Análisis del impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la calidad de los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of sexual and reproductive health services / Análise do impacto da pandemia COVID-19 sobre a qualidade dos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva

Resumen: Antecedentes: la pandemia COVID-19 tiene el potencial de impactar fuertemente en la agenda de la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos desde la disminución de la calidad de los servicios de salud. Justificación: Uruguay se destaca por una situación privilegiada en lo referido a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y por tal motivo es necesario, por un lado, sistematizar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 y, por otro, desarrollar medidas para prevenir dicho impacto sobre los servicios para mantener el más alto estándar de cuidados en lo relacionado a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos a pesar de la pandemia actual. Propósito: sistematizar el potencial impacto de la pandemia en los servicios de atención sanitaria de salud sexual y reproductiva y promover estrategias para detectar y prevenir dicho impacto. Metodología: se aborda el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en dos dimensiones: la del modelo de retrasos en la atención de salud y la del análisis del impacto en cada derecho específico. Perspectivas: promover acciones de discriminación positiva desde los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva a la vez que se realiza la vigilancia epidemiológica para facilitar el acoplamiento de las prestaciones en derechos sexuales y reproductivos a los cambios que se procesan en la respuesta sanitaria y social frente a la pandemia COVID-19.

Summary: Background: the COVID 19 pandemic may severely influence the sexual and reproductive rights and health agenda as a result of a decrease in the health services. Justification: Uruguay has a privileged situation in terms of sexual and reproductive rights. Therefore, we need to systematize and develop measures to prevent the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on these services in order to keep the highest standards of care in connection with sexual and reproductive rights, despite the current pandemic. Objective: to systematize the potential impact of the covid-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive rights and health services and to promote strategies to identify and prevent this impact. Method: the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive rights is analysed from two perspectives: by considering the delay in the provision of health care services and by exploring its impact on each specific sexual and reproductive right. Perspectives: to promote positive discrimination actions at the sexual and reproductive rights services, while conducting epidemiological surveillance to contribute to the matching of sexual and reproductive rights services to the changes caused by the covid-19 pandemic on the health system and on society.

Resumo: Antecedentes: a pandemia COVID-19 tem o potencial de impactar fortemente sobre a agenda da saúde e os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos a partir da queda na qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Justificativa: o Uruguai se destaca por uma situação privilegiada em matéria de direitos sexuais e reprodutivos (DDSSRR) e por isso é necessário, por um lado, sistematizar o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 e por outro, desenvolver medidas para prevenir esse impacto sobre os serviços para manter o mais alto padrão de atendimento em relação aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, apesar da pandemia atual. Objetivo: sistematizar o impacto potencial da pandemia COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva e promover estratégias para detectá-lo e preveni-lo. Metodologia: o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 sobre os DDSSRR é abordado em duas dimensões: a do modelo de atrasos na assistência de saúde e a da análise do impacto em cada um dos DDSSRR. Perspectivas: promover ações de discriminação positiva dos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, enquanto a vigilância epidemiológica é feita para facilitar o acoplamento dos benefícios dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos às mudanças que ocorrem na resposta sanitária e social a pandemia COVID19.

Embarazo triple monocorial espontáneo. A propósito de un caso / Spontaneous monochorionic trigemellar pregnancy. A case report / Gravidez monocoriônica espontânea tripla. Relato de caso

Resumen: El embarazo triple monocorial espontáneo tiene una incidencia muy baja, no identificándose factores causales que lo expliquen. La corionicidad determina el resultado perinatal de estas gestaciones, siendo la frecuencia de malos resultados mayor a medida que aumenta el número de fetos con una única placenta. Se presenta un caso de embarazo triple monocorial espontáneo cuyo seguimiento fue realizado en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell con excelente resultado perinatal.

Summary: Spontaneous monochorionic trigemellar pregnancies have a very low incidence, and there is no cause that may explain them. The chorionicity will determine the perinatal result of this gestations, but the frequency of poor results is higher as the number of fetuses sharing the same placenta increases. We present a case of a spontaneous monochorionic trigemellar gestation whose follow-up was carried out in the Pereira Rossell Pediatric Center with an excellent perinatal result.

Resumo: A tríplice gestação monocorial espontânea tem incidência muito baixa, não sendo identificados os fatores causais que a explicam. A corionicidade determina o resultado perinatal dessas gestações, e a frequência de resultados ruins é maior à medida que aumenta o número de fetos com uma única placenta. Apresentamos um caso de gravidez tríplice monocoriônica espontânea cujo seguimento foi realizado no Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell com excelentes resultados perinatais.

Descentralización de los escenarios de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los posgrados de Ginecotocología: experiencia de la Clínica Ginecotocológica A / Descentralization strategies in the teaching-learning scenario of gynecotocology postgraduates: experience in the Gynecotocology Clinic A

La Clínica Ginecotocológica A (CGA) de la Facultad de Medicina (FM) se ha comprometido con los objetivos de la reforma sanitaria en lo referente a la formación de posgrados, trabajando para ello en la descentralización de los escenarios de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En esta publicación se presenta la estrategia de descentralización de la formación de posgrados de ginecotocología de la CGA en el período 2010-2018. Se describen las herramientas que permiten mantener el contacto de los posgrados y tutores sustentados en tecnologías de la comunicación para realizar regularmente ateneos, actividades tutoriales, teleclínicas. Por otro lado, se describe la distribución logrado de postgrados, así como el logro de las destrezas en los diferentes Centros Docentes Asociados (CEDA). De la evaluación del funcionamiento de la red de CEDA de la CGA, así como de los logros formativos de recursos humanos, se concluye que es factible el aumento del cupo formativo de posgrados de Ginecotocología apelando a la descentralización estructurada de los escenarios de aprendizaje.

The Gynecotocology Clinic A (GCA) of the School of the School of Medicine is committed to the goals set in the health reform in terms of the training of postgraduates, and thus has focused on the decentralization of the educational scenario. This study presents the decentralization strategy in the training of postgraduate students in gynecotocology of the GCA between 2010 and 2018. It describes the tools that allow keeping in touch with the posgraduate students and tutors by means of technology that regularly aids grand rounds, tutorial activities, remote clinics, etc. Also, a description of the distribution of achievements by psotgraduates is provided, as well as the achievement of skills in the different Associated Teaching Centers (CEDAs in Spanish). Upon the assessment of performance of the CEDAs network of CGA, as well as the educational achievements in human resources, a conclusion is drawn as to the feasibility of increasing the number of postgraduates trained in gynecotocology appealing to structured decentralization strategies for the learning scenario.

A Clínica Ginecotocológica A (CGA) da Faculdade de Medicina (FMed-UDELAR) está comprometida com os objetivos da reforma sanitária no que diz respeito à formação dos pós-graduandos, trabalhando para isso na descentralização dos cenários de ensino-aprendizagem. Nesta publicação apresenta-se a estratégia de descentralização da formação dos pós-graduandos de ginecologia e obstetrícia da CGA no período 2010-2018. Descreve-se as ferramentas que permitem manter o contacto entre pós-graduandos e supervisores utilizando tecnologias da comunicação para realizar regularmente discussão de casos clínicos, atividades de supervisão e tele clínicas. Por outro lado, apresenta-se a distribuição geográfica dos pós-graduandos, bem como os resultados da obtenção de destrezas nos diferentes Centros docentes Associados (CEDA). A avaliação do funcionamento da rede de CEDA da CGA e dos resultados da formação de recursos humanos, permite concluir que é factível aumentar as vagas para pós-graduandos de ginecologia e obstetrícia utilizando a descentralização estruturada dos cenários de aprendizagem.

Project ECHO: A Telementoring Program for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment in Low-Resource Settings.

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are significantly higher in low- and middle-income countries compared with the United States and other developed countries. This disparity is caused by decreased access to screening, often coupled with low numbers of trained providers offering cancer prevention and treatment services. However, similar disparities are also found in underserved areas of the United States, such as the Texas-Mexico border, where cervical cancer mortality rates are 30% higher than in the rest of Texas. To address these issues, we have adopted the Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) program, a low-cost telementoring model previously proven to be successful in increasing local capacity, improving patient management skills, and ultimately improving patient outcomes in rural and underserved areas. We use the Project ECHO model to educate local providers in the management of cervical dysplasia in a low-resource region of Texas and have adapted it to inform strategies for the management of advanced cervical and breast cancer in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. This innovative approach, using ECHO, is part of a larger strategy to enhance clinical skills and develop collaborative projects between academic centers and partners in low-resource regions.

Cáncer de cuello uterino, estrategias innovadoras en la descentralización del conocimiento y su manejo. Proyecto ECHO Uruguay / Cervical cancer, innovative strategies in the decentralization of knowledge and its management. ECHO Uruguay Project

El Proyecto ECHO (Extension of Community Health Outcomes) es una iniciativa de alcance internacional cuyo ánimo fue mejorar el acceso a la atención especializada para las poblaciones rurales mediante la utilización de tecnologías de la comunicación. Desde el año 2014 se introdujo en Uruguay, abordando actualmente varias patologías. La Clínica Ginecotocológica A de la Facultad de Medicina desarrolla las teleclínicas ECHO para el abordaje de la prevención y el tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU) en Uruguay de forma mensual desde junio del 2015 hasta la fecha. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los resultados del Proyecto ECHO en Uruguay en el abordaje preventivo del CCU. Entre junio de 2015 y julio de 2016 se realizaron un total de 13 teleclínicas sobre CCU. Se conectaron profesionales desde seis departamentos del país: Paysandú, Rivera, Tacuarembó, San José, Colonia y Montevideo. Los centros asistenciales que se conectaron fueron nueve. Se abordaron 21 casos clínicos, dando respuesta a las interrogantes planteadas y realizándose actualizaciones de temas relevantes sobre la patología. Participan especialistas de diferentes áreas: ginecólogos clínicos, ginecólogos especialistas en tracto genital, anatomopatólogos, imagenólogo, oncólogos, radioterapeutas y residentes de ginecotocología. El promedio de participantes por teleclínica en este período fue de 15. En el abordaje del CCU el proyecto ha brindado la posibilidad de homogeneizar criterios diagnósticos además de la actualización mantenida en todos los aspectos de la enfermedad.

ECHO (Extension of Community Health Outcomes) Project is a global initiative which aims to improve access of rural populations to specialized health care service, by means of using communication technologies. It was introduced in Uruguay in 2014 and it has addressed several conditions already. The Gynecotological Clinic A of the School of Medicine has developed ECHO Tele-Clinics to address prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in Uruguay on a monthly basis, since June 2015 and until today. The study aims to present the results obtained in Project ECHO in Uruguay in the prevention of cervical cancer. 13 Tele-Clinics on cervical cancer were developed from June 2015 until July 2016. Professionals of six departments around Uruguay - Paysandú, Rivera, Tacuarembó, San José, Colonia and Montevideo - participated of them, and 9 healthcare centers took part of the initiative. 21 clinical cases were discussed, answers were provided for the queries submitted and an update on relevant aspects of the condition was given. The Tele-Clinics involved specialists in different areas: clinical gynecologists, gynecologists specialized in the genital tract, pathologists, imagenology specialists, oncologists, radiotherapists, and gynecology residents. Average number of participants was 15. The Project has enabled the homogenization of diagnostic criteria as well as a sustained update on all aspects of the disease in the handling of cervical cancer.

O Projeto ECHO (Extension of Community Health Outcomes) é uma iniciativa com alcance internacional, cujo objetivo é melhorar o acesso à atenção especializada para as populações rurais utilizando tecnologias de comunicação. Foi introduzido no Uruguai em 2014 e atualmente inclui várias patologias. A Clínica Ginecotocológica A da Facultad de Medicina realiza teleclínicas ECHO para a abordagem da prevenção e tratamento do câncer de colo do útero (CCU) no Uruguai mensalmente desde junho de 2015. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os resultados do Projeto ECHO no Uruguai na abordagem preventiva do CCU. Entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2016 foram realizadas 13 teleclínicas sobre CCU. Profissionais de seis departamentos do país: Paysandú, Rivera, Tacuarembó, San José, Colônia e Montevidéu e nove centros assistenciais estiveram conectados. Foram discutidos 21 casos clínicos, respondendo às dúvidas apresentadas e também atualizando temas relacionados a essa patologia. Participaram especialistas de diferentes áreas: ginecologistas clínicos, ginecologistas especializados em sistema genital, patologistas, oncologistas, especialistas em imagens e em radioterapia e residentes de tocoginecologia. O número medio de participantes por teleclínica foi 15. Na abordagem do CCU, o Projeto oferece a possibilidade de homogeneizar critérios diagnósticos além do realizar uma atualização permanente em todos os aspectos da enfermidade.

Cervical cancer prevention and treatment in Latin America.

Cervical cancer is a preventable disease with a known etiology (human papillomavirus), effective preventive vaccines, excellent screening methods, and a treatable pre-invasive phase. Surgery is the primary treatment for pre-invasive and early-stage disease and can safely be performed in many low-resource settings. However, cervical cancer rates remain high in many areas of Latin America. This article presents a number of evidence-based strategies being implemented to improve cervical cancer outcomes in Latin America.

Embarazo y síndrome de Evans: a propósito de un caso / Pregnancy and Evans'syndrome: case report

El síndrome de Evans es la coexistencia de trombocitopenia autoinmune con anemia hemolítica autoinmune. Raramente se presenta durante el curso de un embarazo. Esto dificulta las opciones terapéuticas, dado que algunos de los agentes utilizados para el tratamiento son teratogénicos. Los efectos del síndrome de Evans en el feto y recién nacido se desconocen dado el escaso número de casos publicados. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico preconcepcional de síndrome de Evans, que presenta una crisis hemolítica en el curso de una gestación, y diagnóstico de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU), en tratamiento en la Clínica Ginecotocológica "A" del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR), de Montevideo, Uruguay. Se analizan opciones terapéuticas y evolución, así como publicaciones previas...

Evans' syndrome is the coexistence of autoimmune thrombocytopenia with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. It is rarely found during the course of a pregnancy. This makes treatment options more difficult, since some therapeutic drugs are teratogenic. The effects of Evans' syndrome in the fetus and newborn are unknown given the low number of reported cases. We report the case of a patient with preconceptional diagnosis of Evans' syndrome, who develops a hemolytic crisis during the course of a pregnancy, and diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), treated at Clinica Ginecotocologica "A" at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Treatment options and evolution are analyzed, as well as previous reports...

The role of medical abortion in the implementation of the law on voluntary termination of pregnancy in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of the law that liberalizes voluntary abortion in Uruguay and enables health services to offer these services to the population. METHODS: The legal and regulatory provisions are described and the national data-provided by the Ministry of Public Health's National Information System (SINADI)-on the number of voluntary terminations of pregnancy, the abortion method (medical or surgical), and whether it was performed as an outpatient or inpatient are analyzed. To determine complications, the number of maternal deaths and admissions to intensive care units for pregnant women was used. The study period ran from December 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014. RESULTS: A total of 15 996 abortions were performed during the study period; only 1.2% were surgical and 98.8% were medical. Of the latter, only 3.4% required hospitalization. Less than half of the pregnancies were terminated up to 9weeks of gestation and 54% were at 10 to 12weeks in a sample from the Pereira Rossell Hospital. CONCLUSION: The rapid nationwide rollout of voluntary termination of pregnancy services to all women was possible to a large degree thanks to the availability and broad acceptance of medical abortion, facilitated by the prior experience in applying the risk and harm reduction strategy.

Conscientious objection as a barrier for implementing voluntary termination of pregnancy in Uruguay: Gynecologists' attitudes and behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitudes and behavior of gynecologists in Uruguay with respect to the right to conscientious objection that is included in the law concerning voluntary termination of pregnancy. METHODS: The relevant laws and decrees, academic articles, legal or administrative claims, and the positions published by the institutions representing physicians or by groups of gynecologists were analyzed. RESULTS: In general, the institutions positioned themselves in favor of correct application of conscientious objection and the immense majority of gynecologists followed this conduct. Small groups mounted a strong opposition and in one department (province) all gynecologists declared themselves to be objectors. CONCLUSION: Most gynecologists, whether or not they are objectors, proved to have a "loyalty to duty," fulfilling their primary obligation to abide by the ethical duty to give treatment to the persons who need it. A small group used conscientious objection to impede the provision of care to the women who needed the service, some group members being genuine objectors and others pseudo-objectors.

Legal termination of pregnancy as an opportunity for expanding postabortion contraception: Experience at the Pereira Rossell Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent women adopted highly effective contraceptive methods after a legal abortion. METHODS: The data available during a period before and another period after liberalization of the abortion law were reviewed. The data gathering was incomplete and reliable only during certain periods, which were used in the study. RESULTS: There was an increase in the proportion of women who returned for contraception and in the proportion who used any method and long-acting methods; however, no contraception was administered immediately after abortion and only 16% of all women treated started to use a long-acting method during the period after the law was liberalized. CONCLUSION: The proposed objective was not being achieved, the recommended guidelines were not being followed, and data gathering was incomplete. Good intentions are not enough and it is always necessary to evaluate the performance of a program. The results indicate that immediate reforms are necessary in postabortion contraception services.

Legal termination of pregnancy as an opportunity for expanding postabortion contraception: Experience at the Pereira Rossell Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent women adopted highly effective contraceptive methods after a legal abortion. METHODS: The data available during a period before and another period after liberalization of the abortion law were reviewed. The data gathering was incomplete and reliable only during certain periods, which were used in the study. RESULTS: There was an increase in the proportion of women who returned for contraception and in the proportion who used any method and long-acting methods; however, no contraception was administered immediately after abortion and only 16% of all women treated started to use a long-acting method during the period after the law was liberalized. CONCLUSION: The proposed objective was not being achieved, the recommended guidelines were not being followed, and data gathering was incomplete. Good intentions are not enough and it is always necessary to evaluate the performance of a program. The results indicate that immediate reforms are necessary in postabortion contraception services.

The role of medical abortion in the implementation of the law on voluntary termination of pregnancy in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of the law that liberalizes voluntary abortion in Uruguay and enables health services to offer these services to the population. METHODS: The legal and regulatory provisions are described and the national data-provided by the Ministry of Public Health's National Information System (SINADI)-on the number of voluntary terminations of pregnancy, the abortion method (medical or surgical), and whether it was performed as an outpatient or inpatient are analyzed. To determine complications, the number of maternal deaths and admissions to intensive care units for pregnant women was used. The study period ran from December 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014. RESULTS: A total of 15 996 abortions were performed during the study period; only 1.2% were surgical and 98.8% were medical. Of the latter, only 3.4% required hospitalization. Less than half of the pregnancies were terminated up to 9 weeks of gestation and 54% were at 10 to 12 weeks in a sample from the Pereira Rossell Hospital. CONCLUSION: The rapid nationwide rollout of voluntary termination of pregnancy services to all women was possible to a large degree thanks to the availability and broad acceptance of medical abortion, facilitated by the prior experience in applying the risk and harm reduction strategy.

Conscientious objection as a barrier for implementing voluntary termination of pregnancy in Uruguay: Gynecologists' attitudes and behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitudes and behavior of gynecologists in Uruguay with respect to the right to conscientious objection that is included in the law concerning voluntary termination of pregnancy. METHODS: The relevant laws and decrees, academic articles, legal or administrative claims, and the positions published by the institutions representing physicians or by groups of gynecologists were analyzed. RESULTS: In general, the institutions positioned themselves in favor of correct application of conscientious objection and the immense majority of gynecologists followed this conduct. Small groups mounted a strong opposition and in one department (province) all gynecologists declared themselves to be objectors. CONCLUSION: Most gynecologists, whether or not they are objectors, proved to have a "loyalty to duty," fulfilling their primary obligation to abide by the ethical duty to give treatment to the persons who need it. A small group used conscientious objection to impede the provision of care to the women who needed the service, some group members being genuine objectors and others pseudo-objectors.

Capacitación de residentes de ginecología en urgencias obstétricas mediante simulación clínica / Training gynecology residents in obstetric urgencies using clinical simulation

La necesidad de preservar la seguridad de los pacientes durante el proceso de aprendizaje ha determinado que la educación médica basada en el uso de las simulaciones se haya convertido en un imperativo ético. Objetivo: describir el taller de capacitación de residentes en la resolución de situaciones críticas frecuentes en la práctica obstétrica mediante simulación clínica desarrollado en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: el programa fue dirigido a los residentes de la Clínica Ginecotocológica “A”. Participaron un total de 17 residentes. Se utilizó la simulación como herramienta de aprendizaje por primera vez en nuestro medio. Se diseñaron dos escenarios clínicos, y mediante una viñeta clínica, y en algún caso con la participación de una actriz –paciente simulado–, se pretende que el residente actúe como lo haría en una situación real. Se realizó una lista de cotejos para ser evaluados por sus pares, pre y postest y encuesta de satisfacción del curso. Resultados: se evidenció un índice significativamente más alto de respuestas correctas en el postest en relación con el pretest, 92% y 69%, respectivamente, con una p < 0,001. El 100% de los participantes concuerdan en la utilidad de la simulación clínica, destacando que la misma les permitió reflexionar acerca de su práctica diaria. Conclusiones: la simulación es una iniciativa favorable para el desarrollo del área de educación médica, ya que propone un espacio para que los alumnos puedan desarrollar destrezas y habilidades, enfrentándose con una mayor seguridad a los pacientes reales...

The need to preserve patients’ safety during the learning process has determined that medical training based on the use of simulation has become an ethical must.Objective: to describe a workshop developed to at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center to train residents in the resolution of frequent critical situations in obstetrics through clinical simulation.Method: the program aimed at residents of Clinica Ginecotocológica “A”. Seventeen residents took part in the workshop which used simulation as a learning instrument for the first time in our country. Two clinical scenarios were designed, and the goal is for residents to act as if it were a real situation. The workshop covers a clinical list, and in certain cases actors take part – pretending they are patients. A certain number of items were assessed by their peers, before and after the test and a course satisfaction survey was prepared.Results: a significant higher rate of correct answers was evidenced in the post-test when compared to the pre-test (92% and 69% respectively), p<0,001. All participants agree on the usefulness of clinical simulation, pointing out it enables their reflecting on their daily practice.Conclusions: simulation is a favorable initiative to develop the medical education area, since it allows a space for students to develop skills before facing real patients with a greater degree of confidence...

A necessidade de preservar a segurança dos pacientes durante o processo de aprendizagem determinou que a educação médica baseada no uso de simulações tenha se convertido em um imperativo ético.Objetivo: descrever a oficina de trabalho de capacitação de residentes na resolução de situações críticas frequentes na prática obstétrica utilizando simulação clínica desenvolvida no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell.Material e método: o programa estava dirigido a residentes da Clínica Ginecotocológica “A”. Participaram 17 residentes. A simulação foi utilizada como ferramenta de aprendizagem pela primeira vez no nosso meio. Foram criadas duas situações clínicas, e com o apoio de uma ementa e contexto, e em algum caso com a participação de uma atriz (paciente simulada), buscava-se que o residente agisse como se estivesse em uma situação real. Foram elaboradas: uma lista de comparação para ser avaliada por seus pares, pré e pós-teste e uma pesquisa de opinião para conhecer o grau de satisfação com a atividade.Resultados: um índice significativamente mais alto de respostas corretas no pós-teste comparado com o pré-teste, 92% e 69%, respectivamente, com p < 0,001, foi registrado. 100% dos participantes concordaram com a utilidade da simulação clínica, destacando que esta lhes permitiu reflexionar sobre sua prática diária.Conclusões: a simulação é uma iniciativa que favorece o desenvolvimento da área de educação médica, pois propõe um espaço no qual os alunos podem desenvolver destrezas e habilidades, dando-lhes mais segurança quando atendam pacientes reais...

Resultados de la validación del formulario nacional de auditoría de sífilis gestacional y congénita en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Results of the national audit form for gestational and congenital syphilis at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center

Introducción: la sífilis es una infección de transmisión sexual en aumento en el mundo y en nuestro medio, a pesar de ser una enfermedad evitable, diagnosticable y curable, tanto en el embarazo como en el período posnatal. Objetivo: validar el formulario nacional de auditoría de sífilis gestacional y congénita. Establecer un panorama actual del estado de sífilis en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Material y método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Consiste en la realización del formulario de auditoría a las pacientes que se encontraban internadas en sala de puérperas en la maternidad del CHPR en los períodos 12 al 18 de setiembre, 3 al 17 de octubre y 1º de noviembre al 30 de noviembre de 2012. Población: se seleccionaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes puérperas internadas en el CHPR con VDRL positivo. Resultados: luego de la aplicación piloto del formulario se realizó la versión definitiva para su aplicación a nivel nacional para auditoría de sífilis gestacional y congénita. En ese período hubo 1.096 nacimientos, realizándose diagnóstico de sífilis en 20 pacientes (1,82%). Conclusiones: la aplicación de esta herramienta a nivel nacional permitirá el diseño de estrategias en prevención, diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de sífilis gestacional y congénita en nuestro país. Surgen como barreras para la erradicación de la sífilis: el diagnóstico tardío, la falta de tratamiento de los contactos y la falta de registro de la denuncia obligatoria.

Information: syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease is gradually increasing globally, in spite of it being an avoidable disease that may be diagnosed and treated both during pregnancy and in the post-natal period.Objective: to validate the national audit form for gestational and congenital syphilis. To determine the current situation of syphilis at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center.Method: transversal descriptive study. The audit form was completed for the patients who were hospitalized in the postpartum patients ward at the Pereira Rossell maternity from between 12-18 November, 3-17 October and 1-30 November 2012.Population: the clinical records of VDRL positive postpartum patients hospitalized at the Pereira Rossell Hospital were selected.Results: after the pilot application of the form, the final version was defined to be applied nationally for gestational and congenital syphilis. During that period there were 1,096 births, and syphilis was diagnosed in 20 patients (1.82%).Conclusions: applying this tool at the national level will enable the design of prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of gestational and congenital syphilis in our country. Late diagnosis, no treatment for contacts and failure to perform the mandatory report constitute barriers for its eradication.

Introdução: a sífilis é uma infecção de transmissão sexual que vem aumentando em todo mundo e também no nosso meio apesar de ser uma doença evitável, diagnosticável e curável, tanto durante a gravidez como no período pos-natal.Objetivo: validar o formulário nacional de auditoria de sífilis gestacional e congênita. Estabelecer um panorama atual do estado da sífilis no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell.Material e método: estudo descritivo transversal. Consiste na aplicação do formulário de auditoria às pacientes internadas na sala de puérperas da maternidade do CHPR nos períodos 12 - 18 de setembro, 3 - 17 de outubro e 1º de novembro - 30 de novembro de 2012.População: foram selecionados os prontuários médicos puérperas internadas no CHPR com VDRL positivo.Resultados: depois da aplicação de um piloto do formulário, a versão definitiva foi definida para ser aplicado em todo o país para auditoria de sífilis gestacional e congênita. Nesse período 1.096 nascimentos foram registrados, sendo que em 20 pacientes (1,82%) foi realizado diagnóstico de sífilis.Conclusoes: a aplicação deste instrumento em todo o país permitirá planejar estratégias para a prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da sífilis gestacional e congênita no nosso país. Surgem como barreiras para a erradicação da sífilis: o diagnóstico tardio, a falta de tratamento dos contactos e a falta de registro da notificação compulsória.

Abordaje clínico del conflicto de interés materno fetal y su relación con el estatus del feto como paciente / Clinical approach to the maternal-fetal conflict and its relation with the status of the fetus as a patient

Introducción: para el equipo de salud y específicamente para la Ginecotocología como especialidad, una de las situaciones más complejas que se pueden enfrentar es la existencia de una discordancia entre la indicación médica en pos del beneficio de la salud fetal y la falta de consentimiento por parte de la mujer embarazada. Estos conflictos de intereses, aunque poco frecuente, son muy difíciles de resolver y por ello resulta fundamental abordar estos problemas de manera sistematizada, para poder cumplir el rol profesional en beneficio de la conjunción materno-fetal.Propósito: analizar las situaciones de conflicto que existen cuando la mujer embarazada no consiente la atención prenatal en beneficio de la vida fetal, en los caso de feto viable y intentar sistematizar su abordaje.Discusión: se analiza desde el punto de vista bioético y de los valores profesionales cuales son las responsabilidades profesionales a la hora de analizar y abordar el potencial conflicto materno-fetal.Conclusiones: el feto se convierte en paciente cuando la mujer lo presenta para el cuidado prenatal, siendo esta la que le otorga el valor ante el profesional que la asiste. Es importante prevenir el conflicto mediante una adecuada relaciónmédico paciente y abordarlo cuando existe de manera sistemática e integral en beneficio de la conjunción materno-fetal.

Introducction: situations when the medical indications to be taken to benefit the life of the fetus are against the lack of consent of the pregnant woman constitute some of the most complex cases the health team in general, and gynecotocologists in particular, face. These conflicts of interest, though rather unusual, are hard to solve and thus, it is essential to address the problem in order to observe the professional role for the benefit of the maternal-fetal unit.Purpose: to analyse the conflict situations arising when a pregnant woman refuses to prenatal health care visits for the benefit of the life of the fetus, when they are viable, and to systematize the approach to these cases.Discussion: the professionalsÆ responsibilities when it comes to analysing and addressing the maternal-fetal conflict are analysed both from the bioethical perspective and the professional valuesÆ perspective.Conclusions: the fetus becomes a patient when the woman presents it for prenatal care, and it is the woman who confers this value to the fetus before theprofessional who sees her. It is important to avoid the conflict by means of an appropriate physician-patientrelation and to address it, if it occurs, in a systematic and comprehensive way, to benefit the maternal-fetal unit.

Introdução: para a equipe de saúde e especificamente para a Ginecologia-Obstetrícia como especialidade, uma das situações mais complexas que se podeenfrentar é a existência de uma discordância entre a indicação médica que busca o beneficio da saúde fetal e a falta de consentimento por parte da gestante. Esses conflitos de interesse, embora sejam pouco frequentes, são muito difíceis de resolver sendo, poressa razão, fundamental abordar estes problemas de maneira sistematizada, para poder cumprir com o papel profissional em beneficio da conjunção materno-fetal.Propósito: analisar as situações de conflito que existem quando a gestante não dá o consentimento para a prestação de atenção pré-natal em beneficio da vida fetal nos casos de feto viável, e buscar sistematizar sua abordagem.Discussão: analisa-se, do ponto de vista da bioética e dos valores profissionais, quais são as responsabilidades profissionais no momento de analisar eabordar o potencial conflito materno-fetal. Conclusões: o feto se converte em paciente quando a mulher o apresenta para o cuidado pré-natal, sendo ela quem outorga o valor perante o profissional que a atende. É importante prevenir o conflito mediante uma adequada relação médico-paciente e abordá-lo, quando existe, de forma sistemática e integral em beneficio da conjunção materno-fetal.

Hiperparatiroidismo y embarazo. Reporte de un caso clínico / Hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy. Clinical case report

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by an increase in the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which causeshypercalcemia, determining, in varying degrees, the involvement of various organs and systems, increasing both maternaland fetal morbidity and mortality and compromising the prognosis of the binomial.We present the clinical case of a 28-year-old patient, primigravida, with a personal history of bilateral renal lithiasis,repeated pyelonephritis and a presumably nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. At 17 weeks ́ gestational age she is admitted forPRGHUDWH DQHPLD D PRQWK RI HYROXWLRQ SRRUO/ WROHUDWHG 3K/VLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ ÀQGV QRGXOH LQ WKH WK/URLG ORGJH RI UDSLG JURZWK /DERUDWRU/ SURÀOH UDLVHV K/SHUFDOFHPLD DQG LQFUHDVHG LQWDFW 37+ PDNLQJ GLDJQRVLV RI SULPDU/ K/SHUSDUDWK/URLGLVP Surgical resection is performed at 24 weeks ́. The pathologic diagnosis was cystic parathyroid adenoma. In the evolutionshe presented hypothyroidism with normal levels of serum calcium and PTH. Being treated with calcium, calcitriol and T4.At 39 weeks labor begins spontaneously and a cesarean section is performed with diagnosis of non-reassuring fetal status,obtaining a vigorous newborn, with appropriate weight for gestational age. Good postpartum evolution

Improving care of women at risk of unsafe abortion: implementing a risk-reduction model at the Uruguayan-Brazilian border.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the initial stages of the implementation of a risk-reduction model designed by Iniciativas Sanitarias to shield women from unsafe abortion in a traditional community on the Uruguay-Brazil border. METHODS: This mixed-design study was conducted first between 22 and 26 March 2010, and then between 2 and 7 May 2011, in Rivera, Uruguay, to gather information from women seen at health centers, healthcare providers, and local policy makers before the project started and midway through the project. RESULTS: At baseline most women and providers considered abortion justifiable only on narrow grounds, yet favored the implementation of a risk-reduction model that would include preabortion as well as postabortion counseling, the former providing information on different abortion methods and their risks. By the midterm assessment, the counseling service had assisted 87 women with unwanted pregnancies. Of the 52 who came for a postabortion visit, 50 had self-administered misoprostol, with no complications. Women were highly satisfied with the counseling. At baseline, misoprostol seemed to be available from both pharmacists and informal sellers. At midterm, it was still available from informal vendors but pharmacists said they did not provide misoprostol. The risk-reduction initiative heightened public attention to the abortion issue but the controversy it generated did not seriously impede its implementation. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to implement the proposed risk-reduction model in a traditional community such as Rivera, not only in Uruguay but in any country irrespective of its abortion laws.

Eficacia y seguridad del sling transobturatriz de malla simple de polipropileno (TOT) en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo femenina / Efficacy and safety of polypropylene simple mesh transobturator sling (TOT) in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence

Objetivo: analizar la eficacia, seguridad y complicaciones del sling transobturatriz (TOT) con malla simple de polipropileno como técnica quirúrgica en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo femenina. Material y método: se analizó la evolución de una cohorte de 100 pacientes operadas de sling transobturatriz de malla simple de polipropileno entre octubre de 2002 y octubre de 2004. La técnica utilizada fue con agujas reutilizables y malla simple de polipropileno en lugar de los diferentes kit comerciales. Se evaluó en cuatro cortes temporales la evolución de las pacientes considerando especialmente la eficacia de la técnica, la satisfacción de las mismas y la aparición de complicaciones. Resultados: no hubo lesiones vasculares, ni nerviosas, ni digestivas durante la cirug¡a. Se registró un caso (1%) de lesión vesical por pasaje transvesical de la aguja. Un paciente presentó retención urinaria posoperatoria que requirió cateterización vesical; 7% presentó urgencia miccional posoperatoria inmediata; 3% de las pacientes presentó extrusión vaginal de la malla; 2% experimentó dolor obturatriz con los esfuerzos físicos, crónico. Con respecto a la eficacia en 10% de las pacientes falló el procedimiento, 74% está asintomática, y 16% está mejor. Del total, 70,2% se encuentra muy satisfecha, 17% está moderadamente satisfecha, 6,4% no está satisfecha, y 6,4% se siente peor. Conclusiones: el TOT, con las modificaciones realizadas, es una técnica muy segura y efectiva conun seguimiento máximo de cinco años y medio, con una aceptable tasa de complicaciones, en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo femenina.

Objective: to analyse efficacy, safety and complications of transobturator sling with polypropylene simple meshas a surgical technique in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Method: we analysed the evolution of a 100 patient cohort group who had undergone polypropylene simplemesh transobturator sling surgical treatment from October, 2002 through October, 2004. Reusable needles and polypropylene simple mesh were used in the technique, instead of the different commercial kits available. Evaluation of patient evolution was performed in four temporal sections, especially considering efficacy of the technique, patient satisfaction and complications arousal. Results: there were no vascular, nervous or digestive lesions during surgery. There was one (1%) case of bladder lesion caused by the transbladder passage of a needle. One patient presented post surgery retention of urine, requiring bladder catheterization; 7% presented post-surgery immediate urinary urge; 3% of patients presented vaginal mesh extrusion; 2% suffered chronic obsturator pain upon physical effort. With regards to efficacy, procedure failed in 10% of patients, 74% are asymptomatic, and 16 % are better. Out of all patients, 70.2% are very satisfied, 17% are moderately satisfied, 6.4% are not satisfied and 6.4% feel worse. Conclusions: after the modifications introduced, TOT is a very safe and effective technique, with a maximum offive and a half years follow-up and an acceptable rate of complications, in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.

Objetivo: analisar a eficácia, segurança e complicações do sling transobturatório (TOT) de tela simples de polipropileno como técnica cirúrgica no tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço feminina. Material e método: analisou-se a evolução de uma coorte de 100 pacientes operadas com sling transobturatório de tela simples de polipropileno no per¡odo outubro de 2002 - outubro de 2004. A técnica usada empregou agulhas reutilizáveis e tela simples de polipropileno em substituição dos kits comerciais. Em quatro coortes temporárias fez-se a avaliação da evolução das pacientes considerando especialmente a eficácia da técnica, a satisfação das mesmas e o aparecimento de complicações. Resultados: não foram observadas lesões vasculares, nervosas, ou digestivas durante a cirurgia. Em um caso (1%) se registrou lesão vesical por passagem transvesical da agulha. Uma paciente apresentou retenção urinaria posoperat¢ria sendo necessária a realização de cateterização vesical; 7% apresentaram urgência miccional posoperat¢ria imediata; 3% das pacientes apresentaram extrusão vaginal da tela; 2% apresentaram dor obturatória com esforços f¡sicos, crônico.Em relação à eficácia, o procedimento falhou em 10% das pacientes, 74% estão assintomáticas, e 16% se sentem melhor. Do total, 70,2% estão muito satisfeitas, 17% estão moderadamente satisfeitas, 6,4% não estão satisfeitas, e 6,4% se sentem pior. Conclusões: o TOT, com as modificações realizadas, é uma técnica segura e efetiva com um seguimento máximo de cinco anos e meio, com uma taxa aceitável de complicações para o tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço feminina.