PD-L1ATTAC mice reveal the potential of depleting PD-L1 expressing cells in cancer therapy.

Antibodies targeting the PD-1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1 have shown impressive responses in some tumors of bad prognosis. We hypothesized that, since immunosuppressive cells might present several immune checkpoints on their surface, the selective elimination of PD-L1 expressing cells could be efficacious in enabling the activation of antitumoral immune responses. To address this question, we developed an inducible suicidal knock-in mouse allele of Pd-l1 (PD-L1ATTAC) which allows for the tracking and specific elimination of PD-L1-expressing cells in adult tissues. Consistent with our hypothesis, elimination of PD-L1 expressing cells from the mouse peritoneum increased the septic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), due to an exacerbated inflammatory response to the endotoxin. In addition, mice depleted of PD-L1+ cells were resistant to colon cancer peritoneal allografts, which was associated with a loss of immunosuppressive B cells and macrophages, concomitant with an increase in activated cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results illustrate the usefulness of PD-L1ATTAC mice for research in immunotherapy and provide genetic support to the concept of targeting PD-L1 expressing cells in cancer.

Activation of the integrated stress response is a vulnerability for multidrug-resistant FBXW7-deficient cells.

FBXW7 is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressors, deficiency of which has been associated with resistance to some anticancer therapies. Through bioinformatics and genome-wide CRISPR screens, we here reveal that FBXW7 deficiency leads to multidrug resistance (MDR). Proteomic analyses found an upregulation of mitochondrial factors as a hallmark of FBXW7 deficiency, which has been previously linked to chemotherapy resistance. Despite this increased expression of mitochondrial factors, functional analyses revealed that mitochondria are under stress, and genetic or chemical targeting of mitochondria is preferentially toxic for FBXW7-deficient cells. Mechanistically, the toxicity of therapies targeting mitochondrial translation such as the antibiotic tigecycline relates to the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) in a GCN2 kinase-dependent manner. Furthermore, the discovery of additional drugs that are toxic for FBXW7-deficient cells showed that all of them unexpectedly activate a GCN2-dependent ISR regardless of their accepted mechanism of action. Our study reveals that while one of the most frequent mutations in cancer reduces the sensitivity to the vast majority of available therapies, it renders cells vulnerable to ISR-activating drugs.

53BP1 cooperation with the REV7-shieldin complex underpins DNA structure-specific NHEJ.

53BP1 governs a specialized, context-specific branch of the classical non-homologous end joining DNA double-strand break repair pathway. Mice lacking 53bp1 (also known as Trp53bp1) are immunodeficient owing to a complete loss of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination1,2, and reduced fidelity of long-range V(D)J recombination3. The 53BP1-dependent pathway is also responsible for pathological joining events at dysfunctional telomeres4, and its unrestricted activity in Brca1-deficient cellular and tumour models causes genomic instability and oncogenesis5-7. Cells that lack core non-homologous end joining proteins are profoundly radiosensitive8, unlike 53BP1-deficient cells9,10, which suggests that 53BP1 and its co-factors act on specific DNA substrates. Here we show that 53BP1 cooperates with its downstream effector protein REV7 to promote non-homologous end joining during class-switch recombination, but REV7 is not required for 53BP1-dependent V(D)J recombination. We identify shieldin-a four-subunit putative single-stranded DNA-binding complex comprising REV7, c20orf196 (SHLD1), FAM35A (SHLD2) and FLJ26957 (SHLD3)-as the factor that explains this specificity. Shieldin is essential for REV7-dependent DNA end-protection and non-homologous end joining during class-switch recombination, and supports toxic non-homologous end joining in Brca1-deficient cells, yet is dispensable for REV7-dependent interstrand cross-link repair. The 53BP1 pathway therefore comprises distinct double-strand break repair activities within chromatin and single-stranded DNA compartments, which explains both the immunological differences between 53bp1- and Rev7- deficient mice and the context specificity of the pathway.