A comparative study across mule, equine and equine clone pregnancies regarding the determination of the day of birth.

Monitoring equine parturition effectively is essential for preemptive intervention in periparturient issues and ensuring the overall well-being of both mares and foals. However, its implementation in breeding farms is challenging due to variable gestational lengths and nocturnal births. Predictive techniques have the potential to streamline the monitoring process, reduce labor intensity, and minimize costs. Research on foaling prediction in mares carrying mule or equine clone fetuses is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to comparatively analyze foaling prediction parameters in mares pregnant with mule, equine, or equine clone fetus. The study included vulvar relaxation, sacroiliac ligament tension, pH, BRIX index, and concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in prepartum mammary secretions. Sixty pregnant mares were used for this study and grouped as follows: 25 mares with mule fetuses (MF), 20 with equine clone fetuses (CF), and 15 with equine control fetuses (EF). Results showed significant differences in vulvar relaxation and sacroiliac ligament tension only in MF group (p < 0.05) on the day of parturition compared to the other days evaluated, different from the other groups. Levels of pH notably decreased on parturition day (mean 5.7 ± 0.04, p < 0.0001), with lower values in MF (6.05 ± 0.02) and CF (6.08 ± 0.04) compared to EF (6.26 ± 0.04) (p < 0.03). The BRIX index showed variation across mares and was not a good parameter for foaling prediction. Electrolytes correlated positively with impending parturition, showing no significant differences among groups. The MF and CF groups exhibited a substantial increase (102.13 % and 110.66 %, respectively) in mean calcium concentrations on the day before foaling, unlike EF (38.29 %). In conclusion, the pH values were different in mammary secretions between mares carrying mule and clone fetuses, in contrast to equine control fetuses. Nevertheless, there was a trend of decreasing pH values closer to parturition in all groups. Conversely, the BRIX index serves as a valuable indicator of colostrum quality yet does not offer insights into the proximity of parturition. While electrolyte concentrations did not reveal significant differences among groups, it is worth noting that the evaluation of phosphorus emerges as a new parameter to explore in mares nearing parturition, since it obtained a pattern similar to calcium.

Successful equine in vitro embryo production by ICSI - effect of season, mares' age, breed, and phase of the estrous cycle on embryo production.

This retrospective study aimed at identifying factors that contribute to the success of equine in vitro embryo production by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). A total of 7993 ovum pick-up (OPU) sessions were performed, totaling 2540 donor mares and semen from 396 stallions. Oocytes were aspirated at multiple sites in Brazil and were sent to the laboratory, within 6 h from OPU, in pre-maturation medium where they were in vitro matured (IVM) followed by ICSI and in vitro embryo culture for 7-8 days. The number of recovered oocytes, matured oocytes, cleaved embryos and blastocysts were used to explore the effect of age and breed of the donor mare, time of year in which the mare was aspirated and phase of the estrous cycle on the day of follicular aspiration. Mares between 6 and 15 years old were superior to other age groups in most parameters evaluated, including the average number of blastocysts per OPU. The impact of age was similar when evaluated within two breeds, American Quarter Horse (AQHA) and Warmblood mares. We observed that breed (AQHA, Warmblood, Crioulo, Lusitano and Mangalarga) had an important effect on most of the parameter evaluated, including number of oocytes recovered, blastocysts produced per OPU, and blastocyst rates. The overall impact of season was less pronounced than age and breed, with the only statistically significant difference being a higher rate of oocyte maturation during the summer season. Finally, most of the parameters evaluated were superior in follicular phase mares, with or without dominant follicle than luteal phase mares. In conclusion, this retrospective study revealed that breed, age, season and stage of estrous at the time of OPU are all important parameters for the success of equine embryo production by ICSI. This technology enables producing embryos all-year-round from mares of different breeds and ages from OPU-derived oocytes collected at multiple sites.

Recovery of Equine Oocytes in Ambulatory Practice and Potential Complications.

Field collection of oocytes in mares using transvaginal follicular aspiration (TVA) for embryo production has the potential to revolutionate the equine industry. Protocols for TVA in specialized laboratory settings have been described in the scientific literature since the early 1980s. The objective of this study was to determine the success rate of TVA oocytes recovery under ambulatory conditions. A secondary goal of this study was to determine if TVA is associated with any health complications when performed by recently trained practitioners in the field. Follicles (n = 296) from 66 adult clinically healthy mares were aspirated over a period of 6 days. TVAs were performed by 22 veterinarians with 5-20 years of experience in equine and bovine reproductive medicine, but no previous experience in TVA. Oocytes (n = 145) were recovered. No short- or long-term systemic or local complications were observed following TVA in any of the mares used in this study. Fifty-six out of 66 mares became pregnant within 3 months following TVA. This study shows that with proper training, TVA can be successfully used to obtain equine oocytes with no health complications under field conditions in nonspecialized laboratory settings.