First report of Sclerotium hydrophilum causing leaf spot on Brasenia schreberi in central China.

Brasenia schreberi, commonly known as watershield and referred to as 'Chun Cai' in Chinese, is a worldwide aquatic vegetable. It has long been regarded as health- promoting vegetable due to production of mucilage in young shoots, and thus has gained popularity in China. In September 2022, a leaf spot disease was observed at the National Aquatic Vegetable Germplasm Resource Nursery located in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The disease occurred on watershield leaves. It started with the formation of leaf spots surrounded by halos.These spots ranged in color from yellow to brown and in diameter from 1 to 10 mm. Subsequently, the smaller spots merged, ultimately causing the entire leaves to turn black. Small brown- to black-colored sclerotia were produced on the underside of the diseased leaves. Disease incidence was 30% on average, and yield loss was approximately 15% on average. To isolate the pathogen, leaf tissues at the disease-healthy border area were excised into 5 × 5 mm pieces, these segments were immersed in 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by immersion in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s, and then rinsed twice in sterile water. After air-drying, the leaf pieces were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in darkness at 28°C for 3 d. Mycelia from the leaf pieces were transferred to new PDA plates for purification, three sclerotia-forming fungal isolates (Whcc-1, Whcc-3, Whcc-4) were finally obtained. They were incubated on PDA at 28°C for 4 to 14 d for observation of colony morphology. At 4 d after incubation (DAI), they grew rapidly with the average growth rate of 2.2 cm/d and formed colonies with whitish substrate mycelia and well-developed aerial mycelia and small white to light brown-colored sclerotia. At 10 to 14 DAI, the sclerotia gradually turned to black, 0.2 to 0.4 mm in diameter (0.26 mm on average, n = 50). These morphological characteristics matched description of Sclerotium hydrophilum (Bashyal et al. 2021). Molecular identification was done to further clarify the species identity of this fungus. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolates Whcc-1, Whcc-3, and Whcc-4. The internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS-5.8S rDNA) and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrRNA) were amplified using universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and NS1/NS6, as described by White et al. (1990). Sequence analysis revealed a high degree of similarity between the ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences from Whcc-1, Whcc-3, and Whcc-4 (GenBank Acc. No. OP782030, PP035994, and PP035995, respectively) and those of S. hydrophilum strain CBS201.27 (GenBank Acc. No. FJ231396), with similarities of 99.25%, 99.4%, and 99.25%, respectively. The ssrRNA sequences from Whcc-1, Whcc-3, and Whcc-4 (GenBank Acc. No. PP238401, PP261342 and PP261345) were found to be identical, displaying 100% similarity to the ssrRNA sequences of S. hydrophilum strain ZH11 (GenBank Acc. No. KC354147). Based on both morphological and molecular evidence, it can be inferred that Whcc-1, Whcc-3, and Whcc-4 belong to the species S. hydrophilum. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculation of the mycelial agar plugs of Whcc-1, Whcc-3 or agar plugs of fresh PDA (control) on floating leaves of two watershield plants, 4 leaves (replicates) for each treatment. After inoculation, the treated leaves were sealed in plastic bags to maintain humidity, and grown under natural conditions (18°C to 28°C, with 8 hours of light daily). At 7 DAI, while control leaves remained healthy, the leaves inoculated with Whcc-1 and Whcc-3 leaves formed yellow- to brown-colored spots similar to those observed in the field surveys. S. hydrophilum was re-isolated from the leaf spots, thus verifing Koch's postulates. S. hydrophilum has a wide host range, infecting at least 19 genera of plants, including common rice and wild rice (Johnson et al. 1976), and water lily (Kernkamp et al. 1977). Moreover, it has been reported to infect rice in China (Punter et al. 1984; Zhong et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. hydrophilum on watershield leaves in central China.

Bioinspired Tumor Calcification-Guided Early Diagnosis and Eradication of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Tumor calcification is found to be associated with the benign prognostic, and which shows considerable promise as a somewhat predictive index of the tumor response clinically. However, calcification is still a missing area in clinical cancer treatment. A specific strategy is proposed for inducing tumor calcification through the synergy of calcium peroxide (CaO2)-based microspheres and transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The persistent calcium stress in situ specifically leads to powerful tumor calcioptosis, resulting in diffuse calcification and a high-density shadow on computed tomography that enables clear localization of the in vivo tumor site and partial delineation of tumor margins in an orthotopic HCC rabbit model. This osmotic calcification can facilitate tumor clinical diagnosis, which is of great significance in differentiating tumor response during early follow-up periods. Proteome and phosphoproteome analysis identify that calreticulin (CALR) is a crucial target protein involved in tumor calcioptosis. Further fluorescence molecular imaging analysis also indicates that CALR can be used as a prodromal marker of calcification to predict tumor response at an earlier stage in different preclinical rodent models. These findings suggest that upregulated CALR in association with tumor calcification, which may be broadly useful for quick visualization of tumor response.

The Gß-like protein Bcgbl1 regulates development and pathogenicity of the gray mold Botrytis cinerea via modulating two MAP kinase signaling pathways.

The fungal Gß-like protein has been reported to be involved in a variety of biological processes, such as mycelial growth, differentiation, conidiation, stress responses and infection. However, molecular mechanisms of the Gß-like protein in regulating fungal development and pathogenicity are largely unknown. Here, we show that the Gß-like protein gene Bcgbl1 in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea plays a pivotal role in development and pathogenicity by regulating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases signaling pathways. The Bcgbl1 deletion mutants were defective in mycelial growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, macroconidial morphogenesis, plant adhesion, and formation of infection cushions and appressorium-like structures, resulting in a complete loss of pathogenicity. Bcgbl1 interacted with BcSte50, the adapter protein of the cascade of MAP kinase (MAPK). Bcgbl1 mutants had reduced phosphorylation levels of two MAPKs, namely Bmp1 and Bmp3, thereby reducing infection. However, deletion of Bcgbl1 did not affect the intracellular cAMP level, and exogenous cAMP could not restore the defects. Moreover, Bcgbl1 mutants exhibited defects in cell wall integrity and oxidative stress tolerance. Transcriptional profiling revealed that Bcgbl1 plays a global role in regulation of gene expression upon hydrophobic surface induction. We further uncovered that three target genes encoding the hydrophobic surface binding proteins (HsbAs) contributed to the adhesion and virulence of B. cinerea. Overall, these findings suggest that Bcgbl1 had multiple functions and provided new insights for deciphering the Bcgbl1-mediated network for regulating development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.

Intelligent convolution neural network-assisted SERS to realize highly accurate identification of six pathogenic Vibrio.

Based on label-free SERS technology, the relationship between the Raman signals of pathogenic Vibrio microorganisms and purine metabolites was analyzed in detail. A deep learning CNN model was successfully developed, achieving a high accuracy rate of 99.7% in the identification of six typical pathogenic Vibrio species within 15 minutes, providing a new method for pathogen identification.

Connecting Calcium-Based Nanomaterials and Cancer: From Diagnosis to Therapy.

As the indispensable second cellular messenger, calcium signaling is involved in the regulation of almost all physiological processes by activating specific target proteins. The importance of calcium ions (Ca2+) makes its "Janus nature" strictly regulated by its concentration. Abnormal regulation of calcium signals may cause some diseases; however, artificial regulation of calcium homeostasis in local lesions may also play a therapeutic role. "Calcium overload," for example, is characterized by excessive enrichment of intracellular Ca2+, which irreversibly switches calcium signaling from "positive regulation" to "reverse destruction," leading to cell death. However, this undesirable death could be defined as "calcicoptosis" to offer a novel approach for cancer treatment. Indeed, Ca2+ is involved in various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic events, including calcium overload-induced calcium homeostasis disorder, calcium channels dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium-associated immunoregulation, cell/vascular/tumor calcification, and calcification-mediated CT imaging. In parallel, the development of multifunctional calcium-based nanomaterials (e.g., calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium peroxide, and hydroxyapatite) is becoming abundantly available. This review will highlight the latest insights of the calcium-based nanomaterials, explain their application, and provide novel perspective. Identifying and characterizing new patterns of calcium-dependent signaling and exploiting the disease element linkage offer additional translational opportunities for cancer theranostics.

Application of Self-Assembly Nanoparticles Based on DVDMS for Fenton-Like Ion Delivery and Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy.

Upon harnessing low-intensity ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) induces cancer cell death through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated pathway. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), SDT possesses numerous advantages, including deeper tissue penetration, higher accuracy, fewer side effects, and better patient compliance. Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS), a sonosensitizer approved by the FDA, has drawn abundant attention in clinical research, but there are some deficiencies. In order to further improve the efficiency of DVDMS, many studies have applied self-assembly nanotechnology to modify it. Furthermore, the combined applications of SDT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have become a research hotspot in tumor therapy. Therefore, we explored the self-assembly of nanoparticles based on DVDMS and copper to combine SDT and CDT. A cost-effective sonosensitizer was synthesized by dropping CuCl2 into the DVDMS solution with the assistance of PVP. The results revealed that the nanostructures could exert excellent treatment effects on tumor therapy and perform well for PET imaging, indicating the potential for cancer theranostics. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the nanoparticles have outstanding biocompatibility, higher ROS production efficiency, and antitumor efficacy. We believe this design can represent a simple approach to combining SDT and CDT with potential applications in clinical treatment and PET imaging.

Activatable Second Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes: A New Accurate Diagnosis Strategy for Diseases.

Recently, second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent imaging has been widely applied in biomedical diagnosis, due to its high spatiotemporal resolution and deep tissue penetration. In contrast to the "always on" NIR-II fluorescent probes, the activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes have specific targeting to biological tissues, showing a higher imaging signal-to-background ratio and a lower detection limit. Therefore, it is of great significance to utilize disease-associated endogenous stimuli (such as pH values, enzyme existence, hypoxia condition and so on) to activate the NIR-II probes and achieve switchable fluorescent signals for specific deep bioimaging. This review introduces recent strategies and mechanisms for activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes and their applications in biosensing and bioimaging. Moreover, the potential challenges and perspectives of activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes are also discussed.

Surface engineering of oncolytic adenovirus for a combination of immune checkpoint blockade and virotherapy.

Advances in the development of modern cancer immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the landscape of cancer treatment. However, most cancer patients are refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors because of low lymphocytic tumor infiltration and PD-L1 expression. Evidence suggests that viral oncolysis and immune checkpoint inhibitors have a synergistic effect that can improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we developed bioengineered cell membrane nanovesicles (PD1-BCMNs) with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to harbor oncolytic adenovirus (OA) and achieve a combination of immune checkpoint blockade and oncolytic virotherapy in one particle for cancer treatment. PD1-BCMNs could specifically deliver OA to tumor tissue; the infectivity and replication ability of the OA was preserved in the presence of neutralizing antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Selective oncolytic effects with oncolytic adenovirus led to an up-regulated expression of PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment, turning immunologically 'cold' tumors into immunologically 'hot' tumors, presenting more targets for further enhanced target delivery. Notably, PD1-BCMNs@OA could effectively activate tumor-infiltrating T cells and elicit a strong anti-tumor immune response. Thus, PD1-BCMNs@OA may provide a clinical basis for combining oncolytic virotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, enhancing the oncolytic adenovirus targeted delivery and significantly enhancing T cell immune responses, resulting in a stronger antitumor immunity response.

Multifunctional supramolecular self-assembly system for colorimetric detection of Hg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and continuous sensing of volatile acids and organic amine gases.

A novel multifunctional gelator (1) based on an azobenzene derivative was designed and characterized. This compound could gelate some solvents including hexane, petroleum ether, DMSO, acetonitrile and ethanol through a heating-cooling procedure. The self-assembly process in different solvents was studied by means of UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), rheological measurements, X-ray powder diffraction and water contact angle experiments. Interestingly, compound 1 had a high-contrast colorimetric detection ability towards Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and volatile acids and further organic amine gases in solution through its color change. At the same time, organogel 1 in acetonitrile also exhibited detection performance through a color or gel state change. In the response process, the self-assembly structures were changed from a nanofiber into a microsphere under induction by analytes. More significantly, film 1 could continuously detect volatile acids and organic amine gases. The number of cycles of film 1 for the detection of volatile acids and organic amine gases was at least seven times. The limit of detection (LOD) of film 1 towards TFA was calculated to be 0.0848 ppb. The sensing mechanisms were studied using 1HNMR, FESEM, UV-vis absorption spectra and HRMS. The intramolecular cyclization occurred on molecule 1 and a H2S molecule was lost during the detection process of Hg2+. It was proposed that the -N[double bond, length as m-dash]N- bonding could be coordinated by Fe3+ and Cu2+ and this further induced the absorption spectra and color change. For a volatile acid, it was possible that the volatile acid was combined with the N,N-dimethyl amine group of molecule 1. This research opens up a novel pathway to the fabrication of supramolecular self-assembly gels to detect polymetallic ions and trace volatile acids in the environment.

Chloroplast Translation Initiation Factors Regulate Leaf Variegation and Development.

Chloroplast development requires the coordinated expressions of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, and both anterograde and retrograde signals exist and work together to facilitate this coordination. We have utilized the Arabidopsis yellow variegated (var2) mutant as a tool to dissect the genetic regulatory network of chloroplast development. Here, we report the isolation of a new (to our knowledge) var2 genetic suppressor locus, SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION9 (SVR9). SVR9 encodes a chloroplast-localized prokaryotic type translation initiation factor 3 (IF3). svr9-1 mutant can be fully rescued by the Escherichia coli IF3 infC, suggesting that SVR9 functions as a bona fide IF3 in the chloroplast. Genetic and molecular evidence indicate that SVR9 and its close homolog SVR9-LIKE1 (SVR9L1) are functionally interchangeable and their combined activities are essential for chloroplast development and plant survival. Interestingly, we found that SVR9 and SVR9L1 are also involved in normal leaf development. Abnormalities in leaf anatomy, cotyledon venation patterns, and leaf margin development were identified in svr9-1 and mutants that are homozygous for svr9-1 and heterozygous for svr9l1-1 (svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+). Meanwhile, as indicated by the auxin response reporter DR5:GUS, auxin homeostasis was disturbed in svr9-1, svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+, and plants treated with inhibitors of chloroplast translation. Genetic analysis established that SVR9/SVR9L1-mediated leaf margin development is dependent on CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 activities and is independent of their roles in chloroplast development. Together, our findings provide direct evidence that chloroplast IF3s are essential for chloroplast development and can also regulate leaf development.

Early diet intervention to reduce the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis patients: post-Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) findings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication in patients who have received transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as treatment for cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to reduce the incidence of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy for these patients via positive diet intervention. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: As a control group, 99 cirrhosis patients who underwent TIPS treatment in our department between August 2011 and February 2013 were chosen. Among these, postoperative hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 28 cases. After analyzing the possible causes and incentives of hepatic encephalopathy by applying retrospective analysis, it was seen that hepatic encephalopathy was caused mostly by improper diet (85.7%). The experimental group was comprised of 83 cirrhosis patients who underwent TIPS treatment during the period from May 2013 to September 2014. In view of the influence of improper diet, appropriate intervention measures were taken, including developing a postoperative nursing routine, training nurses about nutrition and the protein content of kinds of various common foods, customizing low-protein meals, training nurses in communication skills to improve the education of patients and establishing family support systems. RESULTS: For the experimental group, hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 10 patients, for an incidence of 12.1%, which is significantly lower than the control group (28.3%). This is a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) in the occurrence of this complication. CONCLUSIONS: After TIPS, early positive dietary intervention can significantly improve the compliance of cirrhosis patients to consume a low-protein diet and reduce the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

The effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on sympathetic activity and apoptosis in experimentally induced congestive heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high thoracic epidural analgesia (HTEA) in congestive heart failure (CHF). DESIGN: Rat model of CHF. SETTING: Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-five rats. INTERVENTIONS: HTEA involved 5 times daily injections of 0.1% lidocaine at the T3-T4 level. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors examined myocardial norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin-1 (ET1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the start of HTEA. They also examined histologic changes in heart tissue and myocardial expression of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Sham rats were used as a control. In the time course, myocardial NE, Ang II, ET1, and TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the CHF group compared with the HTEA and sham groups (p< 0.05). Similarly, PARP and AIF protein expression levels were significantly higher in the CHF group compared with the HTEA and sham groups (p< 0.05). Microscopy revealed pronounced damage to myocardial cell structures in the CHF group; this damage clearly was reduced in the HTEA group. In addition, cardiac function evaluation indicated treatment with HTEA resulted in similar heart function as animals that did not have surgically induced CHF. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that HTEA induces changes in sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, endothelial, and inflammatory process activity involved in CHF.

[Influence of central obesity on clustering of other risk variables on metabolic syndrome among adults with normal body mass index].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of central obesity on clustering of other metabolic syndrome (MS) risk variables among adults with normal body mass index. METHODS: Through cluster multistage and random sampling methods, local people aged>35 years old with normal body mass index (BMI=18.5-24.9 kg/m2) in Lanxi country were selected. Overnight fasting blood specimens of these people were collected. Chi-square test, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: (1) 1821 residents were surveyed including 844 male and 977 female subjects. The overall prevalence of MS was 8.68% and the overall prevalence of central obesity was 15.87%. Both prevalence rates of the two diseases appeared to be lower in males than in females (MS: 3.32% vs. 13.31%; center obesity: 5.57% vs. 24.77%, all P<0.001). (2) The overall positive rate of clustering on other MS risk variable was 36.02%, with 34.12% in males and 37.67% in females. Comparing the subjects who did not have central obesity, those subjects wth central obesity had higher positive rate in other MS risk variables. (3) Data from analysis of covariance showed that the level of waist circumference appeared an upward trend along with the count of other MS risk variables (all P<0.001). (4) Data from multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that central obesity was a risk factor on clustering of other MS risk variables. CONCLUSION: Control the level of waist circumference among normal body mass index was an effective method in preventing metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults.

[A 50-year study on the epidemiology of hypertension in Heilongjiang Province of China].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiological characteristics of hypertension and its attributing factors in Heilongjiang province and establish a comprehensive basis for the prevention and control of hypertension in this region. METHODS: Using the stratified chunk method, a survey lasting 50 years was conducted on a sample of 299 677 (including 158 782 males and 140 895 females) patients, aged 15 and above, residing in both rural and urban areas of Heilongjiang province from 1958 to 2007. Both blood pressure measurement and analysis on attributing factors of hypertension were carried out in 1958, 1979, 1991, 1999 and 2007. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in Heilongjiang than in other provinces. It elevated annually, reaching a 3-fold increase in 50 years with an accelerating pace (17.06% to 25.69%) in the recent 8 years. Among the people examined, the prevalence of hypertension increased with aging. Furthermore, the prevalence of hypertension varied among different professions. Office workers had the highest prevalence (41.67%). Compared with; female population, male participants had a much higher prevalence before the age of 55 (P<0.0001). Body mass index, gender, hypertriglyceridemia, age, low-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and family history were identified as major risk factors for the development of hypertension in Heilongjiang province. However, the awareness (48.90%), treatment (25.33%) and control (4.32%) rates of hypertension in this region were relatively low. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study identified Heilongjiang province as a high-risk region for hypertension. It also suggests the necessity to plan and implement actions for the effective prevention and treatment of hypertension in this region.

[A cross-sectional study on impaired fasting glycaemia and diabetes mellitus in residents from Nangang district, Harbin city].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the detection rate of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related risk factors, the current situation on awareness, treatment and the rate of control on diabetes mellitus in residents living in Nangang district of Harbin city, Heilongjiang province. METHODS: A cross-sectional cluster sampling was carried out in residents aged over 35 years, living in Fendou community of Harbin city. RESULTS: Data from 3017 out of 3183 residents were analyzed. In men, women and overall residents, the detection rates of IFG were 5.38%, 2.44% and 3.75%, respectively. After standardization, the detection rates became 5.41%, 2.18% and 3.59%, respectively. The prevalence rates of DM were 12.40%, 8.46%, 10.21% and 11.80%, 8.20% and 9.77%, before and after standardization. Results showed statistical difference between age, sex and levels of fasting glycaemia. Data from single factor analysis revealed that smoking, BMI, hypertension and high triglyceride were risk factors on the levels of high fasting glycaemia. Results from multivariable stepwise analysis showed that sex, age, BMI, hypertension and high triglyceride were significant factors influencing the levels of high fasting glycaemia with the OR (95% CI) is 1.546 (1.250-1.912), 1.308 (1.171-1.461), 1.038 (1.010-1.066), 1.388 (1.106-1.741) and 1.700 (1.370-2.110), respectively. The rates on awareness, treatment and control in DM were 73.38%, 59.42% and 36.36% respectively. Among those who had knowledge on DM, the rates on treatment and on control were 80.97% and 61.20%. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the prevalence of DM was high in the communities and it is essential to further increase the awareness, treatment and control rates on DM.

[A cross-sectional study of impaired fasting glycaemia and diabetes mellitus in rural residents of Lanxi, Heilongjiang].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG), diabetes mellitus (DM) and correlated factors, as well as on the awareness, treatment and control rate of diabetes mellitus in rural residents of Lanxi, Heilongjiang. METHODS: Cross-sectional and cluster sampling method was carried out on 3480 residents over 35 years of age, in rural residents of Lanxi Pingshan, Heilongjiang province. RESULTS: To male, female and all, the detecting rate of IFG were 5.06%, 4.38% and 4.68% respectively, and the standardization rate of IFG became 4.71%, 4.24% and 4.47% respectively. The prevalence rates of DM were 7.85%, 6.57% and 7.15% but after standardization, they became 7.22%, 6.62% and 6.80% respectively. Results did not show statistical difference between sex and the level of fasting glycaemia (chi2 = 2.725, P = 0.256). The prevalence rates of IFG and DM increased with age and difference was seen between age and fasting glycaemia level (chi2 = 58.115, P= 0.000). Data from multivariable stepwise analysis showed that age, smoking, BMI and high triglyceride were the significant factors in fasting glycaemia level, and the ORs (95% CI) were 1.518 (1.360-1.694), 1.277 (1.134-1.439), 1.187 (1.014-1.391) and 1.754 (1.385-2.220) respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment and control rate in DM were 12.74%, 9.43% and 4.72% respectively while the treatment rate among those who knew the disease was 74.07%. CONCLUSION: Our result showed that the isolating rate of IFG and the prevalence rate DM were high in this region, but the awareness, treatment and control rate in DM were low. It is essential to strengthen health promotion program on diabetic knowledge and to elevate the primary and secondary prevention in the rural of Heilongjiang, so as to raise the rate of control.

[Intensive atorvastatin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of 40 mg daily atorvastatin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: A total of 1102 patients with AMI admitted to our hospital from 2003 to 2007 were assigned to atorvastatin 40 mg daily within 24 hours of hospitalization and continued till 3 months post discharge. Patients with LDL-C < 2.0 mmol/L or increased liver enzyme level (3 times higher than normal) at discharge received atorvastatin 20 mg daily. Lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, liver enzyme level were measured at admission, hospital discharge and 3 months after discharge. RESULTS: (1)The mean hospitalization duration was (10.17 +/- 1.83) days. LDL-C was continuously decreased [(3.24 +/- 1.04) mmol/L at admission, (2.27 +/- 2.00) mmol/L at discharge and (1.48 +/- 0.78) mmol/L at 3 months after discharge, all P < 0.05]. HDL-C decreased from (1.45 +/- 0.38) mmol/L to (1.20 +/- 0.30) mmol/L at hospital discharge, then increased to (1.65 +/- 1.79) mmol/L at 3 months after hospital discharge (all P < 0.05). TC and apoB were also significantly decreased from admission to discharge (all P < 0.05). (2) high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level significantly decreased from admission to hospital discharge and at 1 months after hospital discharge [(49.71 +/- 50.46) mg/L vs. (8.80 +/- 17.66) mg/L vs. (2.61 +/- 2.30) mg/L, all P < 0.05]. (3) Increased ALT > 120 U/L (3 times higher than normal) were found in 127(11.25%), AST > 120 U/L were found in 26(2.40%) patients at discharge. There were still 4 patients with increased ALT (> 120 U/L) at 1 months after discharge and all returned to normal at 3 months after discharge. CONCLUSION: Intensive atorvastatin therapy with a dose of 40 mg daily is safe and effective for patients with AMI.

[Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors of hypertension in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, rates of awareness, treatment, and control, and risk factors of hypertension among the residents in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. METHODS: 5523 residents, 2325 males and 3198 females, aged 15 and over, underwent questionnaire survey to understand their general conditions, history of present disease, awareness of disease, treatment, working condition, etc, and measurement of blood pressure (BP), height, body mass, and serum glucose and triglyceride. RESULTS: The no-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 31.30% in general (1674/5348), 38.52% in the males (829/2152), and 26.44% in the females (845/3196). The corresponding standardized prevalence rates of hypertension were 24.91%, 37.72%, and 20.75% respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were 57.41%, 32.74%, and 5.85% respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that employment condition, family history of hypertension, alcohol consumption, body mass index, level of triglyceride and serum glucose were risk factors of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is highly prevalent is highly prevalent and the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension are still rather low in Harbin.