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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(9): 14333-14345, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38329663

ABSTRACT

We here report of a conference about "Pesticides in Soil, Groundwater and Food in Latin America as part of One Health" that took place at the "IV Seminario Internacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SISA)" in Varadero, Cuba, 8-12 May 2023. Researchers of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico) and Switzerland (workshop initiator) held presentations about occurrence and effects of pesticides on the environment, human health, the replacement of highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) by agroecological alternatives and the agri-food value chain. In a subsequent round table discussion, the presenters identified deficits, needs, interests and opportunities. According to them, the lack of awareness of pesticide use affects the health and safety of workers applying the chemicals. Despite Latin America representing the main agricultural area in the world with a very intense pesticide use, monitoring data of pesticides in soil, surface and groundwaters, food, as well as in humans are missing. Risks of pesticides to humans should be assessed so that authorities can withdraw or limit within "short time" the access to corresponding formulations on the market. Also, communication is not state of the art and should be improved as, e.g. the teaching of workers and farmers, how to correctly use and apply pesticides or the briefing of decision makers. Pollinators suffer from multiple stressors not the least due to pesticides, and alternatives are badly needed. On the technical side, the different analytical methods to determine residues of active ingredients and transformation products in matrices of concern should be harmonized among laboratories.Seven future actions and goals were identified to overcome the above deficits. Next steps after the publishing of this conference report are to harmonize and complete the information status of the presenters by exchanging the results/data already present. Therefore, a platform of interaction to address issues described above and to enhance collaboration shall be created. Samples of different matrices shall be exchanged to harmonize the chemical analysis and establish interlaboratory comparisons. Such activities might be facilitated by joining international associations or organizations, where researchers can offer their expertise, or by forming a new pesticide network for Central and South America that could present tailored projects to national and international organizations and funding agencies.


Subject(s)
Groundwater , One Health , Pesticides , Humans , Latin America , Pesticides/analysis , Soil , Brazil
2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37239622

ABSTRACT

(1) Background: Benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers (BTX) are present in gasoline. Exposure to benzene may lead to the appearance of a series of signs, symptoms, and complications, which are characterized by benzene poisoning, which is an occupational disease. This study evaluated the presence of signs and symptoms related to occupational exposure and whether occupational exposure to BTX is associated with the development of hematological changes. (2) Material and Methods: This cross-sectional epidemiological study included 542 participants, in which 324 were gas station workers (GSWs) and 218 were office workers (OWs) with no occupational exposure to benzene. To characterize the type of exposure (exposed and not exposed), trans,trans-Muconic acid (tt-MA), Hippuric acid (HA), and Methylhippuric acid (MHA) were used as exposure biomarkers. The tt-MA analysis revealed that the GSWs had 0.29 mg/g of urinary creatinine and the OWs had 0.13 mg/g of urinary creatinine. For HA, the GSWs presented 0.49 g/g of creatinine while the OWs presented 0.07. MHA analysis revealed that the GSWs had 1.57 g/g creatinine and the OWs had 0.01 g/g creatinine. Occupation habits and clinical symptoms were collected by questionnaire and blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters. The persistence of hematological changes was evaluated with three serial blood collections every 15 days followed by laboratory hematological analysis. A descriptive analysis by the Chi-square test method was performed to evaluate the association between occupational exposure to fuels and the occurrence of changes in hematological parameters. (3) Results: In the GSWs, the most described signs and symptoms were somnolence (45.1%), headache (38.3%), dizziness (27.5%), tingling (25.4%), and involuntary movement (25%). Twenty GSWs that presented hematological alterations performed serial collections fifteen days apart. In addition, these workers presented total leukocyte counts above the upper limit and lymphocyte counts close to the lower limit. Leukocytosis and lymphopenia are hematological alterations present in chronic benzene poisoning. (4) Conclusions: The results found an initial change in different hematological parameters routinely used in clinics to evaluate health conditions. These findings reveal the importance of valuing clinical changes, even in the absence of disease, during the health monitoring of gas station workers and other groups that share the same space.


Subject(s)
Benzene , Occupational Exposure , Humans , Benzene/toxicity , Benzene/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Creatinine , Cross-Sectional Studies , Occupational Exposure/analysis
3.
Scand J Public Health ; 51(5): 822-828, 2023 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37088996

ABSTRACT

It has been suggested that it would be more appropriate to term the COVID-19 pandemic a syndemic, as the infection interacts synergistically with pre-existing chronic conditions such as obesity. Both conditions occur with steep socio-economic inequalities, and Brazil is suffering a heavy burden from both. What and who drives the clustering and interaction of these disorders? In this commentary, we examine the pathways leading to the COVID-19 syndemic. Deforestation, declining biodiversity and factory farming are promoting the emergence of new pathogens. Widespread use of pesticides influences immune, endocrine and metabolic systems. The ingestion of ultra-processed food promotes malnutrition and obesity in a country where at the same time poverty and food insecurity is rising. Brazilian agribusiness is focused on the production and global export of agricultural commodities, mainly for animal food and meat production. It is made possible through a combination of expanded land use, with deforestation in Amazonas and other Brazilian biomes, and the intensification of land use and cultivation of genetically modified crops with fertilizers and pesticides. This development is not sustainable for either population health or the environment.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pesticides , Animals , Humans , Conservation of Natural Resources , Crops, Agricultural , Pandemics , Syndemic , COVID-19/epidemiology , Plants, Genetically Modified , Obesity
4.
Saúde debate ; 46(spe2): 293-315, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390381

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A toxicologia é aplicada aos processos regulatórios tendo como base central a linearidade das relações entre a dose e o efeito e a possibilidade de estabelecer condições de exposição seguras. Isso ocorre apesar das limitações apontadas pela literatura cientifica. A concepção, a definição das metodologias e a condução da avaliação de risco dos agrotóxicos acabam por atender aos interesses econômicos e à definição de cenários de segurança distantes da realidade. As limitações metodológicas dos estudos exigidos para fins de registro de um agrotóxico envolvem: a desconsideração das interações entre as misturas utilizadas; a não previsão de curvas dose-resposta não lineares (horméticas); a compartimentalização dos desfechos analisados; a exposição nos períodos críticos do desenvolvimento; e a desconsideração do contexto, das diversidades individuais, coletivas e dos territórios expostos aos agrotóxicos, entre outros aspectos discutido nesse ensaio. A toxicologia crítica propõe que a avaliação toxicológica parta da integralidade do problema no contexto apresentando propostas que podem ser adotadas nos processos de regulação de agrotóxicos e outras substâncias potencialmente perigosas.


ABSTRACT Toxicology is applied to regulatory processes based on the linear basis of the relationship between dose and effect and the possibility of establishing safe exposure conditions. This occurs despite the limitations pointed out by the scientific literature. The conception, definition of methodologies, and the conduct of risk assessment of pesticides ends up meeting economic interests and the definition of security scenarios that are far from reality. The methodological limitations of the studies required for the purpose of registering a pesticide involve: disregarding the interactions between the mixtures used; the failure to predict non-linear dose-response curves (hormetical); compartmentalization of the analyzed outcomes; exposure in critical periods of development; and disregarding of the context, individual and collective diversity and the territories exposed to pesticides, among other aspects discussed in this essay. Critical toxicology proposes that the toxicological assessment should start from the integrality of the problem in the context, presenting proposals that can be adopted in the regulation processes of pesticides and other potentially dangerous substances.

5.
Saúde debate ; 46(spe2): 407-425, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390405

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Atualmente, a agricultura brasileira é caracterizada pelo crescente consumo de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes químicos, inserindo-se no modelo de produção baseado nos fundamentos do agronegócio. As novas técnicas de cultivo baseadas no agronegócio resultaram na expansão das monoculturas sobre os ecossistemas naturais, com o consequente desmatamento, desequilíbrio e perda da biodiversidade; e o aumento da contaminação do solo, da água e do ar pelos agrotóxicos. No que tange à saúde humana, a literatura científica tem demonstrado que a contaminação química decorrente do uso de agrotóxicos na agricultura implica adoecimento dos trabalhadores rurais expostos ocupacionalmente aos agrotóxicos, dos moradores da área rural, além de consumidores de alimentos contendo resíduos de agrotóxicos. Entre os efeitos sobre a saúde humana associados à exposição a agrotóxicos, os mais preocupantes são as intoxicações crônicas, caracterizadas por infertilidade, abortos, malformações congênitas, neurotoxicidade, desregulação hormonal, imunotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e câncer. Sendo assim, neste ensaio, apresenta-se uma revisão narrativa com dados presentes na literatura científica nacional e internacional referentes à associação entre a exposição a agrotóxicos e o desenvolvimento de câncer no contexto da saúde coletiva e o papel da alimentação saudável e da agroecologia como suporte às políticas públicas de prevenção do câncer.


ABSTRACT Currently, Brazilian agriculture is characterized by the growing consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, forming part of the production model based on the fundamentals of agribusiness. The new farming techniques based on agribusiness resulted in the expansion of monocultures over natural ecosystems, with the consequent deforestation, imbalance, and loss of biodiversity; and the increased contamination of soil, water, and air by pesticides. With regard to human health, the scientific literature has shown that chemical contamination resulting from the use of pesticides in agriculture implies the illness of rural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, of rural residents, in addition to consumers of food containing pesticide residues. Among the effects on human health associated with exposure to pesticides, the most worrying are chronic intoxications, characterized by infertility, abortions, congenital malformations, neurotoxicity, hormonal dysregulation, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cancer. Therefore, in this essay, we will present a narrative review with data from national and international scientific literature regarding the association between exposure to pesticides and the development of cancer in the context of public health and the role of healthy eating and agroecology as a support for public cancer prevention policies.

6.
Saúde debate ; 46(spe2): 249-261, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1390415

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O modelo agrícola predominante no Brasil apresenta disparidades sociais, econômicas e ambientais acentuadas. Tal cenário consiste em um grande desafio para o avanço da agroecologia, um dos caminhos apontados pelas Nações Unidas para o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e o desenvolvimento territorial de forma sustentável. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os limites e os desafios na implantação de estratégias territoriais sob a ótica dos Territórios Saudáveis e Sustentáveis (TSS), tendo como eixo estruturante a controvérsia agroecologia x agrotóxicos. O artigo enfoca sua análise na Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal e Entorno (Ride-DF), na forma de pesquisa do tipo prospectiva, com revisão de literatura e recolha documental pertinente. Conclui-se que, a despeito do seu potencial, são escassas as informações sobre a temática, especialmente na efetividade e eficácia da estratégia de implantação dos TSS e o uso da agroecologia como suporte. O estudo depreende ainda que há a necessidade de aprofundar a realização de novas pesquisas e a construção de estratégia de intervenção territorial sob a ótica dos TSS.


ABSTRACT The predominant agricultural model in Brazil presents marked social, economic, and environmental disparities. This scenario consists of a great challenge for the advancement of Agroecology, one of the ways pointed out by the United Nations for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the territorial development in a sustainable way. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the limits and challenges in the implementation of territorial strategies from the perspective of Healthy and Sustainable Territories (TSS), having the agroecology vs. agrochemicals controversy as a structuring axis. The essay focuses its analysis on the Integrated Development Region of the Federal District and Surroundings (RideDF), in the form of prospective research, with literature review and pertinent documentary collection. It is concluded that, in spite of its potential, information on the theme is scarce, especially on the effectiveness and efficiency of the TSS implementation strategy and the use of Agroecology as a support. The study also concludes that there is a need to deepen the accomplishment of new research and the construction of new territorial intervention strategies from the perspective of the TSS.

7.
Porto Alegre; Editora Rede Unida; 20210705. 336 p.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1343228

ABSTRACT

Este livro é composto por documentos que fazem uma revisão do dossiê científico e técnico contra o Projeto de Lei do Veneno (PL 6.299/2002) e a favor do Projeto de Lei que institui a Política Nacional de Redução de Agrotóxicos (PNARA) da Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (ABRASCO) e da Associação Brasileira de Agroecologia (ABA) publicado em julho de 2018. Na edição atual, incluiu um esforço colaborativo das editoras Expressão Popular, Hucitec, Abrasco e Rede Unida. Conforme explica Wanderlei Pignati, doutor e pesquisador do NEAST da UFMT, na apresentação da edição atual, "este novo Dossiê expressa mais um importante estímulo aos movimentos em defesa da vida e contra o uso e abuso de agrotóxicos pelo agronegócio ecocida". "Ele relata as diversas manobras do Congresso Nacional nas tentativas de aprovar o "Pacote do Veneno" ou Projeto de Lei n.º 6.299/2002 e analisa e denuncia as propostas perversas do agronegócio e das indústrias agroquímicas e seus aliados no Executivo e Legislativo, no sentido de aumentarem ainda mais a venda e o uso de agrotóxicos, consequentemente, ampliando a intoxicação da vida (vegetal, animal e ambiental) no território brasileiro". "O livro aponta esperanças e alternativas para enfrentar este conluio de morte, mostrando práticas e trazendo propostas baseadas na produção agroecológica, de caráter coletivo, democrático, de promoção da vida e produção de alimentos saudáveis. Estes itens estão contidos na Política Nacional de Redução do Uso de Agrotóxicos ou PNARA ou Projeto de Lei n.º 6.670/2016, defendido neste Dossiê". "Espero que este novo grito de alerta nos leve a caminhar para outro modo de vida, com saúde, democracia, felicidade e poesia, necessários neste momento de crise sanitária e humanitária e de aprofundamento da colonização do mundo pelo poder do capital".


Subject(s)
Agrochemicals , Ecology , Environment , Sustainable Agriculture , Environmental Health
8.
Cad Saude Publica ; 37(4): e00061820, 2021.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34008735

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian legislation does not provide for a periodic review of the registration of pesticides and, even nowadays, products banned in other countries are still used. Based on the pesticide active substances registered in the country, the present study investigated the international regulatory situation in the following member countries: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Community, and the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Moreover, we sought to relate the main chronic effects to human health and the environment of the most commercialized pesticide active substances in Brazil in lists of classification of carcinogenic potential (US Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA and International Agency for Research on Cancer - IARC), endocrine disruption, and candidates for substitution, both from the European Community. A total of 399 pesticide active substances registered in Brazil for agricultural use were identified, excluding microbiological and biological control agents. Of these, the percentage of unauthorized pesticide active substances according to countries is as follows: 85.7% in Iceland; 84.7% in Norway; 54.5% in Switzerland; 52.6% in India; 45.6% in Turkey; 44.4% in Israel; 43.4% in New Zealand; 42.4% in Japan; 41.5% in the European Community; 39.6% in Canada; 38.6% in China; 35.8% in Chile; 31.6% in Mexico; 28.6% in Australia; and 25.6% in the United States. 120 pesticide active substances were related to damage to health and the environment. Considering the pesticide active substances for which commercialization data are available in the country, 67.2% of this volume is associated with at least one serious chronic damage assessed in this study. The results of the present study indicate the need for promoting transparency of international databases, regarding the motivations of the respective regulatory decisions and the Brazilian regulatory bodies to reevaluate the registration of obsolete products and to strengthen public policies related to the reduction of the use of pesticides.


A legislação brasileira não prevê revisão periódica do registro dos agrotóxicos e, ainda hoje, são utilizados produtos proibidos em outros países. Partindo dos ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos registrados no país, o presente estudo investigou a situação regulatória internacional nos países-membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), da Comunidade Europeia e BRICS. Também se buscou relacionar os principais efeitos crônicos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente dos ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos mais comercializados no Brasil, em listas de classificação de potencial cancerígeno (Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos - USEPA e Agência Internacional de Pesquisa em Câncer - IARC), desregulação endócrina e candidatos para substituição (estes dois últimos da Comunidade Europeia). Foram identificados 399 ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos registrados no Brasil para uso agrícola, excluindo-se os microbiológicos e agentes biológicos de controle. Destes, não têm autorização 85,7% na Islândia, 84,7% na Noruega, 54,5% na Suíça, 52,6% na Índia, 45,6% na Turquia, 44,4% em Israel, 43,4% na Nova Zelândia, 42,4% no Japão, 41,5% na Comunidade Europeia, 39,6% no Canadá, 38,6% na China, 35,8% no Chile, 31,6% no México, 28,6% na Austrália e 25,6% nos Estados Unidos. Foram relacionados a danos à saúde e ao ambiente 120 ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos. Considerando os ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos para os quais estão disponíveis dados de comercialização no país, 67,2% deste volume está associado a pelo menos um dano crônico grave avaliado neste estudo. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam a necessidade de promover a transparência das bases de dados internacionais, no que tange às motivações para as respectivas decisões regulatórias e os órgãos reguladores brasileiros reavaliarem o registro de produtos obsoletos, fortalecendo políticas públicas relacionadas à redução do uso de agrotóxicos.


La legislación brasileña no prevé una revisión periódica del registro de los pesticidas e incluso hoy se utilizan productos prohibidos en otros países. Partiendo de los ingredientes activos de pesticidas registrados en el país, el presente estudio investigó la situación regulatoria internacional en los siguientes países-miembros: Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), Comunidad Europea, y BRICS. También se buscó relacionar los principales efectos crónicos para la salud humana y en el medio ambiente de los ingredientes activos de pesticidas más comercializados en Brasil en listas de clasificación con potencial cancerígeno (Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos - USEPA e Agencia Internacional de Investigación sobre el Cáncer - IARC), desregulación endocrina y candidatos para sustitución, ambos de la Comunidad Europea. Se identificaron 399 ingredientes activos de pesticidas registrados en Brasil para uso agrícola, excluyéndose los microbiológicos y agentes biológicos de control. De estos, no tienen autorización en Islandia 85,7%, Noruega 84,7%, Suiza 54,5%, India 52,6%, Turquía 45,6%, Israel 44,4%, Nueva Zelanda 43,4%, Japón 42,4%, Comunidad Europea 41,5%, Canadá 39,6%, China 38,6%, Chile 35,8%, México 31,6%, Australia 28,6% y Estados Unidos 25,6%. 120 ingredientes activos de pesticidas estuvieron relacionados con daños en la salud y medioambiente. Considerando los ingredientes activos de pesticidas para los cuales están disponibles datos de comercialización en el país, un 67,2% de este volumen está asociado a por lo menos una enfermedad crónica grave evaluada en ese estudio. Los resultados del presente estudio indican la necesidad de promover la transparencia de las bases de datos internacionales, en lo que respecta a las motivaciones de las respectivas decisiones regulatorias, con el fin de que los órganos reguladores brasileños reevalúen el registro de productos obsoletos, así como para fortalecer políticas públicas relacionadas con la reducción del uso de pesticidas.


Subject(s)
Pesticides , Brazil , Canada , Chile , China , Environment , Humans , India , Japan , Mexico , Pesticides/toxicity , United States
9.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33865537

ABSTRACT

Chronic exposure to benzene is a risk factor for hematological malignancies. Gasoline-station workers are exposed to benzene in gasoline, via both inhalation and dermal contact (attendants and managers) or inhalation (workers in the on-site convenience stores and offices). We have studied the exposure of these workers to benzene and the resulting genotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid were higher among gasoline-station workers than among office workers with no known exposure to benzene (comparison group). Among the exposed workers, we observed statistically significant biological effects, including elevated DNA damage (comet assay); higher frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds (CBMN assay); lower levels of T-helper lymphocytes and naive Th lymphocytes; lower CD4 / CD8 ratio; and higher levels of NK cells and memory Th lymphocytes. Both groups of exposed workers (inhalation and inhalation + dermal routes) showed similar genotoxic and immunotoxic effects.


Subject(s)
Benzene/toxicity , Gasoline/toxicity , Immune System/drug effects , Occupational Exposure , Adult , Aged , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Brazil/epidemiology , Comet Assay , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA Damage/drug effects , DNA Damage/immunology , Female , Humans , Immune System/metabolism , Immunomodulation/drug effects , Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects , Inhalation Exposure/analysis , Lymphocyte Count , Male , Micronucleus Tests , Middle Aged , Mutagenicity Tests , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Stress, Physiological/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Young Adult
10.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 37(4): e00061820, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249421

ABSTRACT

A legislação brasileira não prevê revisão periódica do registro dos agrotóxicos e, ainda hoje, são utilizados produtos proibidos em outros países. Partindo dos ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos registrados no país, o presente estudo investigou a situação regulatória internacional nos países-membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), da Comunidade Europeia e BRICS. Também se buscou relacionar os principais efeitos crônicos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente dos ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos mais comercializados no Brasil, em listas de classificação de potencial cancerígeno (Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos - USEPA e Agência Internacional de Pesquisa em Câncer - IARC), desregulação endócrina e candidatos para substituição (estes dois últimos da Comunidade Europeia). Foram identificados 399 ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos registrados no Brasil para uso agrícola, excluindo-se os microbiológicos e agentes biológicos de controle. Destes, não têm autorização 85,7% na Islândia, 84,7% na Noruega, 54,5% na Suíça, 52,6% na Índia, 45,6% na Turquia, 44,4% em Israel, 43,4% na Nova Zelândia, 42,4% no Japão, 41,5% na Comunidade Europeia, 39,6% no Canadá, 38,6% na China, 35,8% no Chile, 31,6% no México, 28,6% na Austrália e 25,6% nos Estados Unidos. Foram relacionados a danos à saúde e ao ambiente 120 ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos. Considerando os ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos para os quais estão disponíveis dados de comercialização no país, 67,2% deste volume está associado a pelo menos um dano crônico grave avaliado neste estudo. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam a necessidade de promover a transparência das bases de dados internacionais, no que tange às motivações para as respectivas decisões regulatórias e os órgãos reguladores brasileiros reavaliarem o registro de produtos obsoletos, fortalecendo políticas públicas relacionadas à redução do uso de agrotóxicos.


La legislación brasileña no prevé una revisión periódica del registro de los pesticidas e incluso hoy se utilizan productos prohibidos en otros países. Partiendo de los ingredientes activos de pesticidas registrados en el país, el presente estudio investigó la situación regulatoria internacional en los siguientes países-miembros: Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), Comunidad Europea, y BRICS. También se buscó relacionar los principales efectos crónicos para la salud humana y en el medio ambiente de los ingredientes activos de pesticidas más comercializados en Brasil en listas de clasificación con potencial cancerígeno (Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos - USEPA e Agencia Internacional de Investigación sobre el Cáncer - IARC), desregulación endocrina y candidatos para sustitución, ambos de la Comunidad Europea. Se identificaron 399 ingredientes activos de pesticidas registrados en Brasil para uso agrícola, excluyéndose los microbiológicos y agentes biológicos de control. De estos, no tienen autorización en Islandia 85,7%, Noruega 84,7%, Suiza 54,5%, India 52,6%, Turquía 45,6%, Israel 44,4%, Nueva Zelanda 43,4%, Japón 42,4%, Comunidad Europea 41,5%, Canadá 39,6%, China 38,6%, Chile 35,8%, México 31,6%, Australia 28,6% y Estados Unidos 25,6%. 120 ingredientes activos de pesticidas estuvieron relacionados con daños en la salud y medioambiente. Considerando los ingredientes activos de pesticidas para los cuales están disponibles datos de comercialización en el país, un 67,2% de este volumen está asociado a por lo menos una enfermedad crónica grave evaluada en ese estudio. Los resultados del presente estudio indican la necesidad de promover la transparencia de las bases de datos internacionales, en lo que respecta a las motivaciones de las respectivas decisiones regulatorias, con el fin de que los órganos reguladores brasileños reevalúen el registro de productos obsoletos, así como para fortalecer políticas públicas relacionadas con la reducción del uso de pesticidas.


The Brazilian legislation does not provide for a periodic review of the registration of pesticides and, even nowadays, products banned in other countries are still used. Based on the pesticide active substances registered in the country, the present study investigated the international regulatory situation in the following member countries: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Community, and the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Moreover, we sought to relate the main chronic effects to human health and the environment of the most commercialized pesticide active substances in Brazil in lists of classification of carcinogenic potential (US Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA and International Agency for Research on Cancer - IARC), endocrine disruption, and candidates for substitution, both from the European Community. A total of 399 pesticide active substances registered in Brazil for agricultural use were identified, excluding microbiological and biological control agents. Of these, the percentage of unauthorized pesticide active substances according to countries is as follows: 85.7% in Iceland; 84.7% in Norway; 54.5% in Switzerland; 52.6% in India; 45.6% in Turkey; 44.4% in Israel; 43.4% in New Zealand; 42.4% in Japan; 41.5% in the European Community; 39.6% in Canada; 38.6% in China; 35.8% in Chile; 31.6% in Mexico; 28.6% in Australia; and 25.6% in the United States. 120 pesticide active substances were related to damage to health and the environment. Considering the pesticide active substances for which commercialization data are available in the country, 67.2% of this volume is associated with at least one serious chronic damage assessed in this study. The results of the present study indicate the need for promoting transparency of international databases, regarding the motivations of the respective regulatory decisions and the Brazilian regulatory bodies to reevaluate the registration of obsolete products and to strengthen public policies related to the reduction of the use of pesticides.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pesticides/toxicity , United States , Brazil , Canada , Chile , China , Environment , India , Japan , Mexico
11.
Cien Saude Colet ; 22(10): 3333-3339, 2017 Oct.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29069188

ABSTRACT

Genetically modified (GM) crops were officially authorized in Brazil in 2003. In this documentary study, we aimed to identify possible changes in the patterns of pesticide use after the adoption of this technology over a span of 13 years (2000 to 2012). The following variables were analyzed: Pesticide use (kg), Pesticide use per capita (kg/inhab), Pesticide and herbicide use per area (kg/ha) and productivity (kg/ha). Contrary to the initial expectations of decreasing pesticide use following the adoption of GM crops, overall pesticide use in Brazil increased 1.6-fold between the years 2000 and 2012. During the same period, pesticide use for soybean increased 3-fold. This study shows that the adoption of GM crops in Brazil has led to an increase in pesticide use with possible increases in environmental and human exposure and associated negative impacts.


Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Herbicides , Pesticides , Plants, Genetically Modified , Agriculture/trends , Brazil , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Monitoring , Humans
12.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 22(10): 3333-3339, Out. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-890156

ABSTRACT

Abstract Genetically modified (GM) crops were officially authorized in Brazil in 2003. In this documentary study, we aimed to identify possible changes in the patterns of pesticide use after the adoption of this technology over a span of 13 years (2000 to 2012). The following variables were analyzed: Pesticide use (kg), Pesticide use per capita (kg/inhab), Pesticide and herbicide use per area (kg/ha) and productivity (kg/ha). Contrary to the initial expectations of decreasing pesticide use following the adoption of GM crops, overall pesticide use in Brazil increased 1.6-fold between the years 2000 and 2012. During the same period, pesticide use for soybean increased 3-fold. This study shows that the adoption of GM crops in Brazil has led to an increase in pesticide use with possible increases in environmental and human exposure and associated negative impacts.


Resumo Culturas geneticamente modificadas (GM) foram oficialmente autorizadas no Brasil em 2003. O presente estudo documental buscou identificar possíveis alterações no padrão de uso de agrotóxicos a partir da adoção dessa tecnologia, considerando um período de 13 anos (2000 a 2012). Foram avaliadas as variáveis: uso de agrotóxicos (kg), uso de agrotóxicos per capita (kg/habitante), uso de agrotóxicos e uso de herbicidas por área plantada (kg/ha) e produtividade (kg/ha). Contrariando as expectativas iniciais de diminuição do uso de agrotóxicos após a introdução de culturas GM, observou-se que o uso total de agrotóxicos no Brasil aumentou 1,6 vezes entre os anos de 2000 e 2012. No mesmo período, destacou-se o uso de agrotóxicos na cultura de soja, aumentando em mais de 3 vezes. As análises estatísticas reforçam baixa correlação entre o consumo de agrotóxicos e herbicidas e a produtividade da soja. Sugere-se que a introdução de culturas GM levou ao aumento no uso de agrotóxicos, com a possibilidade de aumento da exposição humana e ambiental e, consequentemente, aos impactos negativos associados a essas substâncias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pesticides , Plants, Genetically Modified , Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Herbicides , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring , Agriculture/trends , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
13.
Saúde debate ; 41(112): 49-62, Jan.-Mar. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-846169

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Este ensaio versa sobre a exposição a agrotóxicos e o risco de desenvolvimento de linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH), um tipo de câncer hematológico que teve aumento progressivo nas últimas décadas no Brasil e no mundo. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa para avaliar a associação de agrotóxicos com a indução de LNH. A pesquisa mostrou que os agrotóxicos ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), diazinona, glifosato e malationa estão associados a essa neoplasia e compartilham alguns mecanismos de carcinogenicidade. Essas informações podem subsidiar medidas regulatórias mais restritivas e que contemplem a realidade da exposição a misturas de agrotóxicos, amplamente utilizados no meio rural e urbano.


ABSTRACT This essay deals with the exposure to pesticides and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development, a type of hematological cancer that has progressively increased in recent decades in Brazil and the world. An integrative review was conducted to evaluate the association of pesticides with the induction of NHL. The research showed that the pesticides dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), diazinon, glyphosate and malathion are associated with this neoplasia and share some mechanisms of carcinogenicity. This information may subsidize more restrictive regulatory measures and that contemplate the reality of the exposure to mixtures of pesticides, widely used in rural and urban environments.

14.
Rev. bras. saúde ocup ; 42(supl.1): e7s, 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-844257

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução: o benzeno, composto encontrado na gasolina, é reconhecido como agente cancerígeno e tem sido objeto de controle em âmbito mundial devido aos seus efeitos agudos e crônicos à saúde humana. No Brasil, trabalhadores de postos de revenda de combustíveis (PRC) são expostos ao benzeno durante suas atividades ocupacionais. A Vigilância Sanitária, ao monitorar a exposição dos trabalhadores ao benzeno, pode avaliar os riscos e implementar estratégias para estabelecer um ambiente de trabalho mais seguro. Objetivo: suscitar a discussão sobre as ações da Vigilância Sanitária em postos de combustíveis baseada na aplicação do modelo Força-Motriz/Pressão/Situação/Exposição/Efeito/Ação (FPSEEA). Método: realização de uma ampla revisão da literatura com a finalidade de obter as informações necessárias para construção e desenvolvimento da matriz proposta no modelo. Discussão: foi possível identificar as deficiências existentes nos diferentes níveis institucionais que possuem suas ações voltadas à proteção da saúde do trabalhador e propor ações para avançar na reflexão sobre o modelo de desenvolvimento, modos de produção e exploração de recursos. Também foram identificadas as possíveis ações da Vigilância Sanitária a serem aplicadas no ambiente ocupacional de PRC para eliminação ou redução dos riscos à saúde aos quais os trabalhadores estão expostos.


Abstract Introduction: benzene, a compound found in gasoline, is recognized as a carcinogen, and it has been controlled worldwide because of its acute and chronic effects to human health. In Brazil, gas station (GS) attendants are exposed to benzene during their occupational activities. Health Surveillance, when monitoring the workers’ exposure to benzene, can assess the risks and implement strategies to establish a safer working environment. Objective: to evoke the discussion about Health Surveillance actions in gas stations based on the application of the Driving Force/Pressure/State/Exposure/Effects/Action (DPSEEA) model. Method: we developed the matrix proposed by the DPSEEA model using information from literature review. Discussion: we were able to identify the existing shortcomings in the different institutional levels that have actions directed to workers’ health protection. We also proposed actions for enhancing the discussion on the development model, modes of production, and resources exploitation. We also identified the possible Health Surveillance actions to be applied in the GS occupational environment to eliminate or reduce the health risks to which workers are exposed.

15.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz (Online) ; 74(3): 178-189, jul.-set. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-786785

ABSTRACT

A monografia farmacopeica da vacina tríplice viral (sarampo/caxumba/rubéola) exige a validação de desempenho do ensaio de potência utilizando-se apropriado material de referência (MR). Com o intuito de estabelecer o primeiro MR de trabalho (MRT) nacional para a vacina tríplice viral, foi realizado o estudo colaborativo nacional com a participação de duas únicas instituições que executam o ensaio de potência desta vacina, o Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos, produtor nacional) e o Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde.O material candidato (cMRTBio), preparado pelo produtor, foi avaliado pelos laboratórios participantes utilizando-se as respectivas metodologias in-house de determinação de potência. O cMRTBio foi considerado apropriado como MR in-house por estar em concordância com as especificações recomendadas nas normativas de compêndios, a saber: variações intra- (< 5 %), inter-ensaios (< 10 %) e entre laboratórios (< 10 %) abaixo dos limites aceitáveis; e potência estimada (log10 CCID50/DH) em 3,72 para sarampo, 4,80 para caxumba e 3,70 para rubéola. Este trabalho reflete o compromisso do único produtor nacional da vacina tríplice viral com a saúde pública, descrevendo-se a expansão da tecnologia, o cumprimento às diretrizes internacionais, o cuidado com o controle da qualidade e culminância para a autossuficiência nacional na produção de vacinas.


The pharmacopoeia monograph for the measles/mumps and rubella (MMR) triple vaccine demands to perform the validation of the potency assay by using the suitable reference material (MR). Aiming at establishing the firstwork MR (MRT) for the MMR triple vaccine, a national collaborative study was performed with the participation of the two unique national institutions working on the vaccine potency evaluation test, the Imunobiological Technology Institute (Bio-Manguinhos, national manufacturer) and the National Institute for Quality Control in Health. The candidate product (cMRTBio) prepared by the manufacturer was evaluated by the participant laboratories by employing the respective in-house methodologies for determining the potency. The cMRTBio was considered suitable as in-house MR, according to the specifications based on the normative compendia, being the intra-assay (< 5 %), inter-assay(< 10 %) and between laboratories variations (< 10 %) below the acceptable limits, and the estimate potency(log10 CCID50/DH) in 3.72 for measles, 4.80 for mumps and 3.70 for rubella. This study reflects the commitment of the unique national MMR vaccine producer to the public health, describing the expansion of technology,the compliance with international guidelines and the careful quality control, leading to the national self-sufficiency in the vaccine production.


Subject(s)
Quality Control , Pharmacopoeias as Topic , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Vaccines
16.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz (Online) ; 74(2): 145-150, abr.-jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-786656

ABSTRACT

Os Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) representam um desafio para os prestadores de serviços de saúde humana e animal, em função do risco que representam, e necessitam de tratamento diferenciado se comparado aos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Com uma larga gama de produtos e serviços, os laboratórios analíticos são locais que geram RSS de amplo espectro quanto à natureza e grau de risco. O objetivo principal deste documento é apresentar uma sistemática para introduzir o monitoramento do gerenciamento de RSS para laboratórios de saúde pública, tendo como modelo o Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS/Fiocruz). Foram definidas etapas para concepção de um modelo de avaliação e monitoramento, para reduzir a geração dos RSS, para minimizar os impactos ambientais e auxiliar os administradores na gestão dos recursos financeiros. A sistemática proposta contribui para uma análise crítica do gerenciamento dos RSS e fornece dados consistentes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões. Constatou-se que as dificuldades de execução do plano de gerenciamento dos RSS, que geram situações de grave risco sanitário e ambiental, podem ser dirimidas com correto monitoramento de suas etapas.


The health-care wastes (HCW) represents a challenge for the animal and human health service providers, in function of the risk and the needing for a differentiated handling when compared to the urban solid residues. In function of the broad range of products and services, the analytic laboratories generate a spectrum concerning the risk nature and rank. The main objective of this document is to provide basic coming for monitoring through the performance indicators. Steps here defined for designing a monitored model to reduce the generation of waste, to minimize environmental impacts, to reduce accidents and to assist the administrators in managing the financial resources. This research could contribute to a critical analysis of the HCW, providing consistent data, which are important for decision making at tactical and operational levels.


Subject(s)
Waste Management , Laboratory Wastes , Medical Waste
17.
Rio de Janeiro; Abrasco; 2015. 623 p. ilus, mapas, tab.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-757007

ABSTRACT

O dossiê é um alerta da ABRASCO à sociedade e ao Estado brasileiro. Registra e difunde a preocupação de pesquisadores, professores e profissionais com a escalada ascendente de uso de agrotóxicos no país e a contaminação do ambiente e das pessoas dela resultante, com severos impactos sobre a saúde pública. Segundo Fernando Carneiro, professor da UnB e um dos organizadores do dossiê, o documento reúne evidências suficientes para a tomada de decisão pelos órgãos públicos: O principal impacto que esperamos deste dossiê é tirar da inércia a estrutura do estado em relação aos riscos que os agrotóxicos oferecem à população e ao meio ambiente. O presidente da ABRASCO, Luiz Augusto Facchini, disse que o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos gera preocupação: Neste sentido, o dossiê aponta estratégias, como o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e da agroecologia para produção de alimentos saudáveis. Este lançamento se refere à Parte 1 - Agrotóxicos, Segurança Alimentar e Saúde. Sua principal contribuição são 10 propostas que constam no final do documento. A primeira delas é a implantação da Política Nacional de Agroecologia, como um impulso a um modelo alternativo de desenvolvimento para o campo...


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Health , Food Security , Milk, Human , Public Policy , Pesticides/poisoning , Sustainable Agriculture , Water Pollution
18.
Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter ; 35(3): 192-7, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23904810

ABSTRACT

AIM: The objective of this study was to critically analyze data of the National Notification System for Adverse Events and Technical Complaints (Notivisa) related to central venous catheters, through an evaluation of the description of notifications recorded between 2006 and 2009. METHODS: NOTIFICATIONS WERE CATEGORIZED AND EVALUATED TO: (i) determine the number of adverse events and technical complaints, (ii) verify compliance with the classification criteria defined by the legislation, (iii) reclassify notifications, when necessary, in order for them to fit in with the legal definitions, (iv) verify registered companies in Brazil, (v) quantify the notifications according to the registered company and product lot, and (vi) identify the country of original of the notified product. Microsoft Excel((r)) 2010 was used to categorize and systematize the data. RESULTS: Some conceptual errors and incomplete records were found. Altogether, 228 notifications of technical complaints and 119 of adverse events were identified. Some notifications on guidewires and broken catheters were reported which led to the necessity of duplicating some medical procedures and to the occurrence of lesions/lacerations of vessels and tissue injury. Forty-seven percent of companies presented at least one notification in Notivisa and in all, 38 product lots had more than one notification. CONCLUSION: These data support a necessity for cooperation between all entities of the National Health Surveillance System to check compliance of this type of product and to properly report adverse events and technical complaints. It is also important to incorporate minimum standards for the management of technologies in health services, including in the acquisition of products and training of staff.

19.
Rev. bras. hematol. hemoter ; 35(3): 192-197, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-681966

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objective of this study was to critically analyze data of the National Notification System for Adverse Events and Technical Complaints (Notivisa) related to central venous catheters, through an evaluation of the description of notifications recorded between 2006 and 2009. Methods: Notifications were categorized and evaluated to: (i) determine the number of adverse events and technical complaints, (ii) verify compliance with the classification criteria defined by the legislation, (iii) reclassify notifications, when necessary, in order for them to fit in with the legal definitions, (iv) verify registered companies in Brazil, (v) quantify the notifications according to the registered company and product lot, and (vi) identify the country of original of the notified product. Microsoft Excel® 2010 was used to categorize and systematize the data. Results: Some conceptual errors and incomplete records were found. Altogether, 228 notifications of technical complaints and 119 of adverse events were identified. Some notifications on guidewires and broken catheters were reported which led to the necessity of duplicating some medical procedures and to the occurrence of lesions/lacerations of vessels and tissue injury. Forty-seven percent of companies presented at least one notification in Notivisa and in all, 38 product lots had more than one notification. Conclusion: These data support a necessity for cooperation between all entities of the ...


Subject(s)
Health Surveillance , Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency , Catheters , Central Venous Catheters
20.
J Toxicol Environ Health A ; 75(2): 63-75, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22129235

ABSTRACT

Antimony (Sb) disposition and toxicity was evaluated in Leishmania braziliensis-infected monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with a 21-d course of low (LOW) or standard (STD) meglumine antimoniate (MA) dosage regimens (5 or 20 mg Sb(V)/kg body weight/d im). Antimony levels in biological matrices were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), while on-line ion chromatography coupled to ICPMS was used to separate and quantify Sb species in plasma. Nadir Sb levels rose steadily from 19.6 ± 4 and 65.1 ± 17.4 ng/g, 24 h after the first injection, up to 27.4 ± 5.8 and 95.7 ± 6.6 ng/g, 24 h after the 21st dose in LOW and SDT groups, respectively. Subsequently, Sb plasma levels gradually declined with a terminal elimination phase half-life of 35.8 d. Antimony speciation in plasma on posttreatment days 1-9 indicated that as total Sb levels declined, proportion of Sb(V) remained nearly constant (11-20%), while proportion of Sb(III) rose from 5% (d 1) to 50% (d 9). Plasma [Sb]/erythrocyte [Sb] ratio was >1 until 12 h after dosing and reversed thereafter. Tissue Sb concentrations (posttreatment days 55 and 95) were as follows: >1000 ng/g in thyroid, nails, liver, gall bladder and spleen; >200 and <1000 ng/g in lymph nodes, kidneys, adrenals, bones, skeletal muscles, heart and skin; and <200 ng/g in various brain structures, thymus, stomach, colon, pancreas. and teeth. Results from this study are therefore consistent with view that Sb(V) is reduced to Sb(III), the active form, within cells from where it is slowly eliminated. Localization of Sb active forms in the thyroid gland and liver and the pathophysiological consequences of marked Sb accumulation in these tissues warrant further studies.


Subject(s)
Antimony/pharmacokinetics , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacokinetics , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism , Meglumine/pharmacokinetics , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Antimony/analysis , Antimony/blood , Antimony/chemistry , Antiprotozoal Agents/administration & dosage , Antiprotozoal Agents/adverse effects , Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Female , Half-Life , Injections, Intramuscular , Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/blood , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy , Macaca mulatta , Male , Meglumine/administration & dosage , Meglumine/adverse effects , Meglumine/therapeutic use , Meglumine Antimoniate , Organometallic Compounds/administration & dosage , Organometallic Compounds/adverse effects , Organometallic Compounds/therapeutic use , Oxidation-Reduction , Reproducibility of Results , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Thyroid Gland/chemistry , Tissue Distribution
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