[The choice of a pediatric anesthesia ventilator]. / Comment choisir un respirateur d'anesthésie pédiatrique?

The technology of anesthesia ventilators has substantially progressed during last years. The choice of a pediatric anesthesia ventilator needs to be led by multiple parameters: requirement, technical (pneumatic performance, velocity of halogenated or oxygen delivery), cost (purchase, in operation, preventive and curative maintenance), reliability, ergonomy, upgradability, and compatibility. The demonstration of the interest of pressure support mode during maintenance of spontaneous ventilation anesthesia makes this mode essential in pediatrics. In contrast, the financial impact of target controlled inhalation of halogenated has not be studied in pediatrics. Paradoxically, complex and various available technologies had not been much prospectively studied. Anesthesia ventilators performances in pediatrics need to be clarified in further clinical and bench test studies.

Management of blunt tracheobronchial trauma in the pediatric age group.

INTRODUCTION: Tracheobronchial rupture (TBR) due to blunt chest trauma is a rare but life-threatening injury in the pediatric age group. The aim of this study was to propose a treatment strategy including bronchoscopy, surgery and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to optimize the emergency management of these patients. METHODS: We reviewed a series of 27 patients with post-traumatic TBR treated since 1996 in our pediatric trauma center. RESULTS: Seven cases had persistent and large volume air leaks. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in cases of persistent or large volume air leaks. It permitted accurate visualization of the rupture and its extent. It allowed for a clear-cut positioning of the endotracheal tube. Five were managed operatively. Four cases were considered to be life-threatening because of the combination of severe respiratory distress with hemodynamic instability. One of them had severe tracheal laceration and died. Another one had bilateral bronchi disconnection. Based on clinical and endoscopic findings, surgical repair was performed using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a ventilatory support. It provided quick relief from the injury, which was previously expected to result in a fatal issue. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt diagnosis and accurate management of surviving patients admitted to emergency rooms are necessary. Bronchoscopy remains a critical diagnosis step. Surgery is warranted for large tracheobronchial tears and ECMO could be beneficial as supportive therapy for selected cases.

Intraoperative use of transoesophageal Doppler to predict response to volume expansion in infants and neonates.

BACKGROUND: Volume expansion (VE) in neonates or infants during volatile anaesthesia may lead to fluid overload if inappropriate. Transoesophageal Doppler (TED), a non-invasive cardiac output monitoring technique, can provide a comprehensive estimation of the volaemic status. We evaluated whether intraoperative TED-derived parameters can predict volume responsiveness. METHODS: Neonates and infants under general anaesthesia without myocardial dysfunction were prospectively included when the attending anaesthetist, blinded to TED measurements, decided to provide VE based on clinical appreciation and standard monitoring data. Standard and TED-derived data were recorded before and after VE. After VE, patients were classified as responders and non-responders, if their indexed stroke volume (iSV) increased by more than 15% or not, respectively. The attending anaesthetist assessment of VE responsiveness was recorded at the end of VE. RESULTS: Fifty patients aged 42 (4) post-conceptional weeks were included, among which 26 (52%) were responders. Baseline iSV was the only parameter associated with VE responsiveness. Baseline iSV was fairly correlated with VE-induced changes in iSV (ρ=-0.64) and was associated with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90 (0.80, 0.99). Using a cut-off of 25 ml m(-2), baseline iSV predicted volume responsiveness with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 83%. Attending anaesthetists' assessment of VE effectiveness agreed only moderately with TED measurements of iSV changes. CONCLUSIONS: TED-derived iSV measurement during volatile anaesthesia is useful to predict and follow VE responsiveness in neonates and infants without myocardial dysfunction.

[Locoregional anesthesia for pediatric surgery in remote rural settings: experience of an NGO in Bangladesh]. / Anesthésie locorégionale en chirurgie pédiatrique en milieu rural: expérience d'une ONG au Bangladesh.

Performing safe pediatric anesthesia in developing countries is a technical challenge for NGOs working in remote locations. The aim of this study is to describe our experience aboard a hospital ship working off the coast of northern Bangladesh. Anesthesia protocol records for a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 463 procedures were performed with no severe anesthetic complications. Regional anesthesia was performed in 83% of patients. It was carried out alone in 15% of patients and in association with IV or IM ketamine sedation in 68%. General anesthesia was performed using ketamine in 17% of patients. Tracheal intubation was carried out in only 3 cases. These findings indicate that regional anesthesia in association with ketamine as sedation agent is a simple and safe technique for pediatric anesthesia in remote rural settings.