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1.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 39(4)dic. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533513

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las mioclonías son contracciones musculares paroxísticas de corta duración o pérdida abrupta del tono muscular, denominadas mioclonías positivas y negativas, respectivamente. Se presenta un caso clínico de mioclonías positivas y negativas generalizadas y se pretende describir los múltiples mecanismos fisiopatológicos y etiologías que lo desencadenan. Presentación del caso: Hombre de 35 años, con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 complicada con enfermedad renal diabética en hemodiálisis, desarrolló una bacteriemia asociada a catéter por Staphylococcus aureus y presentó mioclonías positivas y negativas. Se identificaron como posibles desencadenantes la uremia, la infección y los fármacos con potencial promioclónico; el hallazgo incidental de una lesión isquémica en núcleo caudado no explicaba la semiología encontrada en el paciente. Se hizo el control y retiro de todos los factores promioclónicos enunciados, junto a manejo farmacológico con levetiracetam, y con ello se logró el control de los síntomas. Discusión: Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica son susceptibles a la acumulación de productos tóxicos de tipo guanidinas, que tienen potencial para producir mioclonías. Además, las infecciones, el uso de fármacos con potencial promioclónico y lesiones estructurales como las isquemias corticales son etiologías que deben considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial. El mayor impacto en los síntomas se observa con el control del factor desencadenante, y, en caso de persistir, la terapia farmacológica proporciona buenos resultados. Conclusión: Las mioclonías son trastornos del movimiento relativamente comunes en la enfermedad renal crónica. La identificación del desencadenante es crucial para su manejo junto al uso de fármacos con actividad antimioclónica.


Introduction: Myoclonus are paroxysmal muscle contractions of short duration or abrupt loss of muscle tone, called positive and negative myoclonus respectively. A clinical case of generalized positive and negative myoclonus is presented and the aim is to describe the multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and etiologies that trigger it. Case presentation: A 35-year-old man with type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic kidney disease on hemodialysis developed catheter-associated bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus and presented positive and negative myoclonus. Uremia, infection, and drugs with pro-myoclonic potential were identified as possible triggers; The incidental finding of an ischemic lesion in the caudate nucleus did not explain the semiology found in the patient. The control and removal of all the pro-myoclonic factors mentioned was carried out, along with pharmacological management with levetiracetam, thus achieving control of the symptoms. Discussion: Patients with chronic kidney disease are susceptible to the accumulation of guanidine-type toxic products, which have the potential to produce myoclonus. Furthermore, infections, the use of drugs with pro-myoclonic potential and structural lesions such as cortical ischemia are etiologies that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. The greatest impact on symptoms is observed with the control of the triggering factor and if it persists, pharmacological therapy provides good results. Conclusion: Myoclonus are relatively common movement disorders in chronic kidney disease. Identification of the trigger is crucial for its management along with the use of drugs with anti-myoclonic activity.


Subject(s)
Uremia , Cephalosporins , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Guanidine , Gabapentin , Levetiracetam , Analgesics, Opioid
2.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1392352

ABSTRACT

Las discinesias paroxísticas son un grupo de entidades consistentes en paroxismos de diversos movimientos anormales de corta duración asociados o no a factores precipitantes. Suele afectar a sujetos jóvenes y la prevalencia es desconocida. La fisiopatología es incierta; se han identificado ciertas mutaciones que expliquen su origen. Clínicamente se pueden manifestar como ataques paroxísticos de movimientos de tipo coreoatetósico, distónicos o balísticos de corta duración y con preservación de la conciencia. Los estudios electrofisiológicos y de imagen suelen ser normales. Este grupo de trastornos del movimiento hacen parte del diagnóstico diferencial de las crisis epilépticas. El pronóstico suele ser bueno y el tratamiento es sintomático con anticonvulsivantes. Se presentarán tres casos de dos tipos de trastornos paroxísticos del movimiento y revisión de la literatura.


Paroxysmal dyskinesias are a group of entities consisting of paroxysms of diverse abnormal movements of short duration, associated or not with precipitating factors. It usually affects young subjects and its prevalence is unknown. The pathophysiology is uncertain; some mutations have been identified that explain their origin. Clinically, they can manifest as paroxysmal attacks of choreoathetosis, dystonic or ballistic movements of short duration and with preservation of consciousness. Electrophysiological and imaging studies are usually normal. This group of movement disorders are part of the differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures. Prognosis is usually good and the treatment is symptomatic with anticonvulsants. Three cases of two types of paroxysmal movement disorders and a review of the current literature are presented.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Chorea/diagnosis , Chorea/drug therapy , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Electroencephalography/methods , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
3.
Neuroepidemiology ; 54(3): 251-257, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31812965

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not fully established, and this varies depending on the studied population. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence/incidence of ALS patients in Antioquia-Colombia. METHODOLOGY: Observational/descriptive study by reviewing clinical records from 2010 to 2014. Cases with possible, probable and definite ALS were included. To estimate the prevalence/incidence, capture-recapture method was used. RESULTS: Point prevalence in December 2014 was 4.9/100,000 (95% CI 2.0-7.8), and the incidence was 1.4/100,000/year (95% CI 0.5-2.2). The median survival was 4 years. Spinal-onset was observed in 62.4% of the included patients. CONCLUSION: Prevalence, incidence and clinical presentation of ALS in Antioquia are similar to most studies reported worldwide. However, prevalence in Antioquia seems to be slightly higher than in other studies from Latin -American countries. This may derive from the inclusion criteria and case detection methodology adopted, but sociodemographic and genetic factors should be considered.


Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnosis , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology , Registries/statistics & numerical data , Age of Onset , Aged , Colombia/epidemiology , Delayed Diagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies
4.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 32(2): 127-133, abr.-jun. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-791076

ABSTRACT

La angiopatía amiloide cerebral (AAC) consiste en el depósito de amiloide en la pared de los vasos sanguíneos intracraneales, y conlleva a la aparición de hemorragia, isquemia o leucoencefalopatía. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la AAC son muy variables, tales como alteraciones cognitivas, alteraciones comportamentales, déficit neurológico focal, cefalea o crisis epilépticas. Un subtipo de angiopatía amiloide cerebral con inflamación relacionada (AAC-IR), se ha reportado recientemente en la literatura mundial. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 74 años de edad, con un cuadro de demencia rápidamente progresiva de aproximadamente tres meses de evolución, asociada a cefalea, meningismo, disminución de la fuerza en hemicuerpo derecho, múltiples lesiones hemorrágicas parenquimatosas, hemosiderosis difusa, edema cerebral focal y estudio histológico con evidencia de amiloide intracerebral. El diagnóstico de la AAC se basa en una historia clínica compatible; neuroimagenes que demuestren hemosiderosis o múltiples hemorragias de predominio en fosa posterior, y en algunos casos estudio histológico que confirme la presencia de amiloide en la microcirculación intracraneal. Los criterios de Boston modificados unifican los hallazgos para el diagnóstico de AAC con diferentes grados de certeza. En algunas ocasiones, como en el caso presentado, la AAC se asocia a un componente inflamatorio, y se manifiesta con una demencia rápidamente progresiva, constituyéndose en un verdadero reto diagnóstico.


Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is the deposition of amyloid in the wall of intracranial blood vessels, and leads to the appearance of hemorrhage, ischemia or leukoencephalopathy. The clinical manifestations of the CAA are highly variable, such as cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, focal neurological deficits, headache or seizures. A subtype, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-RI) has recently been reported in the world literature. We report the case of a 74-year-old with a rapidly progressive dementia about three months duration, associated with headache, meningismus, decreased strength in right hemisphere, multiple parenchymal hemorrhagic lesions, diffuse hemosiderosis, cerebral edema focal and histological study with evidence of intracerebral amyloid. The diagnosis of CAA is based on a clinical history compatible, neuroimaging showing hemosiderosis or multiple bleeding, predominantly in posterior fossa, and in some cases histological examination to confirm the presence of amyloid in intracranial microcirculation. Modified Boston criteria, unify the findings for the diagnosis of CAA, with varying degrees of certainty. Sometimes, as in the case presented, the CAA is associated with an inflammatory component, and is manifested by a rapidly progressive dementia, becoming a true diagnostic challenge.

5.
Iatreia ; Iatreia;29(2): 194-205, abr. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-785526

ABSTRACT

La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que tiene consecuencias devastadoras para el paciente y su familia. Aún no existe claridad sobre su etiología, cerca del 10 % de los pacientes tienen patrón hereditario. La prevalencia mundial varía entre 2 y 11 casos por 100.000 habitantes; el rango de edad de presentación es de 58 a 63 años para los casos esporádicos, y de 47 a 52 años para los familiares, con una ligera predilección por el sexo masculino. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen signos de daño de las neuronas motorassuperior e inferior tanto en las extremidades como en la musculatura bulbar, y en algunos pacientes hay deterioro cognitivo frontotemporal. El diagnóstico continúa siendo fundamentalmente clínico, apoyado por estudios neurofisiológicos; de estos, la electromiografía de aguja ha sido el más útil para el diagnóstico temprano. No existe tratamiento curativo y solo un medicamento, el riluzol, ha demostrado efectividad para retrasar el uso de ventilación mecánica y prolongar levemente la supervivencia. Por tanto, el tratamiento de estos pacientes se basa en medidas de soporte, especialmente en los aspectos de nutrición y ventilación, además de controlar los síntomas motores y no motores de la enfermedad...


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease with devastating consequences for the patient and his/her family. Its etiology is still not clear. In about 10 % of the patients there is a hereditary pattern of the disease. Worldwide, prevalence ranges from 2 to 11 cases per 100,000 people. Age of presentation varies from 58 to 63 years for sporadic cases, and from 47 to 52 years for the familial ones. Concerning gender, there is a slight preference for males. Clinical manifestations include signs of upper and lower motor neurons, damage in limbs and bulbar muscles, and, in some patients, frontotemporal cognitive dysfunction. Diagnosis is essentially clinical supported by neurophysiologicalstudies, such as needle electromyography, which is the most important test for early diagnosis. There is no cure, but riluzol has proven to delay the use of mechanical ventilation and to slightly prolong survival. Consequently, management is based on support measures, such as those related to nutrition and ventilatory function, in addition to control of the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease...


La esclerose lateral amiotrófica é uma doença neurodegenerativa que tem consequências devastadoras para o doente e sua família. Ainda não existe claridade sobre sua etiologia, cerca de 10 % dos doentes tem padrão hereditário. A prevalência mundial variaentre 2 e 11 casos por 100.000 habitantes; a faixa de idade de apresentação é de 58 a 63 anos para os casos esporádicos, e de 47 a 52 anos para os familiares, com uma ligeira predileção pelo sexo masculino. As manifestações clínicas incluem signos de dano dos neurônios motores superior e inferior tanto nas extremidades como na musculatura bulbar, e em alguns doentes há deterioro cognitivo fronto-temporal. Odiagnóstico continua sendo fundamentalmente clínico, apoiado por estudos neurofisiológicos; destes, a eletromiografia de agulha há sido o mais útil para o diagnóstico precoce. Não existe tratamento curativo e só um medicamento, o Riluzol, há demostradoefeito para retrasar o uso de ventilação mecânica e prolongar levemente a supervivência. Por tanto, o tratamento destes doentes se baseia em medidas de suporte, especialmente nos aspectos de nutrição e ventilação, ademais de controlar os síntomas motores e não motores da doença...


Subject(s)
Humans , Nervous System Diseases , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis , Motor Neurons
6.
Iatreia ; Iatreia;29(2): 237-245, abr. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-785530

ABSTRACT

Se describe el caso de una mujer de 68 años, con muy alto riesgo cardiovascular, quien consultó por cianosis en los dedos de los pies, asociada a síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios de 5 días de evolución. Se hospitalizó con la impresión diagnóstica de síndrome del dedo azul e isquemia crítica arterial de miembros inferiores de posible origen embólico. Luego de un procedimiento endovascular, presentó deterioro neurológico súbito y se documentaron múltiples infartos cerebrales y falla renal aguda. En la biopsia de los dedos afectados se observaron cristales de colesterol en el interior de los vasos sanguíneos. Con base en el caso se presenta una corta revisión del síndrome del dedo azul y su principal causa: la ateroembolia...


We describe the case of a 68 year-old woman with very high cardiovascular risk. She consulted because of cyanosis in the toes, associated with transient focal neurological symptoms. Evolutionhad been 5 days. She was hospitalized with the diagnostic impression of blue toe síndrome and critical arterial ischemia of the lower limbs possibly due to embolic events. After an endovascular procedure, she developed sudden neurological impairment due to multiple strokes, as well as acute renal failure. Biopsy of the affected toes revealed cholesterol crystals inside the blood vessels. Based on the case, a short review about the blue toe syndrome and its main cause, atheroembolism, is presented...


Se descreve o caso de uma mulher de 68 anos, com alto risco cardiovascular, quem consulto por cianose nos dedos dos pés, associada a síntomas neurológicos focais transitórios de 5 dias de evolução. Se hospitalizou com a impressão diagnóstica de síndrome do dedo azul e isquemia crítica arterial de membros inferiores de possível origem embólico. Logo de um procedimento endovascular, presentou deterioro neurológico súbito e se documentaram múltiplos infartos cerebrais e falha renal aguda. Na biopsia dos dedos afetados se observaram cristais de colesterol o interior dos vasos sanguíneos. Com base no caso se apresenta uma curta revisão da síndrome do dedo azul e sua principal causa: a ateroembolia...


Subject(s)
Female , Aged , Embolism, Cholesterol , Blue Toe Syndrome , Vascular Diseases
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