Hyperglycemia predicts mortality after CABG: postoperative hyperglycemia predicts dramatic increases in mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Risk of morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is higher in patients with clinical diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated whether outcomes are affected by postoperative hyperglycemia in CABG patients independent of preoperative DM diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2297 consecutive CABG patients were studied. The first glucose value after surgery completion (mean 15 min) was tested as a predictor of outcome. Primary outcome variables were prolonged ventilation (>24 h), deep sternal wound infection, renal failure, permanent stroke, any reoperation, length of stay (>14 days) and mortality. All outcomes except for prolonged ventilation and length of stay were tracked out to 30 days postoperatively. Patients were stratified by glycemic control: Low (glucose <80), normal (referent, glucose 80-110), high (glucose 111-200) and very high (glucose >200 mg/dl). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictive value of glycemic groups, adjusted for outcome specific risk scores from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons model. RESULTS: Patient distribution among groups low through very high were 44 (1.9%), 476 (20.7%), 1425 (62.0%) and 352 (15.3%). Greater complication rates were noted in the very high group when compared with the referent group: prolonged ventilation (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.66, P<.001), length of stay >14 days (adjusted OR=2.06, P=.004) and mortality (adjusted OR=7.71, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with blood glucose values >200 mg/dl immediately after CABG had an increased risk of complications, including mortality, independent of a clinical diagnosis of DM. This study documents the high risk associated with early postoperative hyperglycemia in this group, suggesting the need for prospective trials of glycemic control.

Incremental survival benefit with adherence to standardized heart failure core measures: a performance evaluation study of 2958 patients.

BACKGROUND: In 2002, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) established four heart failure (HF) core measures to standardize and improve health care quality in the United States. Although adherence to these HF care processes may be improving, their collective impact on survival is not yet settled. METHODS: JCAHO HF measures were implemented within a 20-hospital health care system. Eligible patients had a principal discharge diagnosis of HF. Metrics representing compliance with these measures were derived and their relationship with 1-year survival was examined using an adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: A total of 2958 patients met study criteria. The average age was 73 years, 50% were male, and 9.9% were smokers. One-year survival benefits were seen in an item-by-item evaluation of HF measures for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker therapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69), left ventricular function assessment (HR = 0.83), and patient education (HR = 0.79). When assessed collectively, improved survival was seen among patients eligible for two (HR = 0.53), three (HR = 0.36), or four HF measures (HR = 0.65). Further, we found a positive and incremental relationship between the degree of adherence and survival (P = .008). CONCLUSION: Adherence to JCAHO HF core measures is associated with improved 1-year survival after HF hospitalization. This validates these simple and effective performance measures and justifies efforts to implement them in all eligible patients with HF.

The paradox of obesity in patients with heart failure.

PURPOSE: Heart failure (HF) patients often have comorbid conditions that confound management and adversely affect prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the obesity paradox is also present in hospitalized HF patients in an integrated healthcare system. DATA SOURCES: A cohort of 2707 patients with a primary diagnosis of HF was identified within an integrated, 20-hospital healthcare system. Patients were identified by ICD-9 codes or a left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40% dating back to 1995. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the first measured height and weight when hospitalized with HF. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan Meier estimation. Hazard ratios for 3-year mortality with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using Cox regression, controlling for age, gender, and severity of illness at time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Three-year survival rates paradoxically improved for patients with increasing BMI. Survival rates for the larger three BMI quartiles were significantly better than for the lowest quartile after adjusting for severity of illness, age, and gender. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: While obesity increases the risk of developing HF approximately twofold, reports involving stable outpatients suggest that obesity is associated with improved survival after the development of HF. This finding is paradoxical because obesity increases the risk and worsens the prognosis of other cardiovascular diseases.

Improvements in 1-year cardiovascular clinical outcomes associated with a hospital-based discharge medication program.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, a treatment gap for secondary prevention medications still exists. OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement a program ensuring appropriate prescription of aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and warfarin at hospital discharge. DESIGN: A nonrandomized before-after study comparing patients hospitalized before (1996-1998) and after (1999-2002) implementation of a discharge medication program (DMP). Patients were followed for up to 1 year. SETTING: The 10 largest hospitals in the Utah-based Intermountain Health Care system. PATIENTS: In the pre-DMP and DMP time periods, 26,000 and 31,465 patients, respectively, were admitted to cardiovascular services (n = 57,465). MEASUREMENTS: Prescription of indicated medications at hospital discharge; postdischarge death or readmission. RESULTS: By 1 year, the rate of prescription of each medication increased significantly to more than 90% (P < 0.001); this rate was sustained. At 1 year, unadjusted absolute event rates for readmission and death, respectively, were 210 per 1000 person-years and 96 per 1000 person-years before DMP implementation and 191 per 1000 person-years and 70 per 1000 person-years afterward. Relative risk for death and readmission at 30 days decreased after DMP implementation; hazard ratios (HRs) for death and readmission were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.89) and 0.92 (CI, 0.87 to 0.99) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.017, respectively). At 1 year, risk for death continued to decrease (hazard ratio, 0.79 [CI, 0.75 to 0.84]; P < 0.001) while risk for readmission stabilized (hazard ratio, 0.94 [CI, 0.90 to 0.98]; P = 0.002), probably because survivors had more opportunities to be readmitted. LIMITATIONS: The study design was observational and nonrandomized, and the authors could not control for potential confounders or determine the extent to which secular trends accounted for the observed improvements. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively simple quality improvement program aimed at enhancing the prescription of appropriate discharge medications among cardiovascular patients is feasible and can be sustained within an integrated multihospital system. Such a program may be associated with improvements in cardiovascular readmission rates and mortality.