura (20,7 ± 7,6%), força de preensão manual e de lançamento (50,1 ± 10,6 kg e 3,9 ± 1,1 m, respectivamente), além de potência pico (316,8 ± 126,2 W), potência média (160,5 ± 76,5 W) e índice de fadiga (50,4%) inferiores ao desempenho de outros atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas. As características morfológicas e desempenho dos atletas do presente estudo sugerem desvantagens quando são comparados a outros atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas.

Caracterização do ambiente físico e prática de atividades físicas em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarapuava, Paraná, 2011-2012 / Characterization of the physical environment and practice of physical activities in Primary Health Care Units in Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil, 2011-2012 / Caracterización del ambiente físico y práctica de actividades físicas en Unidades Básicas de Salud del área urbana de Guarapuava-PR, Brasil, 2011-2012

OBJETIVO: caracterizar o ambiente físico e a prática de atividades físicas (AF) em unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) da zona urbana de Guarapuava-PR, Brasil, em 2011-2012. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com entrevistas às coordenadoras das 27 UBS do município sobre violência, criminalidade e condições dos espaços físicos e de segurança para a prática de AF dentro e fora das UBS; as ruas ao redor do quarteirão foram percorridas para avaliação de fatores ambientais categorizados como favoráveis ou desfavoráveis à implantação/prática de AF. RESULTADOS: os locais mais comuns para AF foram gramados (n=18) e igrejas (n=24); três quintos das UBS apresentaram fatores favoráveis à implantação e prática de AF; no entorno das UBS, a ausência de calçadas (14 UBS) ou irregularidades nas existentes (13 UBS) são condições que poderiam prejudicar a prática de caminhadas. CONCLUSÃO: apesar da identificação de fatores favoráveis à prática de AF, os gestores de saúde devem-se ocupar dos fatores desfavoráveis à prática de AF nas UBS.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the physical environment and physical activity (PA) in Primary Health Care Units (PHU) in the urban area of Guarapuava-PR, Brazil, 2011-2012. METHODS: this is a descriptive study in which the coordinators of the municipality's 27 PHUs were interviewed about violence, crime and physical space and safety conditions for PAs inside and outside the PHUs; the streets surrounding the area were visited to evaluate environmental factors categorized as favorable or unfavorable to PA deployment and practice. RESULTS: the most common places for PA were grass areas (n=18) and churches (n=24); three fifths of PHUs presented factors favorable to PA deployment/practice; lack of sidewalks (14 PHUs) or uneven sidewalks (13 PHUs) surrounding the PHUs are conditions that could jeopardize the practice of walking. CONCLUSION: despite the identification of favorable factors for PA practice, at PHUs should be focused by health service managers.

OBJETIVO: caracterizar el ambiente físico y la práctica de actividades físicas (AF) en Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de la zona urbana de Guarapuava-PR, Brasil, 2011-2012. MÉTODOS: fueron entrevistadas coordinadoras de 27 UBS del municipio sobre violencia, criminalidad y condiciones de espacio físico y seguridad para la práctica de AF dentro y fuera de las UBS; las calles aledañas fueron recorridas para la evaluación del ambiente físico; las variables ambientales fueron categorizadas como favorables o desfavorables a la implantación/practica de AF. RESULTADOS: los locales más comunes para AF fueron áreas verdes (n=18) e iglesias (n=24), respectivamente; tres quintos de las UBS presentaron factores favorables a la implantación/practica de AF; alrededor de las UBS, la ausencia de veredas (14 UBS) o irregularidades en las existentes (13 USB) son condiciones desfavorables para la práctica de caminadas. CONCLUSIÓN: a pesar del predominio de factores favorables, los gestores en salud deben ocuparse de los factores desfavorables para la practica de AF en las UBS.

Body fat and lipid profile of monozygotic twins discordant for insulin resistance / Gordura corporal e perfil lipídico de gêmeos monozigóticos discordantes para resistência à insulina

Abstract The study investigated alterations in body fat and metabolic profile of adolescent monozygotic twins, resulting from discordance for insulin resistance, adjusted for physical activity, physical fitness and heredity. Thirty-eight pairs of monozygotic twins were assessed for anthropometric measurements to estimate body fat. Physical fitness was estimated with treadmill test and use of ergospirometer. Daily physical activity was estimated from the daily count of steps measured by a pedometer during 3 days. Fasting blood samples were used to determine blood glucose, insulin, lipid parameters. The Homa-IR and HOMA-β indexes were calculated. Twins with measures higher than 2.5 were considered insulin resistant. When both brothers were below or above cutoffs, the pair was allocated to the concordant group. When one brother was insulin resistant and the other was not, the pair was allocated in the discordant group. Twins were compared using paired test. In the discordant group, it was observed that insulin-resistant twins had higher birth weight values, bodyweight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, body fat (sum of skinfolds), Homa-β index and lower HDL compared to their corresponding pair. Insulin-resistant twins showed higher values in anthropometry and body composition, as well as in the glycemia and insulin index and lower HDL. These events may have been unchained by metabolic alterations possibly originating from gestational stage, however, modulated by body composition.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar alterações na composição corporal e perfil metabólico de gêmeos monozigóticos adolescentes, decorrentes da discordância para resistência à insulina, ajustados para atividade física, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e hereditariedade. Participaram do estudo 38 pares de gêmeos monozigóticos (11 a 17 anos). Foram obtidas as medidas antropométricas de massa corporal (MC), estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e espessuras de dobras cutâneas (EDC). Todos os gêmeos foram submetidos a teste de esforço máximo em esteira rolante com análise direta dos gases (VO2máx), avaliação da atividade física diária por meio de pedômetros, a coleta de sangue em jejum para estimativa da glicemia, insulina e perfil lipídico, e posterior estimativa do índice HOMA-RI e HOMA-β. Os pares onde os irmãos apresentavam-se ambos abaixo ou acima do ponto de corte (Homa-RI < 2,5) foram alocados no grupo concordante (GC). Quando um irmão era resistente e outro não resistente à insulina, este par foi alocado no grupo discordante (GD). Foi observado, no GD, que os gêmeos resistentes à insulina, apresentavam maiores valores de peso de nascimento, MC, IMC, CC, percentual de gordura, adiposidade corporal (soma EDC) e índice Homa-β, além de menor valor de HDL comparados aos seus pares correspondentes. Jovens resistentes à insulina apresentaram valores superiores na antropometria e composição corporal, bem como, índices glicêmicos e insulínicos e menor HDL. Estes eventos podem ter sido desencadeados pelas alterações metabólicas possivelmente originadas na fase gestacional, porém, moduladas pela composição corporal.

[Characterization of the physical environment and practice of physical activities in Primary Health Care Units in Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil, 2011-2012]. / Caracterização do ambiente físico e prática de atividades físicas em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarapuava, Paraná, 2011-2012.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the physical environment and physical activity (PA) in Primary Health Care Units (PHU) in the urban area of Guarapuava-PR, Brazil, 2011-2012. METHODS: this is a descriptive study in which the coordinators of the municipality's 27 PHUs were interviewed about violence, crime and physical space and safety conditions for PAs inside and outside the PHUs; the streets surrounding the area were visited to evaluate environmental factors categorized as favorable or unfavorable to PA deployment and practice. RESULTS: the most common places for PA were grass areas (n=18) and churches (n=24); three fifths of PHUs presented factors favorable to PA deployment/practice; lack of sidewalks (14 PHUs) or uneven sidewalks (13 PHUs) surrounding the PHUs are conditions that could jeopardize the practice of walking. CONCLUSION: despite the identification of favorable factors for PA practice, at PHUs should be focused by health service managers.

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on PPARG mRNA expression using monozygotic twin case control.

The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) on anthropometric variables and PPARG mRNA expression was investigated. Monozygotic twin pairs aged 11-18 years were grouped into discordant (D) and concordant (C) high and low VO2max groups. VO2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on treadmill with gas exchange analysis. Body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), triceps (TR), and subscapular (SB) skinfold thicknesses were measured. Twins from the discordant group had differences in VO2max values (D-high = 45.9 ± 10.0 versus D-low = 32.4 ± 10.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025), while no differences were found in the concordant group (C-high = 42.4 ± 9.2 versus C-low = 38.8 ± 9.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.952). In discordant group, VO2max was negatively correlated with TR + SB (r = -0.540, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with PPARG expression in leukocytes (r = 0.952, P = 0.001). Moreover, PPARG expression was directly correlated with BM (r = 0.714, P = 0.047) and height (r = 0.762, P = 0.028). In concordant twins, VO2max was inversely correlated with BM (r = -0.290, P = 0.027), BMI (r = -0.472, P = 0.001), WC (r = -0.426, P = 0.001), and TR + SB (r = -0.739, P = 0.001). Twins D-high had 1.78-fold greater PPARG expression when compared with twins D-low (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness may modulate PPARG expression in childhood and adolescence, independently of the genetic background.

Musculoskeletal pain perception and hypertension / Percepção de dor musculoesquelética e hipertensão arterial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several human studies have shown an inverse relation between pain perception and blood pressure. This study aimed at investigating the association between musculoskeletal pain report and hypertension in a group of workers. METHODS: Using a body diagram with image and intensity scale (1 to 10), 349 workers (243 males and 106 females) were asked about the presence and sensitivity to musculoskeletal pain. All were submitted to blood pressure measurement and diagnosis of hypertension by the occupational physician. RESULTS: One hundred workers (28.7%) have reported some type of musculoskeletal pain and from these 12 were hypertensive and 88 normotensive. There has been no difference in musculoskeletal pain prevalence and sensitivity between hypertensive and normotensive workers. Notwithstanding the lack of significant difference, in average hypertensive workers had higher prevalence (38.7% vs 27.7%) and sensitivity to pain as compared to normotensive workers (2.3±0.8 vs 2.1±0.9, respectively). CONCLUSION: It was not possible to confirm in the group of studied workers literature evidences that hypertensive individuals have lower pain prevalence and sensitivity as compared to normotensive individuals. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diversos estudos em humanos têm demonstrado relação inversa entre percepção de dor e pressão arterial. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a associação entre o relato de dor musculoesquelética e hipertensão arterial em um grupo de trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: Utilizando-se um diagrama corporal com imagem e escala para intensidade (1 a 10), 349 trabalhadores (243 homens e 106 mulheres) foram questionados a respeito da presença e sensibilidade à dor musculoesquelética. Todos foram submetidos a medidas de pressão arterial e diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial pelo médico do trabalho. RESULTADOS: Cem trabalhadores (28,7%) relataram algum tipo de dor musculoesquelética e destes 12 eram hipertensos e 88 normotensos. Não houve diferença nem na prevalência nem na sensibilidade da dor musculoesquelética entre trabalhadores hipertensos e normotensos. Apesar da ausência de diferença significativa, em média os hipertensos demonstraram maior prevalência (38,7% vs 27,7%) e sensibilidade à dor do que os normotensos (2,3±0,8 vs 2,1±0,9, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Não foi possível confirmar no grupo de trabalhadores estudados as evidências da literatura de que indivíduos hipertensos possuem menor prevalência e sensibilidade à dor do que normotensos. .

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on PPARG mRNA expression using monozygotic twin case control

The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) on anthropometric variables and PPARG mRNA expression was investigated. Monozygotic twin pairs aged 11-18 years were grouped into discordant (D) and concordant (C) high and low VO2max groups. VO2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on treadmill with gas exchange analysis. Body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), triceps (TR), and subscapular (SB) skinfold thicknesses were measured. Twins from the discordant group had differences in VO2max values (D-high = 45.9 ± 10.0 versus D-low = 32.4 ± 10.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025), while no differences were found in the concordant group (C-high = 42.4 ± 9.2 versus C-low = 38.8 ± 9.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.952). In discordant group, VO2max was negatively correlated with TR + SB (r = -0.540, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with PPARG expression in leukocytes (r = 0.952, P = 0.001). Moreover, PPARG expression was directly correlated with BM (r = 0.714, P = 0.047) and height (r = 0.762, P = 0.028). In concordant twins, VO2max was inversely correlated with BM (r = -0.290, P = 0.027), BMI (r = -0.472, P = 0.001), WC (r = -0.426, P = 0.001), and TR + SB (r = -0.739, P = 0.001). Twins D-high had 1.78-fold greater PPARG expression when compared with twins D-low (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness may modulate PPARG expression in childhood and adolescence, independently of the genetic background.

Workplace physical exercises, obesity anthropometric indexes, blood pressure and static muscle strength / Ginástica laboral, indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, pressão arterial e força muscular estática

Current analysis compares anthropometric indexes of obesity, blood pressure and static muscle strength among workers who exercised or did not exercise themselves on the workplace. Three hundred and fifty-four workers, of whom 178 did not perform any physical exercises and 176 who did, were evaluated by means of a query on their participation in workplace exercises during the last 30 days. Their systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was measured; height, body mass and waist circumference (WC) were taken; four static muscle strength tests (right and left handgrip strength, scapular strength and lumbar strength) were performed. The Shapiro Wilk test revealed asymmetry in the data presented as median and interquartile variance. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare data between the two groups. Results did not reveal any difference for body mass index (BMI), WC, SBP, DBP and mean blood pressure (MBP) between the groups. However, greater performance was an asset for all participants in workplace exercises for all static strength tests. There is evidence that workers who performed workplace exercises may increase muscle strength without any changes in BMI, WC and blood pressure.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, pressão arterial sistêmica e força muscular estática entre trabalhadores que realizam e não realizam ginástica laboral. Trezentos e cinquenta e quatro trabalhadores, dos quais 178 praticavam e 176 não praticavam ginástica laboral, foram submetidos a uma avaliação que constituiu de uma pergunta sobre a participação no programa de ginástica laboral nos últimos 30 dias, verificação das pressões sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), medidas de estatura, massa corporal, circunferência da cintura (CC) e da realização de quatro testes de força muscular estática (preensão manual direita e esquerda, força escapular e força lombar). O teste de Shapiro Wilk revelou assimetria nos dados que foram apresentados como mediana e variância interquartil e, comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças para o índice de massa corporal (IMC), CC, PAS, PAD e pressão arterial média (PAM) entre os grupos. Por sua vez, foi verificado maior desempenho, favorecendo os participantes de ginástica laboral, em todos os testes de força estática. Há evidências que os trabalhadores que realizam ginástica laboral podem aumentar a força muscular, porém sem alterar o IMC, a CC e a pressão arterial.