ABSTRACT
We compared outcomes of primary vascularized ulnar nerve grafts from the C5 root neurotizing biceps and brachialis muscles, and gracilis functioning free muscle transfer neurotized by the distal spinal accessory nerve, as a primary or salvage procedure after complete brachial plexus injury. At 45 months, three of eight primary vascularized ulnar nerve graft patients regained grade 4 elbow flexion, while one regained grade 3. All 13 primary gracilis transfer patients regained grade 4 elbow flexion. Four patients with vascularized ulnar nerve grafts failed and subsequently had salvage functioning free muscle transfer procedures resulting in delayed recovery. Although vascularized ulnar nerve graft-based primary reconstructions can provide useful elbow flexion, this was achieved in less than half the cases. We consider primary gracilis functioning free muscle transfer neurotized by the distal spinal accessory nerve as the most reliable reconstruction for the restoration of elbow flexion in complete brachial plexus injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.