Effects of early contrast-enhanced computed tomography on clinical course and complications in patients with acute pancreatitis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of an early contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) on clinical course and complications of acute pancreatitis (AP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 58 patients with AP who had at least one CECT examination were analyzed retrospectively. Laboratory as well as clinical data, and results from the assessment of disease severity (CT severity index (CTSI) and its modified (MCTSI) version) were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the development of severe complications, defined as death, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, and the need for invasive interventions. Patients were divided into two groups: an early group (CECT within the first 48 h after the onset of symptoms, n = 32) and a late group (CECT > 48 h after the onset of symptoms, n = 26). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for severe complications. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between both groups concerning baseline characteristics, CTSI, and MCTSI. Complications occurred more often in the early CECT group (p = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified an early CECT and a severe MCTSI as independent risk factors for the occurrence of severe complications (p = 0.02 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: CECT performed within the first 48 h after the onset of symptoms is associated with an unfavorable outcome in AP.

Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: 3-chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis - a GALEN study.

Chronic rhinosinusitis is one of the most common health care challenges, with significant direct medical costs and severe impact on lower airway disease and general health outcomes. The diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) currently is based on clinical signs, nasal endoscopy and CT scanning, and therapeutic recommendations are focussing on 2 classes of drugs, corticosteroids and antibiotics. A better understanding of the pathogenesis and the factors amplifying mucosal inflammation therefore seems to be crucial for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In an effort to extend knowledge in this area, the WP 2.7.2 of the GA(2)LEN network of excellence currently collects data and samples of 1000 CRS patients and 250 control subjects. The main objective of this project is to characterize patients with upper airway disease on the basis of clinical parameters, infectious agents, inflammatory mechanisms and remodeling processes. This collaborative research will result in better knowledge on patient phenotypes, pathomechanisms, and subtypes in chronic rhinosinusitis. This review summarizes the state of the art on chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis in different aspects of the disease. It defines potential gaps in the current research, and points to future research perspectives and targets.

[Tissue engineering of respiratory epithelium. Regenerative medicine for reconstructive surgery of the upper airways]. / Tissue-Engineering von respiratorischem Epithel. Regenerative Medizin für die rekonstruktive Chirurgie der oberen Atemwege.

Reconstruction of long tracheal defects remains an unsolved surgical problem. Tissue engineering of respiratory epithelium is therefore of utmost surgical and scientific interest. Successful cultivation and reproduction of respiratory epithelium in vitro is crucial to seed scaffolds of various biomaterials with functionally active respiratory mucosa. Most frequently, the suspension culture as well as the tissue or explant cultures are used. Collagenous matrices, synthetic and biodegradable polymers, serve as carriers in studies. It is essential for clinical practice that mechanically stable biomaterials be developed that are resorbable in the long term or that cartilaginous constructs produced in vitro be employed which are seeded with respiratory epithelium before implantation. Vascularization of a bioartificial matrix for tracheal substitution is also prerequisite for integration of the constructs produced in vitro into the recipient organism. Here, the state of the art of research, perspectives and limitations of tracheal tissue engineering are reviewed.

Adenosine triphosphatase expression correlates with ciliary activity of respiratory epithelium in vitro.

In vitro culture of respiratory epithelium is of great utility for pharmacological investigations and tissue engineering. Up to now, the degree of differentiation of respiratory cells cultured in vitro has exclusively been estimated by measuring ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Ciliary motility is dependent on the function of the motor protein dynein that is composed of at least two heavy chains, sharing attributes of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases). CBF is further dependent on medium conditions and does not allow to draw any accurate conclusion on the proportion of fully differentiated ciliated cells in culture. For this reason we introduced the immunohistochemical detection of a 100-kD ATPase subunit as a correlation with dynein activity in human respiratory cell tissue culture. Our results show that the amount of immunohistochemically detectable ATPase-subunit-positive cells strongly correlates with ciliary motility in vitro. Cultures without ciliary activity exhibited no ATPase staining, whereas in cell cultures with excessive ciliary beat, up to 15.1% of the cells were ATPase positive. Immunohistochemical detection of ATPase in respiratory cell cultures seems to be a sensitive and reproducible complement for the characterization of cultured ciliated epithelium.

Twenty-four month incidence of root caries among a diverse group of adults.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Describe for a diverse sample the 24-month incidence of root caries, and (2) test its association with a broad range of clinical, behavioral, financial, and sociodemographic factors. METHODS: The Florida Dental Care Study was a cohort study of randomly selected subjects who had at least 1 tooth and were 45 years or older at baseline. In-person interviews and clinical examinations were conducted at baseline and 24 months, with 6-monthly telephone interviews between those times; 723 subjects participated for both examinations. A multinomial logistic regression was done to predict whether the subject was in one of four mutually exclusive groups [new root decay only (NDO); new root filling(s) only (NFO); both new decay and new filling(s) (BOTH), or had neither (NONE)]. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of subjects had at least 1 new root decayed and/or filled surface (DFS); 17% were in the NDO group, 14% in the NFO group, and 5% in the BOTH group. When limited to participants who had a nonzero increment, the mean (SD) DFS was 2.7 (2.9). Baseline clinical condition (presence of root decay, root filling(s), coronal decay, noncarious root defects, number of teeth present, percent of teeth with at least 4 mm of attachment loss) was predictive of moving from the NONE group into the NDO, NFO, or BOTH groups. The addition of behavioral, financial, and sociodemographic factors improved model fit. For example, regular dental attenders were significantly more likely to move from the NONE group into the NFO group, but regular attendance was not associated with a lower probability of moving from the NONE group into the NDO or BOTH groups. CONCLUSIONS: Root caries is a substantive dental health problem in this diverse sample of adults. These analyses demonstrate the utility of disaggregating caries incidence into four mutually exclusive groups for predictive models.

Risk indicators of edentulism, partial tooth loss and prosthetic status among black and white middle-aged and older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and risk indicators of edentulism; to describe the frequencies of wearing removable dentures; to describe the prevalence and risk indicators of fixed prosthetic restorations; to test the hypothesis that fixed prosthetic restorations are most likely to have been placed in persons at lower risk for dental and periodontal diseases, and to test the hypothesis that, with dental disease, dental behaviors, dental attitudes and ability to afford crowns taken into account, blacks are less likely than whites to have received crowns. METHODS: The Florida Dental Care Study is a cohort study of subjects 45 years old or older. A telephone screening interview was done as a first stage to identify 5254 subjects who met eligibility requirements and who self-reported whether they were edentulous. In a second stage, a subsample of dentate subjects was contacted after they completed their telephone screening interview. Of these, 873 subjects completed a baseline in-person interview and dental examination. RESULTS: A total of 19% of first-stage subjects were edentulous. In a single multiple logistic regression, having a poorer self-rated level of general health was significantly associated with edentulism, as were being poor, older and white. Among the second-stage participants (all of whom were dentate), several prosthetic patterns were observed. For example, a total of 64% of maxillary full denture wearers reported wearing their denture all the time. Participants had also received numerous fixed prosthodontic services. The proportion of subjects with at least one crown varied widely by subject characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial percentage of non-ideal frequencies of wearing removable prostheses was reported, as were prosthesis-related soreness and broken prostheses. Although we expected and observed an association between having a fixed prosthetic crown and periodontal status, dental fillings, dental attitudes and financial resources, a residual association with race suggests that blacks are much less likely to receive prosthetic crowns. The several possible reasons for this circumstance warrant further investigation.

Restoration fractures, cusp fractures and root fragments in a diverse sample of adults: 24-month incidence.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports in the literature regarding estimates of the occurrence of tooth fractures. Most studies have assessed tooth fractures in people seeking dental care, which may underestimate the incidence of the problem. METHODS: This study sought to estimate the incidence and prevalence of cusp and restoration fractures, as well as root fragments in participants in the Florida Dental Care Study, a diverse representative sample of community-dwelling residents of four north Florida counties made up of people who seek dental care regularly and those who do not. Participants received a dental examination and an in person interview at baseline and at a 24-month follow-up session. RESULTS: At least 20 percent of the participants were diagnosed as having bulk restoration fractures, cusp fractures or root fragments at the baseline visit. At the 24-month follow-up session, 26 percent of the participants had at least one new occurrence of these problems. Of those subjects presenting with tooth fracture, 25 percent had multiple teeth affected. African-Americans and people who sought care on a problem-oriented basis experienced twice the rate of cusp fracture and a higher rate of root fragments as did those who sought care on a regular basis. These data represent consecutive prevalence estimates rather than the true incidence, in that fractures that occurred after baseline may have been treated in the intervening 24 months. Thus, these data represent "lower-bound" incidence estimates. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that restoration fractures, cusp fractures and root fragments are a significant dental health problem, and that selected segments of the population are at greater risk of developing these problems. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These data are useful for dentists in understanding the magnitude of the problem and the potential progression of fractures and root fragments.

Twenty-four month coronal caries incidence: the role of dental care and race.

OBJECTIVES: To describe for a diverse sample of dentate middle-aged and older adults: (1) the 24-month incidence of coronal caries, and (2) its association with a broad range of clinical, behavioral, financial, attitudinal, and sociodemographic factors. METHODS: The Florida Dental Care Study is a prospective observational longitudinal cohort study of 873 persons who at baseline had at least 1 tooth and were 45 years or older. In-person interviews and clinical examinations were conducted at baseline and 24 months, with 6-monthly telephone interviews between those times. A multinomial logistic regression was done to predict whether a participant was in one of four mutually exclusive groups at the 24-month examination (new decay only [NDO]; new filling(s) only [NFO]; both new decay and filling(s) [BOTH]; or neither [NONE]). RESULTS: Only 33% of the 24-month participants were in the NONE group. There was no significant difference in caries incidence between regular attenders and problem-oriented attenders, regardless of whether teeth crowned at baseline, incident crowns, or incident root fragments were excluded. However, once differences in incident tooth loss and baseline clinical, behavioral, financial, and attitudinal differences were taken into account, regular attenders did appear to benefit by developing fewer coronal lesions and fewer dental symptoms than problem-oriented attenders. Baseline carious surfaces, filled surfaces, number of teeth, and bulk restoration fractures predicted caries incidence, but baseline cusp fractures did not. Persons with negative dental attitudes were more likely to be in the NDO and BOTH groups, and negative attitude toward brushing and flossing (but not their frequency) also predicted caries incidence. CONCLUSION: Certain baseline clinical conditions, approach to dental care, ability to pay for dental care, dental attitudes, race, and age group were predictive of coronal caries incidence, and regular attenders appeared to benefit from regular attendance.

[Growth of human respiratory epithelium on collagen foil]. / Wachstum humanen respiratorischen Epithels auf Kollagenfolie.

BACKGROUND: Clinical application of bioartificial tracheal prosthesis must still be regarded as an experimental concept because restoration of a functional respiratory epithelium outlining the prosthesis is still not possible. Tissue engineering as a relatively new biotechnological discipline may offer new methods in expanding differentiated respiratory epithelium in vitro. In this study we compare two different cell and tissue culture procedures for growing human nasal mucosa on commercially available collagen foil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Harvested specimens of human nasal mucosa (n = 6, 4 x 4 cm) were placed on collagen foil and incubated as tissue cultures for 4, 6 and 8 weeks. A suspension of enzymatically dispersed nasal epithelium seeded on collagen foil (5 x 10(5) cells) served as control. Cell growth and ciliary beat were monitored through an inverted microscope with Hoffman's modulation contrast and video set-up. Histological examination was performed after 4, 6 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: In the tissue cultures, the collagen foil was initially covered with fibroblasts growing from the mucosa specimen before epithelial cells spread out. The epithelial layer showed mostly ciliated cells which developed metachronous ciliary beat after 4 weeks in vitro. Ciliary activity was observed until the end of the experiments in 8 weeks. New cells on the suspension cultures were mesenchymal and did not exhibit any ciliary activity. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosa specimens seem to be more appropriate for tissue engineering of respiratory epithelium than cell suspensions from nasal epithelium. Collagen foil as tissue scaffold initiates epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and may play an important role in epithelial differentiation of new respiratory epithelium.

Tooth-specific and person-level predictors of 24-month tooth loss among older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To describe: (1) the 24-month incidence of tooth loss in a diverse sample of dentate adults; and (2) the clinical, attitudinal, behavioral, and sociodemographic correlates of tooth loss incidence. METHODS: The Florida Dental Care Study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of persons who at baseline had at least one tooth, were 45 years or older, and who resided in north Florida. An in-person interview and clinical examination were conducted at baseline and 24-months after baseline, with 6-monthly telephone interviews between those times. A two-level hierarchical generalized linear regression (logit model) was used to quantify tooth-specific and person-level factors simultaneously. RESULTS: Of the 739 persons who attended for a 24-month examination, 24% lost one or more teeth during follow-up. Tooth loss was more common in persons with dental disease at baseline, incident dental signs or symptoms, those with negative attitudes toward dental care and dental health, those with limited financial resources, older adults, blacks, females, and problem-oriented users of dental care (as distinct from regular attenders). Although disease presence at baseline was a major factor associated with incident tooth loss, most diseased teeth were in fact still present 24 months after baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Other than periodontal attachment loss, severe tooth mobility, and dental caries, no single factor was a dominant predictor of tooth loss; instead, numerous factors made statistically significant but small contributions to variation in tooth loss. Tooth loss apparently is the result of complex interactions among dental disease, incident dental signs and symptoms, tendency to use dental care in response to specific dental problems, dental attitudes, and ability to afford non-extraction treatment alternatives.

Satisfaction with chewing ability in a diverse sample of dentate adults.

The Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS) is a longitudinal study of changes in oral health, which included at baseline 873 subjects who had at least one tooth, were 45 years or older, and who participated for an interview and clinical examination. Two objectives of the FDCS were to: (i) describe satisfaction with chewing ability in a diverse sample of dentate adults; and (ii) quantify the associations between satisfaction with chewing ability and other measures of oral health. Approximately 16% of subjects reported that they were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their chewing ability. Bivariate and multivariate results provided consistent evidence of the construct validity of a proposed multi-dimensional model of satisfaction with chewing ability. Multiple regression analysis suggested that dissatisfaction with chewing ability was independently associated with 12 specific clinical and self-reported measures of oral disease/ tissue damage, pain, functional limitation, and disadvantage. The self-reported measures of oral health and the proposed model of satisfaction with chewing ability improve our understanding of this important oral health outcome in diverse population groups.

Oral functional limitation among dentate adults.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of oral functional limitation in adults and to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with that limitation. METHODS: The Florida Dental Care Study is a longitudinal study of risk factors for changes in oral health. Subjects (n = 873) with at least one tooth who were 45 years old or older participated in a baseline in-person interview and dental examination. Subjects were queried about oral functional limitations. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of subjects reported difficulty chewing one or more foods using a five-item chewing index, and 10 percent reported difficulty speaking or pronouncing words because of problems with the mouth. The covariates in a multiple logistic regression identified as being significantly associated with chewing difficulty were fewer pairs of occluding anterior teeth, fewer pairs of occluding posterior teeth, more posterior teeth that are root tips, more anterior teeth that are mobile, reporting tooth pain, reporting bad breath, having but not wearing prosthetic appliances, reporting dry mouth, and being female. Having fewer anterior teeth, reporting a sore and/or broken denture, reporting unattractive teeth, and being black were significantly associated with speaking difficulty/difficulty pronouncing words because of problems with the teeth, mouth, or dentures. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest a significant prevalence of oral functional limitation in dentate adults. Certain clinical and sociodemographic factors were strongly and independently associated with its presence.

Behavioral risk indicators of attachment loss in adult Floridians.

This study investigated behavioral and sociodemographic risk indicators of attachment loss (AL) at baseline in subjects of the Florida Dental Care Study: 873 subjects with at least 1 tooth, and who were 45+ years or older, participated for an in-person interview and dental examination; 761 subjects were probed for AL. Calibrated examiners used a modified NIDR protocol from the 1985-86 Survey of US Employed Adults and Seniors. Results were weighted to reflect actual population proportions. 92% of subjects had at least 1 site of 4+ mm AL, and 35% had at least 1 severe site (7+ mm AL). In a single multivariate regression, not having a recent dental check-up, not using dental floss, being a current smoker, and being diabetic were significantly associated with a higher probability of having 1 or more severe sites. Blacks were less likely than whites to be regular users of dental care, use dental floss, and be non-smokers. Similar findings were found for low income adults and rural residents. Risk groups (low income, blacks, rural residents) were more likely to present with modifiable risk indicators for AL, suggesting the need for targeted interventions.

Root caries and root defects in urban and rural adults: the Florida Dental Care Study.

As part of the Florida Dental Care Study--a longitudinal study of risk factors for changes in dental health--the authors examined and interviewed 873 adults aged 45 years and older. During the examination, clinicians noted the number of teeth present and the participant's dental condition, including presence of root caries and fillings or noncarious defects on the roots. The interview was conducted to collect demographic and other information such as the adults' perceptions about dental care and their perceptions about their own dental health. The authors found that men, African-Americans, adults living in rural areas and those living in poverty were significantly more likely to have root caries than other participants. The data reported in this article will serve as baseline information for subsequent research.

Factors associated with successful denture therapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate complete denture patients at pretreatment and postinsertion, 6 months and 18 months after denture delivery in order to develop an explanatory model of successful denture therapy to better understand patient acceptance of complete dentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty complete-denture patients treated at a dental student clinic were followed through denture therapy and for 18 months thereafter. Subjects were examined and completed pretreatment questionnaires and posttreatment interviews. Three outcome measures of denture success were tested, and factors considered substantive in achieving a successful denture outcome were examined using multivariate analyses. RESULTS: At post-insertion, 76.7% of subjects were satisfied with their dentures, 74.6% said their expectations were met, and 66.7% said they adjusted easily to their new dentures; reports at 6 and 18 months were similarly high. Logistic regression findings suggest that psychological and interpersonal factors are more important determinants of denture satisfaction than anatomic or clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS: Subject characteristics including age, gender, race, income level, education, marital status, and maxillary and mandibular anatomy were not significantly associated with denture success as defined by the three outcome measures used in this study. Although these variables may represent important co-factors in the patient's acceptance of dental services and may affect the way a patient perceives dental care outcomes, statistically significant relationships were not found within our sample. Psychosocial variables, such as pretreatment expectations, satisfaction with the dental care received, and mental health showed a stronger relationship to a successful outcome.

Coronal caries, root fragments, and restoration and cusp fractures in US adults.

The Florida Dental Care Study is a longitudinal study of changes in oral health that included at baseline 873 subjects (Ss) who had at least 1 tooth, were 45 years or older, and participated for an interview and examination. Forty-five percent of Ss had active coronal caries; 94% of the coronal carious surfaces were primary decay, and only 6% were secondary/recurrent. Ten percent of Ss had 1 or more root fragments, 16% of Ss had 1 or more teeth with restoration fractures, and 14% of Ss had 1 or more teeth with cusp fractures. Blacks, poor persons, and irregular attenders had more caries, root fragments, and cusp fractures, even though they had significantly fewer teeth. Blacks, poor persons, and irregular attenders were not at increased risk for restoration fractures, probably because fractures were associated with dental care use. These findings regarding caries and restorative treatment needs are consistent with a substantial burden in adult high-risk groups, and are relevant for dental primary health care policy.