In vitro predatory activity of conidia of fungal isolates of the Duddingtonia flagrans on Angiostrongylus vasorum first-stage larvae.

INTRODUCTION: Angiostrongylus vasorum is a nematode that parasitizes molluscs, dogs, and even man. METHODS: The objective was to evaluate the predatory activity of the conidia of two fungal isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 and CG722) on first-stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum in laboratory conditions. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, there were significant reductions (p<0.01) of 74.5% and 63.2%, on average, in the A. vasorum L1 recovered in the AC001 and CG722 treatment conditions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The two isolates of fungi were efficient in the capture and destruction of A. vasorum L1.

In vitro predatory activity of conidia of fungal isolates of the Duddingtonia flagrans on Angiostrongylus vasorum first-stage larvae

INTRODUCTION:Angiostrongylus vasorum is a nematode that parasitizes molluscs, dogs, and even man. METHODS:The objective was to evaluate the predatory activity of the conidia of two fungal isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 and CG722) on first-stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum in laboratory conditions. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, there were significant reductions (p<0.01) of 74.5% and 63.2%, on average, in the A. vasorum (L1) recovered in the AC001 and CG722 treatment conditions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The two isolates of fungi were efficient in the capture and destruction of A. vasorum (L1).

Biological control of Ascaris suum eggs by Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus.

Ascaris suum is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of swines. The aim of this study was to observe Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus on biological control of A. suum eggs after fungus passage through swines gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen pigs, previously dewormed, were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, treated with the fungus isolate VC4; group 2, treated with the fungus isolate VC1 and group 3 did not receive fungus (control). In the treated groups, each animal received a 9 g single dose of mycelium mass containing P. chlamydosporia (VC1 or VC4). Thereafter, animal fecal samples were collected at the following intervals: 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment beginning and these were poured in Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar culture medium. Then, 1,000 A. suum eggs were poured into each dish and kept in an incubator at 26 °C and in the dark for 30 days. After this period, approximately 100 eggs were removed from each Petri dish and morphologically analyzed under light microscopy following the ovicidal activity parameters. The higher percentage observed for isolated VC4 eggs destruction was 57.5% (36 h) after fungus administration and for isolate VC1 this percentage was 45.8% (24 h and 72 h) (p > 0.01). P. chlamydosporia remained viable after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of swines, maintaining its ability of destroying A. suum eggs.

Influence of the preservation period in silica-gel on the predatory activity of the isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans on infective larvae of cyathostomins (Nematoda: Cyathostominae).

The continued maintenance of nematophagous fungi predatory activity under laboratory conditions is one of the basic requirements for a successful biological control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of time on the preservation of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 and CG722) stored in silica-gel for 7 years and their subsequent predatory activity on cyathostomin L(3) larvae in 2% water-agar medium (2% WA). Samples of the isolates AC001 and CG722, originating from vials containing grains of silica-gel sterilized and stored for 7 years, were used. After obtaining fungal conidia, the predation test was conducted over 7 days on the surface of 9.0 cm Petri dishes filled with 2% WA. In the treated groups each Petri dish contained 500 cyathostomin L(3) and conidia of fungal isolates in 2% WA. In the control group (without fungi) the plates contained 500 L(3) in 2% WA. The experimental results showed that isolated AC001 and CG722 were efficient in preying on cyathostomin L(3) (p<0.01) compared to control (without fungus). However, no difference was observed (p>0.01) in the predatory activity of the fungal isolates tested. Comparing the groups, there was a significant reductions of cyathostomin L(3) (p<0.01) of 88.6% and 78.4% on average recovered from the groups treated with the isolates AC001 and CG722, respectively, after 7 days. The results of this test showed that the fungus D. flagrans (AC001 and CG722) stored in silica-gel for at least 7 years maintained its predatory activity on cyathostomin L(3).

[Predatory activity of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium and Arthrobotrys robusta on Strongyloides stercoralis infective larvae]. / Atividade predatória dos fungos nematófagos Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium e Artrobotrys robusta sobre larvas infectantes de Strongyloides stercoralis.

INTRODUCTION: Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode that infects much of the population worldwide. METHODS: This study aimed to compare the ability of predatory nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) and Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31) on infective larvae (L3) of Strongyloides stercoralis in laboratory conditions on 2% water-agar. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, the percentage reductions in Strongyloides stercoralis L3 were 83.7% (AC001), 75.5% (NF34) and 73.2% (I-31). CONCLUSIONS: The nematophagous fungi were able to capture and destroy the L3 in vitro and may be used as biological controls of Strongyloides stercoralis.

Atividade predatória dos fungos nematófagos Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium e Artrobotrys robusta sobre larvas infectantes de Strongyloides stercoralis / Predatory activity of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium and Arthrobotrys robusta on Strongyloides stercoralis infective larvae

INTRODUÇÃO: Strongyloides stercoralis é um nematoide que infecta grande parte da população mundial. MÉTODOS: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade predatória dos fungos nematófagos Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) e Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31) sobre larvas infectantes (L3) de Strongyloides stercoralis em condições laboratoriais no meio ágar-água 2 por cento. RESULTADOS: Ao final do experimento, os percentuais de redução de L3 de Strongyloides stercoralis observados foram de: 83,7 por cento (AC001); 75,5 por cento (NF34) e 73,2 por cento (I-31). CONCLUSÕES: Os fungos nematófagos foram capazes de capturar e destruir in vitro as L3, podendo ser utilizados como controladores biológicos de Strongyloides stercoralis.

INTRODUCTION: Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode that infects much of the population worldwide. METHODS: This study aimed to compare the ability of predatory nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) and Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31) on infective larvae (L3) of Strongyloides stercoralis in laboratory conditions on 2 percent water-agar. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, the percentage reductions in Strongyloides stercoralis L3 were 83.7 percent (AC001), 75.5 percent (NF34) and 73.2 percent (I-31). CONCLUSIONS: The nematophagous fungi were able to capture and destroy the L3 in vitro and may be used as biological controls of Strongyloides stercoralis.

[Destruction of Toxocara canis eggs by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia]. / Destruição de ovos de Toxocara canis pelo fungo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia.

INTRODUCTION: Toxocara canis is an ascarid parasite of the small intestine of dogs that causes visceral larva migrans in humans. METHODS: With the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on Toxocara canis eggs under laboratory conditions, a trial was set up in Petri dishes with 2% agar-water. RESULTS: There was ovicidal activity of 43.8% (p < 0.01) in the treated group in relation to the control group over the periods studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study suggest that Pochonia chlamydosporia can potentially be used as an alternative biological control for embryonated Toxocara canis eggs.

Destruição de ovos de Toxocara canis pelo fungo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia / Destruction of Toxocara canis eggs by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia

INTRODUÇÃO: Toxocara canis é um ascarídeo parasita do intestino delgado de cães, causador da larva migrans visceral em seres humanos. MÉTODOS: Com o objetivo de demonstrar a eficácia do fungo Pochonia chlamydosporia sobre ovos de Toxocara canis em condições laboratoriais, foi montado ensaio experimental em placas de Petri com ágar-água 2 por cento. RESULTADOS: Houve atividade ovicida de 43,8 por cento (p<0,01) do grupo tratado em relação ao grupo controle durante os intervalos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstrados no presente trabalho sugerem a empregabilidade de Pochonia chlamydosporia como uma alternativa de controle biológico dos ovos embrionados de Toxocara canis.

INTRODUCTION: Toxocara canis is an ascarid parasite of the small intestine of dogs that causes visceral larva migrans in humans. METHODS: With the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on Toxocara canis eggs under laboratory conditions, a trial was set up in Petri dishes with 2 percent agar-water. RESULTS: There was ovicidal activity of 43.8 percent (p < 0.01) in the treated group in relation to the control group over the periods studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study suggest that Pochonia chlamydosporia can potentially be used as an alternative biological control for embryonated Toxocara canis eggs.

Ação ovicida do fungo Pochonia chlamydosporia sobre ovos de Enterobius vermicularis / Ovicidal activity of Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus on Enterobius vermicularis eggs

A capacidade ovicida de dois isolados do fungo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) sobre ovos de Enterobius vermicularis foram analisadas e comparadas em meio agar–água 2% (AA2%). Os ovos de E.vermicularis foram vertidos para placas de Petri com AA2% contendo os isolados fúngicos crescidos, e em placas de Petri sem fungo como controle. Ao completarem 5 e 10 dias de incubação, cem ovos foram removidos e classificados de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: efeito do tipo 1, efeito fisiológico e bioquímico sem prejuízo morfológico à casca do ovo; efeito do tipo 2, efeito lítico com alteração morfológicada casca e embrião; e efeito do tipo 3, efeito lítico com alteração morfológica do embrião e da casca, além de penetração de hifas e colonização interna do ovo. Os isolados fúngicos eficientes na destruição de ovos de E. vermicularis, apresentando o efeito do tipo 3 nos 5 e 10 dias de interação (p>0,01). Foi demonstrada a propriedade dos isolados de P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) em atuar de forma negativa sobre os ovos de E. vermicularis e, portanto, ser considerado um potencial candidato como produto a ser utilizado no controle biológico desse nematóide.