ABSTRACT
Background: Fever, alcohol, and sodium channel blockers can unmask Brugada pattern and may also induce arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome. We report a case of unmasked Type-1 Brugada pattern presenting with ventricular fibrillation that was induced by a tetrahydrocannabinol vaping. Case summary: A 48-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide and back pain controlled with tetrahydrocannabinol vaping presented with sudden cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation, which was terminated with defibrillation. Electrocardiogram after resuscitation showed a new Type-1 Brugada pattern compared to a previous normal baseline electrocardiogram. Echocardiography and coronary angiogram were unremarkable. Complete blood count and chemistries were unremarkable except for mild hypokalaemia (K = 3.3â mmol/L). After correction of the hypokalaemia, the Type-1 Brugada pattern persisted. Urine drug screen was positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (60â ng/mL). Genetic testing was negative for inherited arrhythmic disease and cardiomyopathy gene panels. Discussion: The patient's type-1 Brugada pattern and ventricular fibrillation were likely induced by vaping tetrahydrocannabinol. He underwent secondary prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. He abstains from cannabis and Type-1 Brugada pattern is normalized. There was no arrhythmic event at his 18-month follow-up appointment with abstinence from tetrahydrocannabinol.
ABSTRACT
Syncope can be caused by many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Causes of syncope encompass a wide range of conditions from benign vasovagal syncope to life-threatening arrhythmias. The lack of a standardized method of evaluation and management of this large patient population leads to a wide practice variation which results in broad-based testing, frequent hospital admission and high healthcare cost. The concept of a syncope observational unit was created for inpatients and outpatients in the United States and Europe. Studies have demonstrated that syncope units, staffed by trained health care providers with sufficient resources could expedite and improve diagnostic yield, reduce hospital admission, and result in decreased healthcare cost with favorable clinical outcomes. The implementation of a standardized syncope unit has been challenging because resources and health care systems are variable regionally, nationally, and internationally. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidences that support a standardized syncope unit practice. We provide step-by-step algorithms for the "best syncope units" in the inpatient and outpatient settings by combining the synergistic experiences from the United States and Europe.
Subject(s)
Emergency Service, Hospital , Syncope , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Hospitalization , Humans , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/therapy , United StatesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to perform a gender-based meta-analysis of the outcome of bivalirudin versus heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). BACKGROUND: Bivalirudin has been shown to decrease major bleeding when compared to heparin ± glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPI) in patients undergoing PCI. It is unclear, however, if those differences in outcomes are the same for men and women. METHODS: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared bivalirudin to heparin with or without GPI in patients undergoing PCI and reported outcome data that were stratified by gender. Random effect model was used to pool odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: We included 9 trials with 33,224 patients. Bivalirudin decreased major bleeding when compared to heparin plus routine GPI in both men (OR: 0.51, P < 0.001) and women (OR: 0.55, P < 0.001). However, when GPI were used selectively with heparin, the bleeding lowering effect of bivalirudin was statistically significant in men (OR: 0.69, P = 0.02) but not in women (OR: 0.71, P = 0.21). When compared to heparin ± GPI, there was a nonstatistically significant trend toward lower all-cause mortality with bivalirudin in both men (OR: 0.76, P = 0.055) and women (OR: 0.79, P = 0.21). There were no significant differences in major adverse cardiovascular events between heparin and bivalirudin in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Bivalirudin decreases major bleeding in both men and women when compared to heparin plus routine GPI. However, when compared to heparin alone, the bleeding lowering benefit of bivalirudin is less evident in women. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.