The influence of biopsy site and pregnancy on stable isotope ratios in humpback whale skin.

RATIONALE: Stable isotope analysis (SIA) of free-swimming mysticetes using biopsies is often limited in sample size and uses only one sample per individual, failing to capture both intra-individual variability and the influence of demographic and physiological factors on isotope ratios. METHODS: We applied SIA of δ13C and δ15N to humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) biopsies taken during the foraging season along the western Antarctic Peninsula to quantify intra-individual variation from repeatedly sampled individuals, as well as to determine the effect of biopsy collection site, sex, and pregnancy on isotope ratios. RESULTS: There was substantial variability in δ13C from multiple biopsies taken from the same individuals, though δ15N was much more consistent. Side of the body (left versus right) and biopsy location (dorsal, anterior, ventral, and posterior) did marginally affect the isotopic composition of δ15N but not δ13C. Pregnancy had a significant effect on both δ13C and δ15N, where pregnant females were depleted in both when compared to non-pregnant females and males. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that isotopic signatures are influenced by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors and emphasize value in accounting for intra-individual variability and pregnancy status within a sampled population. Placed within an ecological context, the endogenous variability in δ13C observed here may be informative for future isotopic analyses.

Possible niche compression and individual specialization in Pacific Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the 19th to 20th century.

Cetaceans have shown a potential to be used as sentinel species for tracking environmental change in marine ecosystems, yet our assessment of change is typically limited to recent decades and lacks ecological baselines. Using historical museum specimens, we compared community niche metrics and degree of individual dietary specialization in groups of Pacific Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the 1800s (n = 5) to 1900s (n = 10) using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes drilled from teeth. Beluga occupied a broader trophic niche and demonstrated a higher degree of individual specialization in the 1800s than in the 1900s. The cause of this shift is difficult to confirm given long timescales and constraints of specimen-based research but could indicate changes in the prey base or competition. The scale and nature of this detected shift provide perspective for continued research on these climate-vulnerable species.