ABSTRACT
Background Anticoagulants induce atherosclerosis regression in animal models but exploiting this clinically is limited by bleeding events. Here we test a novel thrombin inhibitor, PTL060, comprising hirulog covalently linked to a synthetic myristoyl electrostatic switch to tether to cell membranes. Methods and Results ApoE-/- mice were fed chow or high-fat diets, before transplantation of congenic aortic segments or injection of PTL060, parental hirulog, control saline, or labeled CD11b positive cells. Aortic transplants from transgenic mice expressing anticoagulants on endothelium did not develop atherosclerosis. A single intravenous injection of PTL060, but not hirulog inhibited atheroma development by >50% compared with controls when assessed 4 weeks later. Mice had prolonged bleeding times for only one seventh of the time that PTL060 was biologically active. Repeated weekly injections of PTL060 but not hirulog caused regression of atheroma. We dissected 2 contributory mechanisms. First, the majority of CCR2+ (C-C chemokine receptor type 2+) monocytes recruited into plaques expressed CCR7 (C-C chemokine receptor type 7), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter - 1), and interleukin-10 in PTL060 mice, a phenotype seen in <20% of CCR2+ recruits in controls. Second, after several doses, there was a significant reduction in monocyte recruits, the majority of which were CCR2-negative with a similar regression-associated phenotype. Regression equivalent to that induced by intravenous PTL060 was induced by adoptive transfer of CD11b+ cells pre-coated with PTL060. Conclusions Covalent linkage of a myristoyl electrostatic switch onto hirulog in PTL060 uncouples the pharmacodynamic effects on hemostasis and atherosclerosis, such that plaque regression, mediated predominantly via effects on monocytes, is accompanied by only transient anticoagulation.
Subject(s)
Antithrombins/administration & dosage , Aorta/drug effects , Aortic Diseases/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects , Monocytes/drug effects , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/pathology , Aortic Diseases/genetics , Aortic Diseases/metabolism , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Atherosclerosis/pathology , CD11b Antigen/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Chemokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/pathology , Injections, Intravenous , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout, ApoE , Monocytes/metabolism , Phenotype , Plaque, AtheroscleroticABSTRACT
We have developed a standardized and efficient workflow for high-throughput (HT) protein expression in E. coli and parallel purification which can be tailored to the downstream application of the target proteins. It includes a one-step purification for the purposes of functional assays and a two-step protocol for crystallographic studies, with the option of on-column tag removal.