Fatores de risco associados a hiperglicemia: estudantes de 11 a 16 anos em Paranavaí-Brasil e Cáceres-Espanha / Risk factors associated with hyperglycemia: students of 11 to 16 years in Paranavaí-Brasil and Cáceres-Spain

Resumo Introdução Metabolismo anormal da glicose precede o desenvolvimento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo Análise da hiperglicemia e fatores de risco associados em estudantes de Paranavaí-Brasil e Cáceres-Espanha. Método Estudo analítico em amostra de 804 estudantes de seis escolas em cada cidade. Analisados: sexo, idade, dependência administrativa da escola, estatura, massa, perímetro da cintura, IMC, relação cintura estatura, pressão arterial, comportamento sedentário, atividade física, colesterol, HDL e LDL, triglicerídeos e glicose. Resultados A prevalência foi alta para níveis de glicose em jejum (9,1% vs. 13,1%; p-valor = 0,216, espanhóis e brasileiros, respectivamente) e da maioria dos indicadores associados (p-valor < 0,05). Observou-se resultados favoráveis para as meninas espanholas (obesidade abdominal: 2,4% vs. 31,1%; comportamento sedentário: 5,3% vs. 43,4%; colesterol: 2,4% vs. 55,3%; triglicerídeos: 15,5% vs. 29,5%). Os meninos da Espanha levaram vantagem sobre os brasileiros (obesidade abdominal: 13,6% vs. 35,2%; pouco ativos: 23,5% vs. 39,0%; comportamento sedentário: 21,5% vs. 51,0%; colesterol: 3,7% vs. 41,0%), p < 0,05. Não houve associação da glicose com nenhum fator de risco. Conclusão Atenção deve ser dada aos jovens para evitar uma exposição precoce e prolongada a fatores de risco modificáveis que alteram os níveis de glicose.

Abstract Background Abnormal glucose metabolism precedes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective Analysis of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors was performed in students from Paranavaí-Brazil and Cáceres-Spain. Method Analytical study on a sample of 804 students selected in six schools in each city. Analyzed: sex, age, school administrative dependence, height, mass, waist circumference, BMI, waist height ratio, blood pressure, sedentary behavior, level of physical activity, cholesterol, HDL and LDL, triglycerides and glucose. Results Prevalence was high for elevated fasting glucose levels (9.1% vs. 13.1%; p-value = 0.216, in the Spanish and Brazilian groups) and most of the associated indicators (p-value ≤ 0.05). Favorable results were observed for Spanish girls (abdominal obesity: 2.4% vs. 31.1%; sedentary behavior: 5.3% vs. 43.4%; cholesterol: 2.4% vs. 55.3% triglycerides: 15.5% vs. 29.5%). Boys from Spain had an advantage over Brazilians (abdominal obesity: 13.6% vs. 35.2%; activity level: 23.5% vs. 39.0%; sedentary behavior: 21.5% vs. 51.0%; cholesterol: 3.7% vs. 41.0%), p ≤ 0.05. There was no association of glucose with any risk factor. Conclusion Special attention should be given to youths to prevent early and prolonged exposure to modifiable risk factors that may alter glucose levels.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em estudantes de 11 a 16 anos em Paranavaí (Brasil) e Cáceres (España) / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de 11 a 16 años en Paranavaí (Brasil) y Cáceres (España) / Cardiovascular risk factors in students from 11 to 16 years in Paranavaí (Brazil) and Cáceres (Spain)

OBJETIVO: Objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em estudantes de Paranavaí (Brasil) e Cáceres (Espanha), dos 11 aos 16 anos de idade. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 402 estudantes. Analisados: sexo, idade, dependência administrativa da escola, estatura, massa, perímetro da cintura, IMC, relação cintura estatura, pressão arterial, comportamento sedentário, nível de atividade física, colesterol, HDL e LDL, triglicerídeos e glicose em jejum. Realizaram-se testes de Qui-quadrado, Odds ratio, Spearman e Regressão de Poisson, com p-valor = 0.05, intervalo de confiança de 95 %. RESULTADOS: Os estudantes espanhóis eram maioria de 14 a 16 anos e de escolas públicas, enquanto os brasileiros eram maioria de 11 a 13 anos e de escolas privadas. Todos apresentaram prevalência elevada de obesidade geral, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos (G-ESP: 20.2% e 29.6 %; G-BRA: 25.0% e 22.9%, para meninas e meninos). A presença de obesidade abdominal foi maior entre brasileiros (G-ESP: 2.4 % e 13.6 %; G-BRA: 31.1 % e 35.2 %, respectivamente para meninas e meninos). Relevante foi o número de estudantes considerados insuficientemente ativos em ambos os grupos (G-ESP: 36.9 % e 23.5 %; G-BRA: 43.2 % e 39.0 %, para meninas e meninos). Comportamento sedentário foi observado entre as meninas brasileiras (43.4%) e entre os meninos dos dois grupos (G-ESP: 21.5 %; G-BRA: 51.0 %). Foi encontrado alto índice de estudantes com níveis inadequados de triglicerídeos (G-ESP: 15.5 % e 16.0 %; G-BRA: 29.5% e 19.0 %, para meninas e meninos) e HDL (G-ESP: 7.1 % e 6.2 %; G-BRA: 5.3% e 15.2 %, para meninas e meninos). Após análise bruta e ajustada meninas e meninos brasileiros com idade entre 11 e 13 anos (RP=2.091; IC95%: 1.132-3.862) apresentaram maior probabilidade de hipertrigliceridemia. CONCLUSÕES: A presente investigação torna perceptível a necessidade de se intervir nos grupos mais vulneráveis, considerando-se a presença de fatores de risco modificáveis, em contextos diferenciados, sugere que programas objetivando a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e obesidade devem começar precocemente, por exemplo, com atividade física regular e dieta saudável

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares en estudiantes de Paranavaí (Brasil) y Cáceres (España), de 11 a 16 años. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal con 402 alumnos. Análisis: sexo, edad, dependencia administrativa escolar, altura, masa, circunferencia de la cintura, IMC, altura de la cintura, presión arterial, comportamiento sedentario, nivel de actividad física, colesterol, HDL y LDL, triglicéridos y glucosa en ayunas. Se realizaron pruebas de regresión de Qui-cuadrado, Odds ratio, Spearman y Poisson, con valor de p = 0.05, intervalo de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: Los estudiantes españoles eran en su mayoría de 14 a 16 años y de escuelas públicas, mientras que los brasileños tenían en su mayoría de 11 a 13 años y de escuelas privadas. Todos tenían una alta prevalencia de obesidad general, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos (G-ESP: 20.2% y 29.6%; G-BRA: 25.0% y 22.9%, para niñas y niños). La presencia de obesidad abdominal fue mayor entre los brasileños (G-ESP: 2.4% y 13.6%; G-BRA: 31.1% y 35.2%, respectivamente para niñas y niños). Relevante fue el número de estudiantes considerados insuficientemente activos en ambos grupos (G-ESP: 36.9% y 23.5%; G-BRA: 43.2% y 39.0%, para niñas y niños). Se observó un comportamiento sedentario entre las niñas brasileñas (43.4%) y entre los niños en ambos grupos (G-ESP: 21.5%; G-BRA: 51.0%). Un alto índice de estudiantes con niveles inadecuados de triglicéridos (G-ESP: 15.5% y 16.0%; G-BRA: 29.5% y 19.0%, para niñas y niños) y HDL (G- ESP: 7.1% y 6.2%; G-BRA: 5.3% y 15.2%, para niñas y niños). Después de un análisis crudo y ajustado, las niñas y niños brasileños de 11 a 13 años (PR = 2.091; IC 95%: 1.132-3.862) tenían más probabilidades de tener hipertrigliceridemia. CONCLUSIONES: La presente investigación hace notar la necesidad de intervenir en los grupos más vulnerables, considerando la presencia de factores de riesgo modificables, en diferentes contextos, sugiere que los programas destinados a prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares y obesidad deberían comenzar temprano, por ejemplo, con actividad física regular y dieta saludable

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in students from Paranavaí (Brazil) and Cáceres (Spain), from 11 to 16 years old. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 402 students. Analyzed: sex, age, school administrative dependence, height, mass, waist circumference, BMI, waist-height ratio, blood pressure, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, cholesterol, HDL and LDL, triglycerides and fasting glucose. Qui-square, Odds ratio, Spearman and Poisson regression tests were performed, with p-value = 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Spanish students were in the majority from 14 to 16 years old and from public schools, while Brazilians were in the majority from 11 to 13 years old and from private schools. All had a high prevalence of general obesity, with no statistical difference between the groups (G-SPA: 20.2% and 29.6%; G-BRA: 25.0% and 22.9%, for girls and boys). The abdominal obesity presence was higher among Brazilians (G-SPA: 2.4% and 13.6%; G-BRA: 31.1% and 35.2%, respectively for girls and boys). The number of students considered insufficiently active in both groups (G-SPA: 36.9% and 23.5%; G-BRA: 43.2% and 39.0%, for girls and boys) was relevant. Sedentary behavior was observed among Brazilian girls (43.4%) and among boys in both groups (G-ESP: 21.5%; G-BRA: 51.0%). A high index of students with inadequate triglycerides levels (G-SPA: 15.5% and 16.0%; G-BRA: 29.5% and 19.0%, for girls and boys) and HDL (G- SPA: 7.1% and 6.2%; G-BRA: 5.3% and 15.2%, for girls and boys). After crude and adjusted analysis, Brazilian girls and boys aged 11 to 13 years (PR = 2.091; 95% CI: 1.132-3.862) were more likely to experience hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation makes noticeable the need to intervene in the most vulnerable groups, considering the presence of modifiable risk factors, in different contexts, suggests that programs aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases and obesity should start early, for example, with regular physical activity and healthy diet

Sleep Hours: Risk behavior in adolescents from different countries.

The aim of this study was to verify sleep hours and associated factors among Brazilian and Spanish students. A cross-sectional study with students aged 11 to 16 years-old was carried out in Paranavaí, Brasil (n = 264) and Cáceres, Spain (n = 233) between 2013 and 2015. Sleeping hours were verified regarding time in minutes, sleep in weekdays, weekends and after lunch/Siesta. All data were checked for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test (X2) and Odds Ratio estimates were used (p < 0.05). High prevalence in both groups of sleeping 8 hours or more a night at the weekend. The prevalence of sleeping on weekdays, > 8 hours, 6 to 8 hours and < 6 hours among Spanish and Brazilian students, respectively. Nearly a quarter of each group responded that makes the siesta. Spanish students had 3 times higher chance to sleep < 8 hours a night in weekdays, among students from 14 to 16 years old and among the underactive. At the weekends the chance of sleeping < 8 hours is 2 times greater among the Spanish students. Simple guidelines could help so that sleep habits do not affect school development, such as practicing physical activity regularly, sleeping at least 8 hours a night, avoid excessive access to technology at night.

Sleep Hours: Risk behavior in adolescents from different countries / Horas de sono: comportamento de risco em adolescentes de diferentes países

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify sleep hours and associated factors among Brazilian and Spanish students. A cross-sectional study with students aged 11 to 16 years-old was carried out in Paranavaí, Brasil (n = 264) and Cáceres, Spain (n = 233) between 2013 and 2015. Sleeping hours were verified regarding time in minutes, sleep in weekdays, weekends and after lunch/Siesta. All data were checked for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test (X2) and Odds Ratio estimates were used (p < 0.05). High prevalence in both groups of sleeping 8 hours or more a night at the weekend. The prevalence of sleeping on weekdays, > 8 hours, 6 to 8 hours and < 6 hours among Spanish and Brazilian students, respectively. Nearly a quarter of each group responded that makes the siesta. Spanish students had 3 times higher chance to sleep < 8 hours a night in weekdays, among students from 14 to 16 years old and among the underactive. At the weekends the chance of sleeping < 8 hours is 2 times greater among the Spanish students. Simple guidelines could help so that sleep habits do not affect school development, such as practicing physical activity regularly, sleeping at least 8 hours a night, avoid excessive access to technology at night.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as horas de sono e fatores associados em estudantes brasileiros e espanhóis. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com estudantes de 11 a 16 anos de idade em Paranavaí, Brasil (n = 264) e Cáceres, Espanha (n = 233) entre 2013 e 2015. As horas de sono foram verificadas em relação ao tempo em minutos, dias da semana, fins de semana e Siesta. Todos os dados foram verificados quanto à normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os testes de Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado (X2) e a estimativa do Odds Ratio foram utilizados (p < 0,05). Entre os espanhóis e os brasileiros, as prevalências de dormir em dias de semana foram > 8 horas, 6 a 8 horas e < 6 horas, respectivamente. Quase um quarto em cada grupo respondeu fazer a Siesta. Os espanhóis apresentaram 3 vezes mais chance de dormir menos de 8 horas por noite durante a semana, entre os de 14 a 16 anos e pouco ativos. Aos finais de semana, a chance de dormir menos de 8 horas foi duas vezes maior entre os espanhóis. Orientações simples podem ajudar, para que os hábitos de sono não afetem o desenvolvimento escolar, como praticar atividade física regularmente, dormir pelo menos 8 horas por noite, evitar o acesso excessivo de tecnologia durante a noite.

Effects of Exergames on Brain Dynamics in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Exergames are non-immersive versions of virtual reality that involve physical exercise and have shown several benefits on physical fitness and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia. However, the effects on brain dynamics are still unknown. AIM: the aim was to evaluate the effects of a 24-week exergame intervention on resting brain dynamics in women with fibromyalgia in a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Fifty-six women with fibromyalgia were assessed for eligibility; 55 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The exercise group completed a 24-week exergame-based intervention that focused on mobility, postural control, upper and lower limb coordination, aerobic fitness, and strength. This group received two 60-min sessions per week. We measured electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from 19 channels. Participants were also divided into two subgroups according to the duration of their symptoms. The intervention was more effective in the group with a shorter duration of symptoms, showing between-group differences in F8, T5 and T4. CONCLUSION: Exergames may lead to changes in brain dynamics that could be related to increased cerebral blood flow.

Electroencephalographic response of chess players in decision-making processes under time pressure.

The game of chess offers an enabling environment for the study of basic cognitive decision making processes where different types of memories are involved. The aim of the present study was to describe and compare the brain electrical activity pattern of chess players in two different situations under time pressure to make the move: rapid, 15 min, plus 10 s additional time per move and lightning, a one-minute game. Thus, lightning game offers an appropriate environment to isolate memory chunks and rapid game will offer the perspective of a working memory task. Encephalogram (EEG) recordings were obtained while a total of 14 male chess players (age: 35.36 ±â€¯13.77 and ELO: 1921.07 ±â€¯170.67) played lightning and rapid chess games. Results indicate that different activity patterns between the rapid and the lightning games were found. Increments in theta power during lightning game in posterior regions could indicate that theta power might be related with chunks retrieval. Moreover, right hemisphere is more activated in chess games, probably caused by visuospatial processing. These brain patterns characterizations could be useful for chess training or clinicians in the field of neuroscience.

Physical Exercise Improves Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of the present systematic review is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the research on the effects of exercise programs on heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An electronic search of the literature (PubMed, PEDro and Web of Science) was performed. "HRV", "heart rate variability", "exercise", "physical" and "diabetes" were the terms used for article retrieval. Lastly, 15 articles were selected. PRISMA methodology was employed and data were extracted according to the PICOS approach. RECENT FINDINGS: Although HRV is not routinely measured in the management of T2DM, it is an important measure due to its relation with mortality and diabetic neuropathy. Physical exercise has become a therapy for T2DM, because it improves physical fitness and functional capacity, enhances metabolic control and insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammatory markers and neuropathy symptoms and can increase the regenerative capacity of cutaneous axons, slowing or preventing neuropathy progression. However, it is not clear to what extent physical exercise can improve HRV in this population. Participation in the 15 selected studies was similar in men and women (48.01% men and 51.99% women). All the intervention programs included aerobic training, and it was complemented by strength training in four studies. Duration of physical exercise sessions ranged between 30 and 75 min, the frequency being between 2 and 7 days/week. Statistically significant improvements in groups with diabetes, relative to baseline, were observed in nine studies. More than 3 days per week of aerobic training, complemented by strength training, during at least 3 months seems to improve HRV in T2DM. Weekly frequency might be the most important factor to improve HRV. These aspects could help to design better programs based in scientific evidence, incorporating HRV as an important variable associated with diabetic neuropathy and mortality.

The Relationship Between Maximum Isometric Strength and Ball Velocity in the Tennis Serve.

The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between maximum isometric strength levels in different upper and lower limb joints and serve velocity in competitive tennis players as well as to develop a prediction model based on this information. Twelve male competitive tennis players (mean ± SD; age: 17.2 ± 1.0 years; body height: 180.1 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 71.9 ± 5.6 kg) were tested using maximum isometric strength levels (i.e., wrist, elbow and shoulder flexion and extension; leg and back extension; shoulder external and internal rotation). Serve velocity was measured using a radar gun. Results showed a strong positive relationship between serve velocity and shoulder internal rotation (r = 0.67; p < 0.05). Low to moderate correlations were also found between serve velocity and wrist, elbow and shoulder flexion - extension, leg and back extension and shoulder external rotation (r = 0.36 - 0.53; p = 0.377 - 0.054). Bivariate and multivariate models for predicting serve velocity were developed, with shoulder flexion and internal rotation explaining 55% of the variance in serve velocity (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). The maximum isometric strength level in shoulder internal rotation was strongly related to serve velocity, and a large part of the variability in serve velocity was explained by the maximum isometric strength levels in shoulder internal rotation and shoulder flexion.

Análise do rendimento no primeiro serviço em tenistas de competição sob o efeito de um escoamento aerodinâmico induzido / Análisis del rendimiento del primer servicio en tenistas de competición bajo la influencia de flujo aerodinámico inducido / Analysis of the performance in the first serve in competitive tennis players under the effect of the induced aerodynamic flow

O presente estudo analisou as variáveis de produto no serviço de tênis em 12 jogadores experientes, quando constrangidos com um escoamento aerodinâmico induzido (EAI) produzido por um ventilador industrial. Para o cálculo da exatidão do serviço, recorreu-se a uma análise 2D. A velocidade de saída da bola foi medida através de um radar. Os jogadores realizaram 100 serviços à máxima velocidade e para o ponto de interseção da linha central e linha de serviço. Os resultados não evidenciam diferenças estatisticamente significativas na exatidão e precisão entre a condição de controlo e as quatro condições com EAI. Na variável velocidade de serviço verificaram-se diferenças significativas em seis participantes. Na relação entre a velocidade e a exatidão constatou-se a existência de correlações negativas e estatisticamente significativas, nas condições EAI1; EAI3 e EAI aleatório. Os jogadores apresentaram uma menor exatidão e precisão em profundidade e maior na direção do serviço.

This study analysed the product variables on the tennis serve of 12 experienced players, when constrained by an induced streamlined flow (EAI), delivered by an industrial ventilator. In order to obtain the serve accuracy, we use 2D analysis. Moreover, the ball's speed was measured by radar. The players performed 100 services at maximum speed and to the intersection point between the central and the service lines. The results showed no statistically significant changes in accuracy and precision between the control condition and the four EAI conditions. The results also showed prominent statistical changes in the serve speed for 6 among the 12 players. Concerning to the relation between the serve's speed and the accuracy, the results showed the existence of negative significant correlations for the speeds EA1, EAI3 and for random EAI. Lastly, the players' attempts had narrower accuracy and precision in the depth than in the serve direction.

Este estudio analizó las variables del producto en el servicio de tenis en 12 jugadores expertos, cuando se les aplica un flujo aerodinámico inducido (EAI) mediante un ventilador industrial. Se calculó la precisión del servicio aplicando un análisis 2D. La velocidad de salida de la bola fue medida con un radar. Los sujetos realizaron 100 servicios a máxima velocidad hacia la línea de intersección entre la línea central y de servicio. Los resultados no muestran diferencias significativas en la exactitud y precisión entre la condición de control y las cuatro condiciones con EAI. En la variable de velocidad del servicio se encontraron diferencias significativas en 6 participantes. Se hallaron correlaciones negativas y significativas entre la velocidad y la precisión entre las condiciones EAI1; EAI3 y EAI aleatorio. Los jugadores presentaron una menor exactitud y precisión en profundidad y mayor en la dirección del servicio.