Diabetes and CoViD-19: Experience from the frontline of Internal Medicine wards in Italy.

Available data suggest that the issue of CoViD-19 is particularly critical in patients with diabetes. In Italy, Internal Medicine (IM) wards have played a pivotal role in contrasting the spread of SARS-Cov2. During this pandemic, FADOI submitted a brief questionnaire to a group of its members acting as Head of IM units. Considering 38 units, 58% of beds dedicated to CoViD patients in CoViD Hospitals were in charge of IM, and globally cared for 6650 patients during a six-week period. Of these patients, 1264 (19%) had diabetes. Mortality rate in CoViD patients with or without diabetes were 20.5% and 14%, respectively (p < 0.001). Our survey seems to confirm that diabetes is a major comorbidity of CoViD-19, but it does not support an increased incidence of CoViD-19 infection in people with diabetes, if compared with the figures of patients with diabetes and hospitalized before the outbreak. On the other side, patients with diabetes appeared at a significantly increased risk of worse outcome. This finding underlines the importance of paying special attention to this patient population and its management.

Hospitalization and mortality for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an Italian population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a significant mortality and morbidity. Previous studies have identified a number of independent prognostic factors. However, information on hospital admission databases is limited and data regarding short-term prognosis of these patients in Italian hospitals are lacking. Thus, we performed an epidemiological study on hospital admission for COPD acute exacerbation in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were identified using clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Information was collected on baseline characteristics, vital status at discharge, duration of hospitalization, and up to five secondary discharge diagnoses. Comorbidity was evaluated using the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). RESULTS: During the observation period (2013-2014), 170,684 patients with COPD acute exacerbation were hospitalized. Mean length of hospitalization (LOH) was 9.95±8.69 days and mean in-hospital mortality was 5.30%. These data correspond to the 4.1% of all hospitalizations and to the 2.8% of all the days of hospitalization in Italy during the study period. In-hospital mortality and LOH varied among different regions (from 3.13 to 7.59% and from 8.22 to 11.28 days respectively). Old age, male gender, low discharge volume, previous hospitalization for COPD exacerbation and CCI resulted as significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for COPD exacerbation is extremely frequent even in contemporary Italian population. COPD exacerbation is clinically demanding with a not negligible short-term mortality rate and a mean LOH approaching 10 days. These latter findings were quite variable in different regions but should be further analyzed to set up appropriate health-care policies on COPD patients.

Toward personalized dose-prescription in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Validation of published normal tissue complication probability models.

PURPOSE: To identify published normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models suitable for patient-specific dose-prescription in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) through in-house validation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From eight previously published candidate NTCP models (≥grade 2 acute esophagitis and radiation pneumonitis; AE2, RP2), patient-specific dose-responses were calculated using model variables and fractionation-corrected doses for 241 LA-NSCLC patients treated with chemo-IMRT to 50-80 Gy@1.8-2.0 Gy between 2004 and 2014 (AE2/RP2 rate: 50%/12%). A model was judged final if it significantly predicted AE2 or RP2 (p ≤ 0.05), was discriminative and well calibrated (AUC > 0.60; Hosmer-Lemeshow test pHL > 0.05), which were assessed as the median over 1000 bootstrap samples. RESULTS: Models for AE2 had superior discrimination to RP2 models (AUC = 0.63-0.65 vs. 0.51-0.65). The final AE2 model included mean esophageal dose and concurrent chemotherapy (AUC = 0.65; p < 0.0001). The final RP2 model was a slightly adjusted version of the RP2 model with the best discrimination, and included age, mean lung dose, and pulmonary comorbidity (AUC = 0.73; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Of the eight investigated and published NTCP models, one model successfully described AE2 and one slightly adjusted model successfully described RP2 in the independent cohort. Estimates from these two NTCP models will, therefore, be considered internally when prescribing patient-specific doses in LA-NSCLC patients.

Risk factors for hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, hospitalized in internal medicine wards: Findings from the FADOI-DIAMOND study.

AIMS: Hypoglycemia is a potential risk in the management of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hospitalized in internal medicine units (IMUs). The aim of this analysis was to evaluate incidence of hypoglycemia and related risk factors in a group of patients admitted to IMUs. METHODS: We used the FADOI-DIAMOND study carried out in 53 Italian IMUs. The DIAMOND design included two cross-sectional surveys interspersed with an educational program. In both phases each center reviewed the charts of the last 30 hospitalized patients with known T2DM (n=3167), including information about hypoglycemia during hospital stay. The association between occurrence of hypoglycemia and potential predictors was evaluated by means of a multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 385 symptomatic hypoglycemic events were observed (rate=12%). Advanced age, cognitive dysfunction, and nephropathy were associated with hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia occurred in 19.4% of patients treated according to the insulin sliding-scale method versus 11.4% of patients treated with basal bolus (p<0.01). More patients with hypoglycemia received sulfonylureas versus the no-hypoglycemia group (28.3% versus 20.6%, p<0.001). Significantly longer length of hospital stay and increased in-hospital mortality were found in the group with hypoglycemia compared with the no-hypoglycemia group (12.7±10.9 versus 9.6±6.5 days; 8.8% versus 4.8%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes is associated with increased length of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Identification of patients at increased risk of hypoglycemia may be important for optimally adapting treatment and patient management.

Pain management in internal medicine and effects of a standardised educational intervention: the FADOI-DOMINO study.

PURPOSE: Few real-world data are available on the frequency and management of pain in Internal Medicine (IM). Aims of our study were to assess the prevalence of pain in IM, and to evaluate the effects on pain management of a standardised educational programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed in 26 IM Units in Italy, with two cross-sectional surveys (PRE phase and POST phase) interspersed with an educational programme. In PRE phase each Centre reviewed the hospital charts of the last 100 consecutive patients hospitalised for any cause. An educational programme was conducted in each Centre by means of the 'outreach visit', a face-to-face meeting between health personnel and a trained external expert. Six months after, each Centre repeated the data collection (POST phase), specular to the PRE. RESULTS: A total of 5200 medical charts were analysed. Pain was documented in 37.5% of the patients. After the educational intervention, the intensity of pain was appropriately assessed in a higher percentage of patients (77.4% vs. 47.8%, p = 0.0001), and it was more frequently monitored during hospitalisation. Qualitative definition of pain (pathogenesis, duration, etc.) increased in POST phase (75.4% vs. 62.7%, p = 0.0001). A 73.3% increase in the use of strong opioids was detected following educational programme. CONCLUSIONS: Pain affects 4 out of 10 patients hospitalised in IM. According to our large real-world study, to implement a standardised one-shot educational programme may persistently improve the attitude of health personnel towards the characterisation and management of pain.

Diagnostic criteria for apical ballooning derived from quantitative analysis of left ventricular angiograms.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic criteria for apical ballooning (AB) derived from quantitative analysis of left ventricular angiograms. AB is an unusual cause of left ventricular dysfunction mimicking acute transmural ischemia (STEMI). METHODS: This study compared the systolic and diastolic linear measures of left ventricle (LV) of ten consecutive patients with AB to those obtained in a control group of STEMI patients. These measures allowed the calculation of the systolic shortening of the long and short axis of the LV. RESULTS: Systolic short axis and long axis shortening are significantly different in the two groups, so that both the systolic and diastolic sphericity indexes (SI) were much lower in AB patients (diastolic SI: 1.62+/-0.18 vs. 1.81+/-0.16; P=0.026 and systolic SI: 1.58+/-0.22 and 2.48+/-0.54 P<0.001). Moreover, a long axis shortening >0.6 cm was 100% sensitive and specific for AB. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that AB can be differentiated from STEMI by means of imple parameters of LV motion with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

Molecular and clinical conditions associated with venous thromboembolism in oncological patients.

The association between cancer and thrombophilia has been known since 1865 since Trousseau described it. However in the last three decades an increased interest has been raised on this issue related to several molecular and condition that are involved in the daily management of oncological patients. This brief review has been focused on molecular conditions underlying cancer acquired thrombophilia then to further clinical aspects inducing thrombophilia in oncological patients such as surgery, chemotherapy, concomitant medical illness and inherited thrombophilia.

Endoscopic microsurgery in herniated cervical discs.

The purpose of this study was to make public our results using endoscopic microsurgery in herniated cervical discs. This technique allows us to avoid complications due to conventional exposure, as is the case in traditional approaches. This study was carried out from January 1991 to January 1998. One hundred and seventy-one patients should have undergone traditional surgery for 296 herniated cervical discs. They were, instead, treated by using endoscopic microsurgical techniques. In 273 herniations the surgical procedure was performed by a paramidline right anterior approach, and in 23 herniations by a paramidline posterior approach, with a working sleeve of 4.6 mm outer diameter in both cases. In the anterior approach the tube was firmly placed against the anterior longitudinal ligament and the edge of the anterior part of the vertebral bodies. The neurovascular structures were placed lateral to the working sleeve and the visceral structures were placed medial to the working sleeve. Then, under endoscopic coaxial control, removal of the herniated part was performed, through the intervertebral discs, with microsurgical instruments. In the posterior approach, the tube was placed instead between the inferior and superior lamina, then under the nerve root up to the herniation, which was removed. This posterior approach was used only in the lateral disc herniations. There were no incidents or major complications following these operations. After one month the success rate was 94.7%, after three months 95.9%, after six months 96.4% and after one year 97%. There were no cases of relapse during the follow-up period of these patients. This study suggests that for herniated cervical discs, the endoscopic microsurgical technique is an extremely advantageous and safe method. Moreover, longer follow-up periods and an increased number of patients treated with this procedure should further confirm the usefulness of this technique.

Interferon: a meta-analysis of published studies in pediatric chronic hepatitis B.

Perinatally infected Asian children respond poorly to interferon (IFN) therapy. In contrast, IFN therapy seems to be more effective in Caucasian children who presumably acquired HBV infection later in life. We reviewed seven controlled studies of IFN treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B living in western countries (216 treated, and 200 untreated children). Before treatment all patients were HBeAg and HBV-DNA +ve, with a biopsy proven chronic hepatitis B. Ages ranged 1 to 16 years (mean age 7 years). Most patients were Caucasian. Protocols which have been adopted may schematically be divided into protocols which have used high doses of IFN (7.5 to 10 MU/sqm/TIW), and protocols which have used low doses of IFN (3 to 6 MU/sqm/TIW), with a short (3 to 6 months) or a long duration of treatment (12 months). The percentage of treated patients who, at the end of treatment, lost HBV-DNA (that in most studies corresponded also to HBeAg serum conversion) averages 20 to 58% (mean 35.5%) that is much higher than that observed in controls (range 8-17%; mean 11.4%). A better trend is probably observed only in patients who received the treatment for a longer period of time. At the end of treatment, low percentages of patients lost BsAg (range 0-4%; mean 1.1%): again higher doses tend to be more effective than lower doses. In some studies IFN has been shown to significantly accelerate the termination of viral replication. Data on longer term outcome of IFN treatment in Caucasian children are scarce and confirm results obtained at short and at medium-term FU either in horizontally either in perinatally infected children. Results from few randomized controlled trials of interferon therapy with prednisone priming in Chinese and Caucasian children were comparable to results obtained without prednisone. In one study steroid priming did not potentiate the effect of IFN, however it existed a tendency of prednisone to improve HBeAg clearance in patients with normal aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activity lesser than 100 u/l. In most studies, factors positively influencing response rates of IFN treatment are represented by severe inflammation in the basal liver biopsy, high basal levels of serum transaminase, low basal levels of serum HBV-DNA. Vertical transmission may be considered a factor adversely affecting the response to IFN treatment both in Chinese and Caucasian population. In general in most controlled studies, the majority of responders have shown a significant reduction in hepatic inflammation and transaminase normalization. Children have a low risk of developing severe IFN-induced side effects. Adverse reactions and worsening of health-related quality of life were tolerable and did not seem to be a limiting factor for IFN therapy in young candidates.

Prolonged and high dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b alone or after prednisone priming accelerates termination of active viral replication in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.

BACKGROUND: There is no generally accepted treatment for chronic hepatitis B (HB) infection in children. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a prolonged course of high dose interferon alone or after prednisone priming in children with chronic HB infection. METHODS: The outcome of 31 children with HB e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis who randomly received either no treatment (n = 9) or 10 million units of interferon alpha-2b/m2, alone (n = 13) or after prednisone priming (n = 9), three times weekly for 1 year was studied. RESULTS: One patient withdrew from treatment. By the end of the first year treatment induced a loss of HB virus DNA and HBeAg from serum in 10 of 21 patients (48%), and a loss of HB surface antigen (HBsAg) in 4 (19%). Alanine aminotransferase values became normal in one patient (4.8%). Response rates in the two groups of treated patients were similar. In controls only one patient lost HBeAg and HBV DNA (11%; P = 0.05), and none lost HBsAg or showed alanine aminotransferase normalization (P = 0.21 and 0.70, respectively). After a posttreatment 2-year follow-up there were still no differences in the response rates of the two treatments; of the 21 pooled treated patients, 61% lost HBeAg and DNA and 67% normalized alanine aminotransferase (vs. 33 and 44% of controls, respectively; P = 0.32 and 0.40). Reversion to HBeAg and HBV DNA negativity in treated patients occurred significantly earlier (P = 0.02 and 0.006, respectively) than in controls. No further patient lost HBsAg, but one reacquired HBsAg. Treated patients had posttreatment histologic scores better than controls (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our medium term follow-up results indicate that a prolonged course of high dose interferon in children with chronic HB infection, regardless of prednisone priming, poorly affects response rates but significantly speeds termination of active viral replication.

[Rehabilitation of deafness in the elderly: multidisciplinary intervention in experimental university center]. / La riabilitazione nella sordità dell'anziano: intervento multidisciplinare in un centro universitario sperimentale.

The loss of hearing abilities can be seen as a complex event because psychological discomfort and relational inhibitions interact and lead to behaviours and attitudes which are insidious and dangerous for the quality of life of the patient. The complexity of the psychological-organic inconvenience, such as impairement disability and handicap led to the testing of recovery patterns. In this specific context interventions coming from different fields sustained from a complex operative model where different professional competences and evaluation processes interact. Therapeutic interventions have been carried out by an audiologist, an audiometrist, a speech therapist, an audioprostethist and a psychologist, all sharing the obtaining of the same result. The role of the audiologist is simply clinical and concerns the knowledge of the entire process of rehabilitation through the use of a prosthesis. This process concerns the audiologist, who operates in close collaboration with the audiometrist and the audioprosthesist: it is therefore a therapeutic activity that is interested mainly in the prescription of the prosthesis and the restoring of the communicative function. The speech therapist and the psychologist carry their interventions through a relationship with the patient, which places the respect of the patient's personality before any other procedural and technical aspect. Therefore they pay attention more to ergonomic factors than to the hearing loss, through the obtaining of the patient's self-confidence and of a better general psychological situation. Therefore the main purpose of each intervention is to create a process of rehabilitation aimed at restoring the communicative functions and the individual motivation in trying to do so both in the domestic and in the social environment. The authors refer the experience and the informations put together during three years of research activity. The results of the therapeutic intervention have brought to the acceptance of the prosthesis help, the adaptation to amplification, the reduction of the subjective and relational uneasiness for the use of prosthesis, the use of the prosthesis, the reintroduction to the world of sounds, the restoring of levels of autonomy and of self-estime, the discover of eventual abilities, which had never been used or underestimated, the reactivation of more rewarding social relationships and the reduction of the conditions of dependency related to the hearing disability.

Persistent hyperaminotransferasemia resolving after weight reduction in obese children.

Nine obese children were referred to our liver disease unit because of asymptomatic, long-standing (range, 4 to 49 months) hyperaminotransferasemia of unknown origin. Ultrasonography showed a "bright" liver in most patients. A hypocaloric diet was prescribed, and the hepatic abnormalities of the complaint patients showed a prompt and persistent improvement that paralleled the loss of excess weight.

Elevated serum aminotransferase activity as an early manifestation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.

Six children in whom long-standing hypertransaminasemia of unknown cause led to an initial diagnosis of chronic or protracted cryptogenic hepatitis were found to have asymptomatic celiac disease. Administration of a gluten-free diet caused a prompt improvement of both hepatic and intestinal biochemical/histologic abnormalities. Hepatic damage may be another "atypical" form of celiac disease in children.

Cryptogenic chronic liver disease and hepatitis C virus infection in children.

The clinical features of 'cryptogenic' chronic liver disease and the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum have been investigated in 33 Italian children (mean age 5 years). The diagnosis was based on the persistence of increased alanineaminotransferase values for longer than 6 months after the exclusion of biliary diseases, of extra-hepatic causes of hypertransaminasemia, of infection with known hepatotropic viruses and of autoimmune or metabolic disorders. Five patients had been transfused early in life, three had undergone surgery and one girl's mother had had acute non-A, non-B hepatitis during pregnancy. The remaining patients had no history of overt parenteral exposure. At presentation only 11 patients were symptomatic, the others had been referred after a check-up for intercurrent diseases. Liver histology performed in 21 cases showed persistent or mild active hepatitis in 18 cases and severe hepatitis or cirrhosis in three cases. Anti-HCV antibodies were found in 48% of the cases, including 88% with obvious exposure and 33% of the remaining cases. During a mean follow-up period of 5 years (range 1-14 years) only 11% of the cases achieved sustained biochemical remission, although none developed signs of liver failure. There was no significant difference in the clinical features and outcome of the disease between anti-HCV-positive and -negative patients. The results of this study suggest that HCV is implicated in most cases of 'cryptogenic' chronic liver disease observed in Italian children with a history of parenteral exposure and in at least one-third of the cases without overt exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vaccination against hepatitis B in preschool children with Down's syndrome.

Twenty-nine healthy HBsAg- and HBsAb-negative children with Down's syndrome who were living at home (mean age 42 months; 19 M, 10 F) were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus either with recombinant DNA or plasma-derived vaccine. Both groups of children responded well to the vaccination schedules, with HBsAb seroconversion rates close to 100%. Vaccination against hepatitis B in preschool children with Down's syndrome is effective in spite of the existing abnormalities of the immune function.