Methane concentrations and fluxes in agricultural and preserved tropical headwater streams.

Tropical streams have been intensively impacted by agricultural activities. Among the most important agricultural activities in Brazil, sugarcane production represents a large impact for economic development and for environmental conditions. Permeating sugarcane fields, several headwater streams can be affected by sugarcane cultivation, in special, aquatic biogeochemical cycles because of the deforestation, fertilization, crop residues and higher temperatures in the tropics. In this study, we analyzed the effects of sugarcane cultivation on methane fluxes and concentrations, assuming that carbon cycles are influenced by agricultural activities in headwater streams. Our study aimed to (1) measure methane fluxes and concentrations in tropical streams located in Southeastern Brazil, (2) Analyze whether seasonal cycles influence methane fluxes and concentrations, (3) Evaluate the influence of sugarcane cultivation on methane fluxes and (4) Analyze the association between water chemistry in the methane concentrations in tropical streams. We found mean fluxes of CH4 of 0.280 mmol m-2 d-1, with higher fluxes during the summer and in streams draining preserved catchments. The average CH4 concentrations were 0.695 µmol L-1, with higher values during the summer and in streams draining preserved catchments. Methane concentrations in the studied streams was influenced by dissolved oxygen (negatively), dissolved organic carbon (negatively), water velocity (positively) and conductivity (negatively). Methane concentrations were significantly higher than concentrations found in Temperate Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands and similar to concentrations found in other tropical biomes (excluding Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests which receives large amounts of organic inputs). We conclude that sugarcane influence methane concentrations and fluxes in tropical streams by reducing the organic matter availability provided by the native vegetation in soil and water.

Formas possíveis de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral em humanos e cães

Introdução: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) vem apresentando importante expansão territorial e processo de urbanização no Brasil. O agente causador da doença é a Leishmania (L.) chagasi, ocorrida no estado de São Paulo em meados de 1990, na região oeste e expandindo para outras regiões. No final dos anos 90 não se tinha notificação de casos autóctones e a presença do vetor era restrita a algumas áreas rurais de municípios na região Nordeste. A doença era notificada no estado de São Paulo apenas devido ao diagnóstico de casos importados. A principal forma de transmissão é pela picada de flebotomíneos infectados. No Brasil, duas espécies de vetores, até o momento, estão relacionadas com a doença, Lutzomyia longipalpis e Lutzomyia cruzi, sendo a primeira a principal espécie transmissora, enquanto que a segunda foi encontrada somente nos estados do MS (Mato Grosso do sul) e PE (Pernambuco). Objetivos: Verificar na literatura estudada a existência de outras formas de transmissão da LV em humanos e cães, com exceção da vetorial. Método: Foi realizado através de uma revisão biblográfica do tipo sistemática nas plataformas Scielo, LILACS e MEDLINE...(AU)

Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity Among Middle-Aged Women: Implications for Exercise Capacity.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and exercise capacity in middle-aged women. METHODS: Consecutive middle-aged female subjects without cardiovascular disease, aged 45 to 65 years, from two gynecological clinics underwent detailed clinical evaluation, portable sleep study, and treadmill exercise test. RESULTS: We studied 232 women (age: 55.6 ± 5.2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 28.0 ± 4.8 kg/m2). OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5 events/h) was diagnosed in 90 (39%) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) in 76 (33%) women, respectively. Participants with OSA were older, had a higher BMI, and an increased frequency of arterial hypertension compared to women without OSA. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between OSA and exercise capacity, controlling for traditional risk factors including BMI, age, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle. In multivariate analysis, the presence of obesity without OSA was associated with low exercise capacity (odds ratio [OR] 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-8.11, P = .045), whereas the presence of OSA without obesity was not (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.31-3.69, P = .912). However, the coexistence of obesity and OSA increased markedly the odds of reduction in exercise capacity (OR 9.40, CI 3.79-23.3, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and OSA are common conditions in middle-aged women and may interact to reduce exercise capacity. These results highlight the importance of obesity control programs among women, as well as the diagnosis of comorbid OSA in older women.

Implantação do acolhimento e organização da agenda médica em Unidade de Saúde da Família, Santo Amaro - BA

Este plano de intervenção objetiva implantar o acolhimento com classificação de risco na Unidade Saúde da Família Dra. Elvira Queiroz de Araújo localizada em Santo Amaro - BA, Brasil. Esse projeto desenvolveu-se entre 2015-2016, devido a seguinte situação problema: a grande demanda espontânea reduzia significativamente os atendimentos médicos de cuidados continuado e agendado, tais como pré-natal, puericultura, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e atividades educativas. Após revisão de literatura integrativa, realizou-se reuniões para discutir possibilidades de intervenção, tais como reorganização da agenda dos profissionais, capacitações, definição de fluxos internos de pacientes, acolhimento e classificação de risco. A implantação do acolhimento organizou e redistribuiu o fluxo da demanda espontânea na unidade. Houve um aumento do número de consultas médicas de cuidado continuado e agendado. As características de Atenção Básica e Saúde da Família foram reconstruídas nesta unidade, que tinha sua rotina baseada primordialmente em atendimentos de livre demanda, sem acompanhamento a longo prazo.