Advanced Optical Microscopy: Unveiling Functional Insights Regarding a Novel PPP2R1A Variant and Its Unreported Phenotype.

The number of genes implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions is rapidly growing. Recently, variants in PPP2R1A have been associated with syndromic intellectual disability and a consistent, but still expanding, phenotype. The PPP2R1A gene encodes a protein subunit of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A enzyme, which plays a critical role in cellular function. We report an individual showing pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH), microcephaly, optic and peripheral nerve abnormalities, and an absence of typical features like epilepsy and an abnormal corpus callosum. He bears an unreported variant in an atypical region of PPP2R1A. In silico studies, functional analysis using immunofluorescence, and super-resolution microscopy techniques were performed to investigate the pathogenicity of the variant. This analysis involved a comparative analysis of the patient's fibroblasts with both healthy control cells and cells from an individual with the previously described phenotype. The results showed reduced expression of PPP2R1A and the presence of aberrant protein aggregates in the patient's fibroblasts, supporting the pathogenicity of the variant. These findings suggest a potential association between PPP2R1A variants and PCH, expanding the clinical spectrum of PPP2R1A-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Further studies and descriptions of additional patients are needed to fully understand the genotype-phenotype correlation and the underlying mechanisms of this novel phenotype.

Detection of lesions in the optic nerve with magnetic resonance imaging using a 3D convolutional neural network.

BACKGROUND: Optic neuritis (ON) is one of the first manifestations of multiple sclerosis, a disabling disease with rising prevalence. Detecting optic nerve lesions could be a relevant diagnostic marker in patients with multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVES: We aim to create an automated, interpretable method for optic nerve lesion detection from MRI scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) model that learns to detect optic nerve lesions based on T2-weighted fat-saturated MRI scans. We validated our system on two different datasets (N = 107 and 62) and interpreted the behaviour of the model using saliency maps. RESULTS: The model showed good performance (68.11% balanced accuracy) that generalizes to unseen data (64.11%). The developed network focuses its attention to the areas that correspond to lesions in the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS: The method shows robustness and, when using only a single imaging sequence, its performance is not far from diagnosis by trained radiologists with the same constraint. Given its speed and performance, the developed methodology could serve as a first step to develop methods that could be translated into a clinical setting.

A 25-Residue Peptide From Botrytis cinerea Xylanase BcXyn11A Elicits Plant Defenses.

Plants activate defense responses against a possible pathogen once pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) perceive the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Glycosyl hydrolase family 11 (GH11) endoxylanases from Trichoderma, Fusarium and Botrytis species have been described as being able to induce the defense response in plants, in a way that is independent of its enzymatic activity. However, until now, it has not been possible to establish with certainty which regions of these enzymes are recognized by plants as PAMPs. We show here for the first time that a short 25-residue peptide (named Xyn25) from the Botrytis cinerea xylanase BcXyn11A can reproduce by itself all the effects observed for the treatment of plants with the whole BcXyn11A protein. These include necrosis on leaves, seedling growth inhibition, induction of a ROS burst, electrolyte leakage, cytoplasm shrinkage, autofluorescence, cell death, and induction of defense genes. Two highly conserved four-amino acid regions within Xyn25 were shown to be necessary for the elicitation activity by substituting them with tracts of four alanine residues.

BcIEB1, a Botrytis cinerea secreted protein, elicits a defense response in plants.

BcIEB1 is a very abundant protein in the secretome of Botrytis cinerea but it has no known function and no similarity to any characterized protein family. Previous results suggested that this protein is an elicitor of the plant defense system. In this work we have generated loss-of-function B. cinerea mutants lacking BcIEB1 and we have expressed the protein in yeast to assay its activity on plants. Analysis of the Δbcieb1 mutants did not result in any observable phenotype, including no difference in the virulence on a variety of hosts. However, when BcIEB1 was applied to plant tissues it produced necrosis as well as a whole range of symptoms: inhibition of seedling growth in Arabidopsis and tobacco, ion leakage from tobacco leaf disks, a ROS burst, cell death and autofluorescence in onion epidermis, as well as the expression of defense genes in tobacco. Moreover, tobacco plants treated with BcIEB1 showed an increased systemic resistance to B. cinerea. A small 35-amino acids peptide derived from a conserved region of BcIEB1 is almost as active on plants as the whole protein. These results clearly indicate that BcIEB1 elicits plant defenses, probably as a consequence of its recognition as a pathogen associated molecular pattern.

Análise do desempenho dos estudantes de enfermagem no ensino por competências e no ensino para compreensão / Análisis de desarrollo de los estudiantes de enfermería enla enseñanza por competencias y en la enseñanza para la comprensión / Performance analysis of nursing students in teaching by skills and for understanding

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o desempenho dos estudantes da disciplina Estágio Curricular Supervisionado do projeto pedagógico baseado em Competências (currículo A) e dos estudantes do projeto pedagógico na perspectiva do Ensino para Compreensão (currículo B). Método Estudo exploratório descritivo, quantitativo e documental. O local da pesquisa foi uma universidade privada do município de São Paulo e para a coleta de dados foram utilizados 312 instrumentos de avaliação de desempenho dos estudantes da disciplina em questão. Resultados A avaliação do desempenho dos estudantes do currículo A não teve diferença em relação à média geral dos estudantes do currículo B. Os estudantes do A mostraram melhor desempenho em relação ao B na unidade de terapia intensiva e no tópico práticas pedagógicas, e os do B nos tópicos bases comportamentais e atitudinais e gestão. Os estudantes que são técnicos de enfermagem têm desempenho melhor e os que trabalham à tarde têm melhores notas. Conclusão Não foi comprovada a hipótese de que os estudantes da disciplina Estágio Curricular Supervisionado do currículo por compreensão (B) tem melhor desempenho que os estudantes do currículo por competências (A). A formação como técnico de enfermagem e turno de trabalho foram variáveis que interferiram no desempenho dos alunos independentemente do tipo de currículo. Durante o estudo houve a possibilidade de analisar os instrumentos de avaliação de desempenho dos estudantes, bem como o preenchimento pelos docentes, constatando-se que há necessidade de melhor estruturação na avaliação de desempenho do estudante e, principalmente, um processo de capacitação dos professores para a execução dessa atividade.

RESUMEN Objetivos Analizar el desarrollo de los estudiantes en las asignaturas del Práctica Curricular del proyecto pedagógico basado en Competencias (currículo A) y de los estudiantes del proyecto pedagógico en la perspectiva de la Enseñanza para la Comprensión (currículo B). Método Estudio exploratorio descriptivo, cuantitativo y documental. El local de la investigación fue una Universidad Privada, del municipio de São Paulo y para la recolección de datos fueron utilizados 312 instrumentos de evaluación del desarrollo de los estudiantes de la mencionada disciplina. Resultados La evaluación del desempeño de los estudiantes de las asignatura en cuestión. Resultados la evaluación del desempeño de los estudiantes del currículo A no presentó diferencia al ser comparada con el promedio general de los estudiantes del currículo B. Los estudiantes del currículo A demostraron mejor desempeño en relación al B en la unidad de terapia intensiva y en tópico de prácticas pedagógicas, y los del B en los tópicos bases comportamentales y actitudinales y gestión. Los estudiantes que son técnicos de enfermería tuvieron mejor desempeño y los que trabajan en el periodo de la tarde obtienen mejores notas. Conclusión no se comprobó la hipótesis de que los estudiantes de la Práctica Curricular Supervisada del currículo por comprensión (B) tuvieron mejor desempeño que los estudiantes del currículo por competencias (A). La formación como técnico de enfermería y turno de trabajo fueron variables que interfirieron en el desempeño de los alumnos independientemente del tipo de currículo. Durante el estudio hubo la posibilidad de analizar los instrumentos de avaluación de desempeño de los estudiantes, bien como el relleno por parte de los profesores, constatándose la necesidad de mejor estructuración en la evaluación de desempeño del estudiantes y, principalmente en el proceso de capacitación de los profesores para ejecutar esa actividad.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the performance of students of the course Supervised Curricular Internship based on skills (curriculum A) and teaching for understanding (curriculum B). Method Exploratory descriptive, quantitative and documentary study. The location of the research was a private university of the city of São Paulo and for data collection were used 312 performance assessment tools for students of the course being studied. Results The assessment of the performance of curriculum A students had no difference compared to the overall average of curriculum B students. The A students showed better performance in relation to B in the intensive care unit and in pedagogical practices, and B showed better performance in attitudinal bases topics and management. Students who are nursing technicians have better performance and, those working in the afternoon have better grades. Conclusion It was not proven that students of the course Supervised Curricular Internship of the understanding curriculum (B) had better performance than the students of the skills curriculum (A). The technical training of nursing and work shift were variables that interfered in student performance regardless of the type of curriculum. During the study there was the possibility of analyzing the performance assessment tools for students, as well as the filling by professors, noting that there is need for better structuring of the evaluation of student performance and, above all, a process of training of professors for the execution of this activity.

Performance analysis of nursing students in teaching by skills and for understanding. / Análise do desempenho dos estudantes de enfermagem no ensino por competências e no ensino para compreensão.

Objective To analyze the performance of students of the course Supervised Curricular Internship based on skills (curriculum A) and teaching for understanding (curriculum B). Method Exploratory descriptive, quantitative and documentary study. The location of the research was a private university of the city of São Paulo and for data collection were used 312 performance assessment tools for students of the course being studied. Results The assessment of the performance of curriculum A students had no difference compared to the overall average of curriculum B students. The A students showed better performance in relation to B in the intensive care unit and in pedagogical practices, and B showed better performance in attitudinal bases topics and management. Students who are nursing technicians have better performance and, those working in the afternoon have better grades. Conclusion It was not proven that students of the course Supervised Curricular Internship of the understanding curriculum (B) had better performance than the students of the skills curriculum (A). The technical training of nursing and work shift were variables that interfered in student performance regardless of the type of curriculum. During the study there was the possibility of analyzing the performance assessment tools for students, as well as the filling by professors, noting that there is need for better structuring of the evaluation of student performance and, above all, a process of training of professors for the execution of this activity.

Vivência de graduandos em enfermagem no uso do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem / Experience of nursing students in the use of virtual learning environment

O ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) como recurso educativo é uma realidade cada vez mais presente no meio acadêmico, tendo como perspectiva a construção de conhecimento competências e habilidades necessárias para a futura vida laboral no mundo tecnológico e globalizado. Objetivo: Compreender como os graduandos de enfermagem vivenciam o uso do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem na sua formação como enfermeiro. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa que teve como referencial filosófico de análise a fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. A região de inquérito foi constituída por estudantes de enfermagem de uma Universidade privada do município de São Paulo. O Projeto de pesquisa foi avaliado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, número CAAE 07725812.5.3001.0064, conforme determina a Resolução 466/12. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, gravada após assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Fizeram parte do estudo 19 discursos de graduandos que responderem as seguintes questões norteadoras. Como tem sido sua vivência no uso do AVA na sua formação de enfermagem? Como tem sido sua participação na realização das atividades no AVA? e O que você espera com o uso do AVA para a sua formação em enfermagem?Resultados: Do discurso dos sujeitos emergiu as categorias concretas do vivido: vivência no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, que agrupa vivências passadas, caracterizadas como motivos porque, e a categoria expectativa dos estudantes em relação ao ambiente virtual de aprendizagem para a formação em enfermagem apresenta as expectativas futuras caracterizadas como motivos para. Essas categorias desvelaram como características típicas dos estudantes, a ocorrência de mediação pedagógica entre professor e graduandos de maneira assíncrona, bem como a interação aluno-aluno visando apoio e estímulo para o alcance dos os objetivos educacionais. A vivência no AVA possibilitou aos graduandos a inclusão digital e o desenvolvimento de habilidades tecnológicas, com ganho pessoal e para o futuro profissional. Os graduandos se depararam com limitações tecnológicas fora de seu controle, como a dificuldade de conexão e ausência de tempo livre na grade curricular para realizar as atividades. Evidenciou-se, ainda, limitações pessoais relacionadas à necessidade do gerenciamento pessoal para aprendizagem e construção do conhecimento por meio da web. Essas vivências estão voltadas para a expectativa de aprender e fazer a diferença no futuro profissional uma vez que os estudantes estão desenvolvendo experiências no uso das ferramentas digitais no mundo da enfermagem, ampliando os conhecimentos construídos previamente e aperfeiçoando o conhecimento em enfermagem. Conclusão: Ao desvelar os fenômenos que compõem o tipo vivido de graduandos em enfermagem no uso do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, vislumbra-se a necessidade de ter interesse, envolvimento e utilizar as ferramentas digitais bem como de construir o conhecimento e as habilidades no uso da informática considerando a importância da inserção desses recursos tecnológicos na formação do enfermeiro.

The virtual learning environment (VLE) as an educational resource is a reality ever more present in academia, with the perspective to build knowledge skills and abilities necessary for future working life in the technological and globalized world. Objective: To understand how nursing students experience the use of the virtual learning environment in their training as a nurse. Method: Qualitative research that had the philosophical referential of analysis the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The survey area consisted of nursing students from a private university in São Paulo. The research project was approved by the Ethics and Research of the Nursing School of the University of São Paulo Committee, CAAE 07725812.5.3001.0064 number, as required by Resolution 466/12. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interview, recorded after signing the Informed Consent and Informed. Participants were 19 speeches to answer the following guiding questions. How has your experience in the use of VLE in their general nursing? How has your participation in carrying out activities in VLE? and What do you expect with the use of VLE for your nursing education? Results: From the speech of the subjects emerged the categories of concretely experienced: \"experience in the virtual learning environment\" which brings together past experiences, characterized as \"reasons why\" and the category \"expectations of students in relation to the virtual learning environment for nursing training\" presents future expectations characterized as \"reasons for\".These categories unveiled as typical characteristics of students, the occurrence of pedagogical mediation between teachers and graduate students asynchronously, as well as the student-teacher interaction aimed at support and encouragement to achieve the educational goals. The experience at the VLE enabled the graduates to digital inclusion and the development of technology skills, with personal gain and for the professional future. The graduates were faced with technological limitations beyond their control, such as the connection of difficulty and lack of free time in the curriculum to carry out the activities. It was evident also personal limitations related to the need of personnel management for learning and knowledge building through the web. These experiences are focused on the expectation to learn and make a difference in professional future once the students are developing experiences in the use of digital tools in the nursing world, expanding the knowledge built previously and improving the knowledge in nursing. Conclusion: When unveil the phenomena that make up the type experienced undergraduates in nursing in the use of the virtual learning environment, the need to have glimpsed-interest, involvement and use digital tools and to build the knowledge and skills in the use of information considering the importance of integrating these technological resources in nursing education.

[Elderlies in street situation or social vulnerability: facilities and difficulties in the use of computational tools]. / Idosos em situação de rua ou vulnerabilidade social: facilidades e dificuldades no uso de ferramentas computacionais.

This study aimed to identify the advantages and difficulties encountered by older people living on the streets or social vulnerability, to use the computer or internet. It is an exploratory qualitative research, in which five elderlies, attended on a non-governmental organization located in the city of São Paulo, have participated. The discourses were analyzed by content analysis technique and showed, as facilities, among others, to clarify doubts with the monitors, the stimulus for new discoveries coupled with proactivity and curiosity, and develop new skills. The mentioned difficulties were related to physical or cognitive issues, lack of instructor, and lack of knowledge to interact with the machine. The studies focusing on the elderly population living on the streets or in social vulnerability may contribute with evidence to guide the formulation of public policies to this population.

Idosos em situação de rua ou vulnerabilidade social: facilidades e dificuldades no uso de ferramentas computacionais / Elderlies in street situation or social vulnerability: facilities and difficulties in the use of computational tools / Ancianos en situación de calle o vulnerabilidad social: facilidades y dificultades en el uso de herramientas computacionales

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas por idosos em situação de rua ou vulnerabilidade social, no uso do computador ou internet. É uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo exploratório, de que participaram cinco idosos assistidos em uma Organização não Governamental situada na cidade de São Paulo. Os discursos foram analisados pela Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo e evidenciaram como facilidades, dentre outras, esclarecer dúvidas com os monitores, o estímulo para novas descobertas aliada a proatividade e curiosidade, desenvolvimento de novas habilidades. As dificuldades estavam relacionadas a questões físicas ou cognitivas, à falta de instrutor e de conhecimento para interagir com a máquina. Os estudos voltados para a população idosa em situação de rua ou vulnerabilidade social podem contribuir com evidências que direcionem a formulação de políticas públicas voltadas para essa parcela da população.

This study aimed to identify the advantages and difficulties encountered by older people living on the streets or social vulnerability, to use the computer or internet. It is an exploratory qualitative research, in which five elderlies, attended on a non-governmental organization located in the city of São Paulo, have participated. The discourses were analyzed by content analysis technique and showed, as facilities, among others, to clarify doubts with the monitors, the stimulus for new discoveries coupled with proactivity and curiosity, and develop new skills. The mentioned difficulties were related to physical or cognitive issues, lack of instructor, and lack of knowledge to interact with the machine. The studies focusing on the elderly population living on the streets or in social vulnerability may contribute with evidence to guide the formulation of public policies to this population.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las facilidades y dificultades encontradas por las personas mayores en situación de calle o vulnerabilidad social, en el uso de computadores o internet. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa exploratoria, a la que asistieron cinco personas mayores, asistidos en una Organización no Gubernamental ubicada en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los discursos fueron analizados por la técnica de análisis de contenido y evidencian como facilidades, entre otras cosas, aclarar dudas con los monitores, el estímulo para nuevas descubiertas asociadas a la pro actividad y curiosidad y al desarrollo de nuevas habilidades. Las dificultades se relacionaban con cuestiones físicas o cognitivas, a la falta de instructor y falta de conocimiento para interactuar con la máquina. Los estudios direccionados para la población anciana en situación de calle o vulnerabilidad social pueden contribuir con evidencias que direccionen la formulación de políticas públicas en beneficio de esa parcela de la población.

The phytotoxic activity of the cerato-platanin BcSpl1 resides in a two-peptide motif on the protein surface.

Cerato-platanin family proteins are secreted and have been found in both the fungal cell wall and the extracellular medium. They elicit defence responses in a variety of plants and have been proposed to be perceived as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the plant immune system, although, in the case of the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, the cerato-platanin BcSpl1 contributes to fungal virulence instead of plant resistance. In this study, we report that BcSpl1, which was previously found in the secretome as an abundant protein, is even more abundant in the fungal cell wall. By fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP), we also show that BcSpl1 associates with the plant plasma membrane causing rapid morphological changes at the cellular level, such as the disorganization of chloroplasts, prior to macroscopic necrosis in the treated tissue. By a combination of serial deletion studies, synthetic peptides and chimeric proteins, we mapped the eliciting activity to a two-peptide motif in the protein surface. The expression of a chimeric protein displaying this motif in B. cinerea mutants lacking BcSpl1 undoubtedly showed that the motif is responsible for the contribution of BcSpl1 to virulence.

Recursos tecnológicos na educação em enfermagem / Technological resources in nursing education / Los recursos tecnológicos en la educación de enfermería

Objetivo: Identificar a utilização dos recursos tecnológicos na educação em enfermagem. Método: Investigação exploratória e levantamento dos trabalhos apresentados no III Simpósio Internacional de Informática em Enfermagem. Resultados: A maioria dos temas abordados foi sobre práticas pedagógicas, EAD e objetos de aprendizagem, aplicados nas áreas de ensino em Enfermagem e educação permanente, procedentes de universidades públicas da região Sudeste, investigando acadêmicos, profissionais de enfermagem e enfermeiros, utilizando o relato de experiência como metodologia predominante. Conclusão: É essencial que o enfermeiro saiba avaliar criticamente o conhecimento produzido, a informação comunicada e como efetivamente poderá ser aplicada, na educação, na gestão ou na prestação do cuidado em enfermagem, pois a ciência é a base fundamental nessa produção.

Objective: To identify the use of technological resources in nursing education. Method: Exploratory research and collection of papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Computers in Nursing. Results: Most of the topics discussed were about teaching practices, distance learning and learning objects used in teaching nursing and continuing education, coming from public universities in the Southeast, investigating academics, practitioners and nurses, using the experience report as the predominant methodology. Conclusion: It is essential that nurses know how to critically evaluate the knowledge produced, the information communicated and how effectively can be applied in education, management or provision of nursing care, because science is the fundamental basis of this production.

Objetivo: Identificar el uso de los recursos tecnológicos en la educación de enfermería. Método: Investigación exploratória, a través del estudio de los documentos presentados en el Tercero Simposio Internacional de Informática en Enfermería. Resultados: La mayoría de los temas tratados fueron las prácticas de enseñanza, el aprendizaje a distancia y los objetos de aprendizaje utilizados en la enseñanza de enfermería y la educación permanente, provenientes de universidades públicas de la región Sudeste, la investigación de académicos, profesionales y personal de enfermería, mediante el relato de experiencia como la metodología predominante. Conclusión: Es esencial que las enfermeras comprendan cómo evaluar críticamente el conocimiento producido, la información transmitida y cómo se puede aplicar, ya sea en la educación, la gestión o la prestación de cuidados de enfermería, porque la ciencia es la base de esta produción.

Botrytis cinerea protein O-mannosyltransferases play critical roles in morphogenesis, growth, and virulence.

Protein O-glycosylation is crucial in determining the structure and function of numerous secreted and membrane-bound proteins. In fungi, this process begins with the addition of a mannose residue by protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) in the lumen side of the ER membrane. We have generated mutants of the three Botrytis cinerea pmt genes to study their role in the virulence of this wide-range plant pathogen. B. cinerea PMTs, especially PMT2, are critical for the stability of the cell wall and are necessary for sporulation and for the generation of the extracellular matrix. PMTs are also individually required for full virulence in a variety of hosts, with a special role in the penetration of intact plant leaves. The most significant case is that of grapevine leaves, whose penetration requires the three functional PMTs. Furthermore, PMT2 also contributes significantly to fungal adherence on grapevine and tobacco leaves. Analysis of extracellular and membrane proteins showed significant changes in the pattern of protein secretion and glycosylation by the pmt mutants, and allowed the identification of new protein substrates putatively glycosylated by specific PMTs. Since plants do no possess these enzymes, PMTs constitute a promising target in the development of novel control strategies against B. cinerea.

The Botrytis cinerea cerato-platanin BcSpl1 is a potent inducer of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco and generates a wave of salicylic acid expanding from the site of application.

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a potent plant defence system that, in response to a first contact with a plant pathogen, prepares the whole plant for subsequent attacks, so that it becomes more resistant to the same and to other pathogens. BcSpl1, a cerato-platanin family protein abundantly secreted by Botrytis cinerea, is required for full virulence and elicits the hypersensitive response in the host. Here, we report that BcSpl1 is also able to induce in tobacco systemic resistance to two plant pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae and B. cinerea, which correlates with the induction of two pathogenesis-related genes, PR-1a and PR-5. Levels of salicylic acid were quantified in situ on BcSpl1 infiltration, and a wave of salicylic acid departing from the point of infiltration and running through the leaf was observed, as well as the appearance of this plant hormone in the neighbouring leaves as early as 3 days after infiltration.

Utilização de ferramentas computacionais por idosos de um centro de referência e cidadania do idoso / The use of computer tools by the elderly of a center of reference and citizenship for the elderly / Utilización de herramientas informáticas por ancianos en centro de referncia y ciudadanía de la tercera edad

Este estudo exploratório descritivo teve como objetivo identificar o uso de ferramentas computacionais por um grupo de idosos de um Centro de Referência e Cidadania do Idoso do município de São Paulo. Entre as 55 pessoas pesquisadas, foi evidenciado que 33 (60,0 por cento) possuem computador em casa, 42 (76,4 por cento) idosos afirmaram ter realizado curso para utilizar o computador, 22 (58,2 por cento) usam o computador há menos de dois anos e 40 (85,5 por cento) idosos usam a ferramenta por até 2 horas por dia. As ferramentas de comunicação mais usadas foram 41 (75,0 por cento) correios eletrônicos, 25 (45,0 por cento) comunicadores instantâneos e 17 (31,0 por cento) sites de relacionamento. As finalidades de uso das tecnologias foram atualização e informação, pesquisas, diversão e comunicação com parentes e amigos. Conclui-se que o enfermeiro deve estar atento a este perfil tecnológico que se desenha junto à população idosa e buscar formas de inserir as ferramentas computacionais para auxiliar na assistência a este grupo.

The objective of this exploratory, descriptive study was to identify the use of computer tools by a group of elderly users of a Center of Reference and Citizenship for the Elderly in the city of São Paulo. Among the 55 subjects, it was found that 33 (60.0 percent) have a computer at home, 42 (76.4 percent) referred having taken a computer course; 22 (58.2 percent) have been using the computer for less than two years, and 40 (85.5 percent)use the tool for up to two hours a day. The most used communication tools were: e-mails by (41; 75.0 percent), instant messaging (25; 45.0 percent), dating websites (17; 31.0 percent). The reported purposes for using technology tools were: to update and obtain information, for research, for fun, and to talk to relatives and friends. In conclusion, nurses should be aware of this technological profile that is being outlined among the elderly population and search for ways to include computer tools in the care provided to this group.

Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, que objetivó identificar el uso de herramientas informáticas por grupo de ancianos de un Centro de Referencia y Ciudadanía de la Tercera Edad del municipio de São Paulo. Entre los 55 investigados, se determinó que 33 (60 por ciento) poseen computador en casa; 42 (76,4 por ciento) ancianos refirieron haber realizado cursos de computación; 22 (58,2 por ciento) usan computadoras desde hace menos de dos años y 40 (85,5 por ciento) ancianos usan la herramienta por hasta dos horas diarias. Las herramientas de comunicación más utilizadas fueron: correo electrónico (41 sujetos, 75,0 por ciento), comunicadores instantáneos (25 sujetos, 45,0 por ciento), redes sociales (17 sujetos, 31 por ciento). Las finalidades del uso de tecnologías fueron actualización e información, investigaciones, recreación y comunicación con parientes y amigos. Se concluye en que el enfermero debe estar atento a este perfil tecnológico que atrae a la población mayor y buscar formas de insertar las herramientas informáticas para ayudar en la atención de este segmento.

BcSpl1, a cerato-platanin family protein, contributes to Botrytis cinerea virulence and elicits the hypersensitive response in the host.

Proteins belonging to the cerato-platanin family are small proteins with phytotoxic activity. A member of this family, BcSpl1, is one of the most abundant proteins in the Botrytis cinerea secretome. Expression analysis of the bcspl1 gene revealed that the transcript is present in every condition studied, showing the highest level in planta at the late stages of infection. Expression of a second cerato-platanin gene found in the B. cinerea genome, bcspl2, was not detected in any condition. Two bcspl1 knock-out mutants were generated and both showed reduced virulence in a variety of hosts. • bcspl1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant protein was able to cause a fast and strong necrosis when infiltrated in tomato, tobacco and Arabidopsis leaves, in a dose-dependent manner. The BcSpl1-treated plant tissues showed symptoms of the hypersensitive response such as induction of reactive oxygen species, electrolyte leakage, cytoplasm shrinkage, and cell autofluorescence, as well as the induction of defense genes considered to be markers of the hypersensitive response. The Arabidopsis bak1 mutation partially prevented the induction of necrosis in this plant by BcSpl1. Two different BcSpl1-derived 40-amino acids peptides were also active in inducing necrosis.

The use of computer tools by the elderly of a center of reference and citizenship for the elderly. / Utilização de ferramentas computacionais por idosos de um centro de referência e cidadania do idoso.

The objective of this exploratory, descriptive study was to identify the use of computer tools by a group of elderly users of a Center of Reference and Citizenship for the Elderly in the city of São Paulo. Among the 55 subjects, it was found that 33 (60.0%) have a computer at home, 42 (76.4%) referred having taken a computer course; 22 (58.2%) have been using the computer for less than two years, and 40 (85.5%)use the tool for up to two hours a day. The most used communication tools were: e-mails by (41; 75.0%), instant messaging (25; 45.0%), dating websites (17; 31.0%). The reported purposes for using technology tools were: to update and obtain information, for research, for fun, and to talk to relatives and friends. In conclusion, nurses should be aware of this technological profile that is being outlined among the elderly population and search for ways to include computer tools in the care provided to this group.

Conhecimento de idosos sobre a importância e uso de protetor solar / The elderly people knowledge about the importance and use of suscreen

Este estudo exploratório teve como objetivo identificar junto a um grupo de idosos, se eles têm informações sobre a importância do uso de protetor solar, mas não utilizam quando desenvolvem suas atividades de recreação/lazer ao ar livre.

Avaliação do processo ensino-aprendizagem: seu significado para o aluno de ensino médio de enfermagem / Assessment of the teaching-learning process: its meaning for students holding a high school diploma or equivalent and attending a nursing program

Este estudo, realizado com alunos de uma escola particular de enfermagem da cidade de São Paulo, objetivou compreendero significado da avaliação para o educando de nível médio. Para a coleta de dados utilizamos um instrumento contendo apergunta: "qual o significado da avaliação para você enquanto aluno de um curso de auxiliar de enfermagem"? Os discursosforam analisados, segundo o referencial de BARDIN, na modalidade análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram a avaliaçãopautada num conjunto de significados que convergem para as categorias ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM, FATORESEMOCIONAIS e PAPEL DO PROFESSOR

This study aimed at gaining an understanding of what the assessment meant to students holding a high school diplomaor equivalent and attending a nursing program. It was carried out at a private nursing school in the city ofSetoPaulo, Brazil. Data was gathered through a tool containing the following question: "what does assessment mean to you as astudent of a nursing assistant program"? The essays received were classified qualitatively according to the BARDINframe of reference. Results show that students perceive assessment as a set of meanings that converge toward what we call the TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS, EMOTIONAL FACTORS and The ROLE OF THE TEACHER

[Assessment of the teaching-learning process: its meaning for students holding a high school diploma or equivalent and attending a nursing program]. / Avaliação do processo ensino-aprendizagem: seu significado para o aluno de ensino médio de enfermagem.

This study aimed at gaining an understanding of what the assessment meant to students holding a high school diploma or equivalent and attending a nursing program. It was carried out at a private nursing school in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Data was gathered through a tool containing the following question: "what does assessment mean to you as a student of a nursing assistant program"? The essays received were classified qualitatively according to the BARDIN frame of reference. Results show that students perceive assessment as a set of meanings that converge toward what we call the TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS, EMOTIONAL FACTORS and The ROLE OF THE TEACHER.