Pain Neuroscience Education in elective surgery patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) consists of an educational strategy that seeks to understand the biological processes of pain and how to control it. The main objective of this study will be to evaluate the impact of PNE on outcomes related to the postoperative period. The hypothesis is that the intervention may positively influence postoperative recovery, contributing to pain control, clinical indications, acceptance and consumption of analgesics and other pharmacological drugs that contribute to its control, as well as psychological aspects, such as anxiety, depression and pain catastrophising. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This will be an open, parallel, multicentre and randomised controlled clinical trial. A total of 100 participants aged between 18 and 59 years of age, of both genders, who are going to have elective general surgery will be evaluated. The intervention group will participate in a preoperative pain neuroscience educational session and also receive usual preoperative care, while the control group receives usual preoperative care as well. The educational session will last 30 min and consists of a video (5:20 min), a questionnaire about the content, time for participants to express their beliefs, thoughts and doubts. Participants will be evaluated preoperatively and there will be one postintervention evaluation. The intensity and characteristics of pain and anxiety are evaluated as primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes, pain catastrophising and depression are taken into account. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Ceilandia, the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Strategic Health Management of the Federal District and the Research Council of the Hospital of Brasília-Rede Dasa (CAAE: 28572420.3.0000.8093). Recruitment began in June of 2023. All participants were included in the study only after their written consent. All data obtained will be analysed and distributed through publication in journals and at scientific events. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) (RBR-23mr7yy).

Sérgio Ferreira beyond Pharmacology: His Role as a Science Communicator.

Historically, toxins from animal venoms have contributed significantly to the discovery of new drugs, as illustrated by captopril, the first drug developed from an animal toxin approved for human use [...].

Aromatherapy with oil of Lavandula angustifolia for pain in women: scoping review / Aromaterapia com óleo essencial de Lavandula angustifolia para dor em mulheres: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aromatherapy with lavender essential oil has been used to reduce pain, anxiety, nausea and vomiting, among others. As the painful experience is unique, responses to therapeutic approaches may vary among individuals and there are specific conditions related to women's health that deserve to be examined. The objective of this study was to analyze the uses of aromatherapy with essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), by nurses, for pain control in women. CONTENTS: This is a scoping literature review. The search was carried out in the following portals and/or databases: BVS, Pubmed, Cochrane, on June 3, 2022, and was updated on June 9, 2023. The sample consisted of four controlled clinical trials addressing aromatherapy with lavender essential oil in the "inhalation" and "massage" modalities, to treat acute labor pain and dysmenorrhea. In all studies, the intervention provided a reduction in pain without unwanted effects (p<0.05) and the nurse participated as a member of the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSION: Aromatherapy with lavender essential oil during labor and dysmenorrhea proved to be effective in reducing pain in the analyzed sample.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda tem sido utilizada para redução de dor, ansiedade, náuseas e vômitos, dentre outros. Assim como a experiência dolorosa é única, as respostas às abordagens terapêuticas podem variar entre os indivíduos e há condições específicas relacionadas à saúde da mulher que merecem ser examinadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os usos da aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda (Lavandula angustifolia), por enfermeiros, no controle da dor em mulheres. CONTEÚDO: Esta é uma revisão de escopo da literatura. A busca foi realizada nos seguintes portais e/ou bases de dados: BVS, Pubmed, Cochrane, em 03 junho de 2022, sendo atualizada em 09 de junho de 2023. A amostra foi composta de quatro ensaios clínicos controlados abordando aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda nas modalidades "inalação" e "massagem", para tratar dor aguda do parto e da dismenorreia. Em todos os estudos a intervenção proporcionou redução na dor sem efeitos adversos (p<0,05) e o enfermeiro participou como integrante da equipe multidisciplinar. CONCLUSÃO: A aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda no trabalho de parto e dismenorreia mostrou-se eficaz para a redução da dor na amostra analisada.

Dor crônica relacionadaa ansiedade e depressão de pacientes com diabetes mellitus / Chronic pain related toanxiety and depression of patients with diabetes mellitus / Dolor crónico relacionado conansiedad y depresión enpacientes con diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: Relacionar a dor crônica a depressão e ansiedade de pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus. Método: Estudo transversal, amostra n=50, avaliou a dor crônica pela escala numérica de dor, identificou o Diagnóstico de Enfermagem Dor crônica da Taxonomia da NANDA,e Ansiedade e Depressão foi avaliada pela Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão). Resultados:A prevalência de ansiedade foi de 36,0% e 32,0% dedepressão, acometeu mulheres entre 60 e 69 anos. A relação entre intensidade de dor foi moderada, em ambos que tinham ansiedade ou depressão. Identificou as características definidoras do Diagnósticos de Enfermagem Dor Crônica: Alteração da capacidade em continuar atividades prévias, 61,1% tinham ansiedade e 56,3% apresentaram depressão; Alteração no padrão de sono, 72,2% com ansiedade e 56,3% com depressão; Autorrelato usando escala padronizada de dor, 98,0% tinham ansiedade e depressão respectivamente. Os Fatores Relacionados do Diagnósticos de Enfermagem 88,9% com Aumento de IMC tinham ansiedade e 93,8% com depressão; Alteração no padrão de sono 72,2% com ansiedade e 56,3% depressão; 92% com Idade ≥50 anos 93,8% com ansiedade e 88,9% com depressão. Conclusão:As mulheres tinham dor crônica de intensidade moderada e foi relacionado a ansiedade e a depressão.

Method:Cross-sectional study, sample n=50, assessed chronic pain using the numerical pain scale, identified the Nursing Diagnoses Chronic pain from the NANDA Taxonomy, Anxiety and Depression was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results:The prevalence of anxiety was 36.0% and 32.0% of depression, affecting women between 60 and 69 years old. The relationship between pain intensity was moderate, in both those who had anxiety or depression. Identified the defining characteristics of the Chronic Pain Nursing Diagnosis: Change in the ability to continue previous activities, 61.1% had anxiety and 56.3% had depression; Change in sleep pattern, 72.2% with anxiety and 56.3% with depression; Self-reported using a standardized pain scale, 98.0% had anxiety and depression respectively. Related Factors of Nursing Diagnoses 88.9% with increased BMI had anxiety and 93.8% with depression; Change in sleep pattern 72.2% with anxiety and 56.3% depression; 92% aged ≥50 years, 93.8% with anxiety and 88.9% with depression. Conclusion: Women had chronic pain of moderate intensity and it was related to anxiety and depression.

Objetivo: Relacionar el dolor crónica con la depresión y la ansiedad de pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus. Método:Estudio transversal, muestra n=50, se evaluó el dolor crónico mediante la escala numérica de dolor, se identificaron los Diagnósticos de Enfermería El dolor crónico de la Taxonomía NANDA, la Ansiedad y Depresión se evaluó mediante la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión. Resultados:La prevalencia de ansiedad fue de 36,0% y de depresión de 32,0%, afectando a mujeres entre 60 y 69 años. La relación entre la intensidad del dolor fue moderada, tanto en los que presentaban ansiedad como en los que presentaban depresión. Se identificaron las características definitorias del Diagnóstico de Enfermería del Dolor Crónico: Cambio en la capacidad de continuar actividades anteriores, el 61,1% presentó ansiedad y el 56,3% presentó depresión; Cambio en el patrón de sueño, 72,2% con ansiedad y 56,3% con depresión; Autoinformados mediante una escala de dolor estandarizada, el 98,0% tenía ansiedad y depresión respectivamente. Factores Relacionados con el Diagnóstico de Enfermería el 88,9% con IMC elevado presentó ansiedad y el 93,8% depresión; Cambio en el patrón de sueño 72,2% con ansiedad y 56,3% depresión; 92% con edad ≥50 años, 93,8% con ansiedad y 88,9% con depresión. Conclusión:Las mujeres presentaron dolor crónico de intensidad moderada y se relacionó con ansiedad y depresión.

Euphorbia tirucalli latex loaded polymer nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro release and in vivo antinociceptive action.

The encapsulation of drugs in micro and nanocarriers has helped to resolve mechanisms of cellular resistance and decrease drug side effects as well. In this study, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was used to encapsulate the Euphol active substance-containing latex from Euphorbia tirucalli (E-latex). The nanoparticles (NP) were prepared using the solvent evaporation method and the physical and chemical properties were evaluated using spectrophotometric techniques. FTIR was used to prove the formation of the ester bond between the E-latex and PLGA-NP. The UV-Vis spectroscopic technique was used to show that more than 75% of the latex was encapsulated; the same technique was used to determine the release profile of the compound at different pH values, as well as determining the speed with which the process occurs through kinetic models, and it was observed that the best adjustments occurred for the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the Higuchi model. The DLS technique was used to determine the diameter of the particles produced as well as their zeta potential (ZP). The sizes of the particles varied from 497 to 764 nm, and it was observed that the increase in E-latex concentration causes a reduction in the diameter of the NP and an increase in the ZP (-1.44 to -22.7 mV), due to more functional groups from latex film being adsorbed to the NPs surfaces. The thermogravimetric experiments exhibit the glass transition temperatures (Tg) that is appropriate for the use of formulated NPs as a stable drug delivery device before use. The in vivo activity of E-NPs (30 and 100 mg/Kg/p.o.) was tested against carrageenan-induced mechanical hypernociception. The data demonstrated a significantly antinociceptive effect for E-NPs, suggesting that E-latex nanoencapsulation preserved its desired properties.

Análise das variáveis perioperatórias e sua relação com as complicações em Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica / Analysis of perioperative variables and their relationship with complications in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit / Análisis de variables perioperatorias y su relación con complicaciones en la Unidad de Cuidados Postanestésicos

Objetivo: analisar as frequências das complicações em Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica (SRPA) por especialidades cirúrgicas e sua associação com variáveis pré, intra e pós-operatórias imediatas. Método: estudo transversal, com 98 pacientes. Utilizaram-se dados perioperatórios, coletados por meio de entrevista, exame físico e prontuário eletrônico; e análises descritivas, bivariadas e regressão logística. Resultados: hipotermia foi mais frequente nas cirurgias geral e ginecológica em mulheres, sendo associada às anestesias geral ou raquidiana e ao posicionamento litotômico (p<0,05). Náuseas em cirurgias gerais e ginecológicas (p=0,05), e vômitos nas gerais (p=0,01). Dor nas cirurgias gerais, associada à anestesia geral e à prescrição de analgésicos no intraoperatório (p<0,05). Cirurgia geral aumenta 3,5 vezes as chances de dor em SRPA (p=0,01). Conclusão: encontrou-se maior frequência de hipotermia, dor e náuseas/vômitos, associadas às especialidades ginecológica e geral, ao sexo feminino, posicionamento cirúrgico litotômico, à prescrição de analgésicos no intraoperatório e às anestesias raquidiana e geral.

Objective: to analyze the frequencies of complications in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) by surgical specialties and their association with pre-, intra- and immediate postoperative variables. Method: cross-sectional study with 98 patients. Perioperative data were used, collected through interviews, physical examination and electronic medical records; and descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Results: hypothermia was more frequent in general and gynecological surgeries in women, being associated with general or spinal anesthesia and lithotomy positioning (p<0.05); nausea in general and gynecological surgeries (p=0.05), and vomiting in general (p=0.01); pain in general surgeries, associated with general anesthesia and intraoperative prescription of analgesics (p<0.05). General surgery increased the chances of pain in the PACU by 3.5 times (p=0.01). Conclusion: there was a higher frequency of hypothermia, pain and nausea/vomiting associated with gynecological and general specialties, female sex, lithotomy surgical position, intraoperative analgesic prescription and spinal and general anesthesia.

Objetivo: analizar las frecuencias de las complicaciones en la Unidad de Cuidados Post Anestésicos (UCPA) por especialidades quirúrgicas y su asociación con variables pre, intra y postoperatorias inmediatas. Método: estudio transversal con 98 pacientes. Se utilizaron datos perioperatorios, recolectados a través de entrevistas, examen físico y prontuario electrónico; y análisis de regresión descriptiva, bivariada y logística. Resultados: la hipotermia fue más frecuente en cirugías generales y ginecológicas en mujeres, asociándose a anestesia general o espinal y posicionamiento litotómico (p<0.05). Náuseas en general y cirugías ginecológicas (p=0.05), y vómitos en general (p=0.01). Dolor en cirugías generales, asociado a anestesia general y prescripción intraoperatoria de analgésicos (p<0.05). La cirugía general aumenta las posibilidades de dolor en la UCPA 3.5 veces (p=0.01). Conclusión: hubo mayor frecuencia de hipotermia, dolor y náuseas/vómitos, asociados a especialidades ginecológicas y generales, sexo femenino, posicionamiento quirúrgico litotómico, prescripción analgésica intraoperatoria y anestesia raquídea y general.

Feridas de diabéticos tratados com LED e látex e o risco de glicemia instável / Diabetic wounds treated with LED and latex and the risk of unstable glycemia / Heridas diabéticas tratadas con LED y látex y el riesgo de glucemia inestable

Objetivo: caracterizar o Risco de Glicemia Instável de pacientes com feridas de membros inferiores em uso látex associado ao LED. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com amostra n=15. Divididos em três grupos Grupo 1 curativo com látex e LED; Grupo 2 carvão ativado; e Grupo 3 realizavam autocurativo com látex e LED e identificação do Risco de glicemia instável. Análise de dados realizada pelo software SPSS®. Resultados: Os participantes 60% homens, idade 59,93±10,88 anos, fatores de Risco de glicemia instável: atividade física diária menor que o recomendado; conhecimento insuficiente do controle da doença, em todos os grupos; condição de saúde comprome-tida grupos I e III; controle insuficiente do diabetes grupo I; falta de adesão ao plano de controle do diabetes início ao fim, exceto pelo grupo II. Ocorreu redução das feridas em todos os grupos e melhor cicatrização no grupo III. Conclusão: A feridas maiores estavam no grupo I e ocorreu redução das feridas todos os grupos. Os principais fatores de risco de glicemia instável atividade física diária menor que o recomendado no início e final, condição de saúde comprometida grupos I e III, conhecimento insuficiente do controle da doença em todos os grupos

Objective: to characterize the risk of unstable blood glucose in patients with lower limb wounds using latex associated with LED. Method: Prospective cohort study with sample n=15. Divided into three groups Group 1 dressing with latex and LED; Group 2 activated charcoal; and Group 3 performed self-healing with latex and LED and identified the risk of unstable blood glucose. Data analysis performed by SPSS® software. Results: Participants 60% men, age 59.93±10.88 years, risk factors for unstable blood glucose: daily physical activity less than recommended; insufficient knowledge of disease control, in all groups; compromised health condition groups I and III; insuffi-cient control of group I diabetes; lack of adherence to the diabetes control plan from beginning to end, except for group II. There was a reduction of wounds in all groups and better healing in group III. Conclusion: The major wounds were in group I and there was a reduction of wounds in all groups. The main risk factors for unstable glycemia daily physical activity less than rec-ommended at the beginning and at the end, compromised health condition groups I and III, insufficient knowledge of disease control in all groups.

Objetivo: caracterizar el riesgo de inestabilidad glucémica en pacientes con heridas en miembros inferiores utilizando látex asociado a LED. Método: Estudio de cohorte pros-pectivo con muestra n=15. Dividido en tres grupos Grupo 1 aderezo con látex y LED; carbón activado del grupo 2; y el Grupo 3 realizó autocuración con látex y LED e identi-ficó el riesgo de glucosa en sangre inestable. Análisis de datos realizado por el software SPSS®. Resultados: Participantes 60% hombres, edad 59,93±10,88 años, factores de riesgo para glucemia inestable: actividad física diaria inferior a la recomendada; conoci-miento insuficiente del control de enfermedades, en todos los grupos; condiciones de salud comprometidas grupos I y III; control insuficiente de la diabetes del grupo I; falta de adherencia al plan de control de la diabetes de principio a fin, excepto en el grupo II. Hubo reducción de heridas en todos los grupos y mejor cicatrización en el grupo III. Conclusión: Las heridas mayores estaban en el grupo I y hubo reducción de heridas en todos los grupos. Los principales factores de riesgo para la glucemia inestable activi-dad física diaria inferior a la recomendada al principio y al final, condiciones de salud comprometidas grupos I y III, y conocimiento insuficiente del control de la enfermedad en todos los grupos.

Dor crônica, obesidade e inflamação de pacientes diabéticos atendidos na atenção primária: um estudo transversal / Dolor crónico, obesidad e inflamación de pacientes diabéticos atendidos en atención primaria: estudio transversal / Chronic pain, obesity and inflammation of diabetic patients served in primary care: a cross-section study

Objetivo: comparar dor crônica, obesidade e inflamação de pacientes com e sem diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 atendidos na atenção primária. Método: estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa realizado na atenção primária do Distrito Federal. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre 2017 e 2018 com 269 participantes divididos em dois grupos: com diabetes (n=142) e sem diabetes (n=127). Os instrumentos adotados foram: questionário sócio demográfico, clínico, antropometria, escala visual analógica para avaliação da dor, inflamação pela dosagem de citocinas fator de necrose tumoral e Interleucina 6. A análise estatística descritiva foi realizada no SPSS®20.0. Resultados: a idade de 60 a 69 anos, baixa escolaridade, aposentadoria, tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, glicemia, hemoglobina glicada elevados foram significativamente relacionados ao DM2. Os níveis das citocinas foram maiores naqueles com diabetes (p≤0,000). Observou-se elevada prevalência de dor crônica nos membros inferiores e obesidade, que foram significativamente associados aos maiores níveis do fator de necrose tumoral e Interleucina 6. Conclusão: foi demonstrada a relação entre dor crônica, obesidade e inflamação nos diabéticos. A enfermagem deve considera-los nas intervenções de enfermagem, visando controle do diabetes e prevenção de complicações(AU)

Objective: compared chronic pain, obesity and inflammation in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treated in primary care. Method: cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach carried out in primary care in the Federal District. A data queue occurred between 2017 and 2018 with 269 participants divided into two groups: with diabetes (n = 142) and without diabetes (n = 127). The instruments are equipped with: sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric questionnaire, visual analogue scale for pain assessment, inflammation of the cytokine dosage for tumor necrosis and Interleukin 6. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed without SPSS®20.0. Results: the age of 60 to 69 years, low education, retirement, smoking, high blood pressure, blood glucose, high levels of glycated hemoglobin significantly related to DM2. There are nine cytokines that were higher in those with diabetes (p≤0,000). There was a high prevalence of chronic numbness in the lower limbs and obesity, significantly associated with higher levels of tumor necrosis and Interleukin 6. Conclusion: the relationship between chronic numbness, obesity and inflammation in diabetics has been demonstrated. The patient should consider new interventions for illness, aiming at controlling diabetes and preventing complications(AU)

Objetivo: comparar el dolor crónico, la obesidad y la inflamación en pacientes con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tratados en atención primaria. Método: estudio transversal con abordaje cuantitativo realizado en atención primaria en el Distrito Federal. Se produjo una cola de datos entre 2017 y 2018 con 269 participantes divididos en dos grupos: con diabetes (n = 142) y sin diabetes (n = 127). Los instrumentos están equipados con: cuestionario sociodemográfico, clínico, antropométrico, escala visual analógica para evaluación del dolor, inflamación de la dosis de citocinas para necrosis tumoral e interleucina 6. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo sin SPSS®20.0. Resultados: la edad de 60 a 69 años, baja escolaridad, jubilación, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, glucemia, niveles elevados de hemoglobina glucosilada significativamente relacionados con DM2. Hay nueve citocinas que fueron más altas en las personas con diabetes (p≤0,000). Hubo una alta prevalencia de entumecimiento crónico en miembros inferiores y obesidad, asociado significativamente con niveles más altos de necrosis tumoral e interleucina 6. Conclusión: se ha demostrado una relación entre entumecimiento crónico, obesidad e inflamación en diabéticos. El paciente debe considerar nuevas intervenciones para la enfermedad, con el objetivo de controlar la diabetes y prevenir complicaciones.(AU)

Comparação da dor e qualidade de vida entre indivíduos com e sem neuropatia diabética / Comparison of pain and quality of life between individuals with and without diabetic neuropathy / Comparación del dolor y la calidad de vida entre individuos con y sin neuropatía diabética

Objetivo: comparar a dor e a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com e sem neuropatia diabética. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 251 participantes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Utilizou-se a escala Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) para avaliar neuropatia diabética, características da dor, perda de sensibilidade protetora (PSP) e avaliar a qualidade de vida pelo Short-Form 6 Dimensions-Brasil/SF-6D. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: 16,3% apresentaram neuropatia, 97,6% queixaram-se de dor, sendo a maioria crônica e nos pés ou panturrilhas. 51,2% dos neuropáticos tiveram PSP no teste do monofilamento (p=0,001). Os descritores de dor mais referidos pelos neuropáticos: queimação (p=0,004), formigamento (p=0,002) e alfinetada e/ou agulhada (p=0,003) e os domínios de qualidade de vida afetados foram: dor, saúde mental e vitalidade. Conclusão: aqueles com neuropatia têm maior intensidade de dor, acordam à noite e apresentam alteração na sensibilidade dos pés, que pode ser rastreada na atenção primária.

Objective: to compare pain and quality of life in individuals with and without diabetic neuropathy. Method: a cross-sectional study with 251 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scale was used to assess diabetic neuropathy, pain characteristics, loss of protective sensitivity (LPS) and to assess the quality of life by Short-Form 6 Dimensions-Brasil/SF-6D. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: among the participants, 16.3% had neuropathy, 97.6% complained of pain, most of them chronic and in the feet or calves. Also, 51.2% of neuropathic patients had LPS in the monofilament test (p=0.001). The pain descriptors most frequently reported by neuropathic patients were: burning (p=0.004), tingling (p=0.002), and pinprick and/or needling (p=0.003). The affected quality of life domains were: pain, mental health, and vitality. Conclusion: those with neuropathy have greater pain intensity, wake up at night, and have altered foot sensitivity, which can be tracked in primary care.

Objetivo: comparar el dolor y la calidad de vida en individuos con y sin neuropatía diabética. Método: estudio transversal con 251 participantes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se utilizó la escala Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) para evaluar la neuropatía diabética, las características del dolor, la pérdida de sensibilidad protectora (PSP) y para evaluar la calidad de vida por Short-Form 6 Dimensiones-Brasil/SF-6D. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: el 16,3% presentaba neuropatía, el 97,6% se quejaba de dolor, la mayoría crónico y en pies o pantorrillas. El 51,2% de los pacientes neuropáticos tenían PSP en la prueba de monofilamento (p = 0,001). Los descriptores de dolor informados con mayor frecuencia por los pacientes neuropáticos fueron: ardor (p = 0,004), hormigueo (p = 0,002) y pinchazo y/o punción (p = 0,003) y los dominios de calidad de vida afectada fueron: dolor, salud mental y vitalidad. Conclusión: las personas con neuropatía tienen mayor intensidad de dolor, se despiertan por la noche y tienen alteración de la sensibilidad de los pies, lo que se puede rastrear en atención primaria.

A influência da dor na qualidade de vida de idosos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus / The influence of pain on elderly diabetics' quality of life / La influencia del dolor en la calidad de vida de ancianos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus

Objetivo: avaliar a dor e suas repercussões na qualidade de vida de idosos com Diabetes Mellitus. Método: estudo transversal com 196 idosos com Diabetes Mellitus, em uma unidade básica de saúde do Distrito Federal. Utilizados os questionários de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-OLD e WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: dos 196 idosos, 54,6% eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 67,4(±6,5) anos, com predomínio entre 60 e 70 anos (72,9%). Por meio das pontuações do WHOQOL-BREF e WHOQOLOLD, observou-se que aqueles que não relataram dor apresentaram melhores pontuações de qualidade de vida, exceto no domínio físico (M=53,94 e M=59,26) e na faceta autonomia (M=56,68 e M=58,19) p≤0,05. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou uma influência negativa da dor na qualidade de vida de idosos com Diabetes Mellitus, sendo necessário que os enfermeiros estejam atentos, pois a mesma está intrinsicamente ligada à qualidade do tratamento.

Objective: to evaluate pain and its repercussions on the quality of life of elderly people with Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: in this cross-sectional study of 196 older adults with Diabetes Mellitus, WHOQOL-OLD and WHOQOL-BREF quality of life questionnaires were applied at a primary health care facility in the Federal District. Results: of the 196 participants, 54.6% were males, mean age 67.4 (±6.5) years, predominantly 60 to 70 years (72.9%). The WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD scores showed that those who did not report pain returned higher quality of life scores, except in the physical domain (M = 53.94 and M = 59.26) and in the autonomy facet (M = 56.68 and M = 58.19; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: the study showed the adverse influence of pain on quality of life of older adults with Diabetes Mellitus. Nurses need to be attentive to this, because it is intrinsically connected with treatment quality.

Objetivo: evaluar el dolor y sus repercusiones en la calidad de vida de ancianos con Diabetes Mellitus. Método: estudio transversal junto a 196 ancianos con Diabetes Mellitus, en una unidad básica de salud del Distrito Federal. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios de calidad de vida WHOQOL-OLD y WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: de los 196 ancianos, un 54,6% era del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 67,4 (± 6,5) años, con predominio entre 60 y 70 años (72,9%). Mediante las puntuaciones del WHOQOL-BREF y WHOQOL-OLD, se observó que aquéllos que no reportaron dolor presentaron mejores puntuaciones de calidad de vida, excepto en el dominio físico (M = 53,94 y M = 59,26) y en lo que respecta la autonomía (M = 56,68 y M = 58,19) p≤0,05. Conclusión: el estudio demostró una influencia negativa del dolor en la calidad de vida de ancianos con Diabetes Mellitus. Siendo así, es necesario que los enfermeros estén atentos, pues la calidad de vida está intrínsecamente relacionada a la del tratamiento.

Quality of life and time since diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus among the elderly / Qualidade de vida e o tempo do diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus em idosos

Objectives: To evaluate the quality of life of the elderly with Diabetes Mellitus and to relate the time since diagnosis of diabetes with the quality of life of elderly persons receiving care at a basic health unit. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative study carried out in a Basic Health Unit with 196 elderly persons. For data collection, three instruments were used: one structured (sociodemographic and clinical variables) and the Whoqol-bref and Whoqol-old, with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Descriptive statistical analysis, Student's T-test and Pearson's correlation were performed. Results: Of the 196 diabetic patients, the majority were male (54.6%) with a mean age of 67.5 (±6.5) years. The mean time since diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus was 9.1 years. The domains of the Whoqol-bref with the highest scores, indicating better quality of life, were Social Relations and Psychological, while a worse quality of life was observed in Environment. The facets of the Whoqol-old with the best scores were: Intimacy and Past, Present and Future Activities, and the worst was Death and Dying. The domains associated with one another were Physical and Psychological, Physical and Social Relations, and Psychological and Environmental. The associated aspects were Past, Present and Future Activities and Social Participation. Elderly persons with more than ten years of Diabetes Mellitus had worse quality of life scores in Physical (p=0.001), Social relations (p=0.002), and in the Autonomy (p=0.0012), Social Participation (p=0.041) and Death and Dying (p=0.001) facets. Conclusion: The time of diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus was negatively associated with the quality of life of the elderly, with worse scores in most domains and facets of the Whoqol.

Objetivos: Avaliar a qualidade de vida dos idosos com diabetes mellitus e relacionar o tempo do diagnóstico do diabetes com a qualidade de vida desses idosos atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde. Método: Estudo quantitativo, de desenho transversal realizado em Unidade Básica de Saúde com 196 idosos. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados três instrumentos: um estruturado (variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas), os escores do Whoqol-Bref e Whoqol-Old variam de 0 a 100. Foram realizados: análise estatística descritiva, teste t de Student e correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Dos 196 diabéticos, a maioria era do sexo masculino (54,6%) com idade média de 67,5 (±6,5) anos. O tempo médio do diabetes mellitus foi de 9,1 anos. Os domínios do Whoqol-Bref com maiores escores, indicando melhor qualidade de vida Relações Sociais e Psicológico, e uma pior qualidade de vida observada foi Meio Ambiente. As facetas do Whoqol-Old com melhores escores foram: Intimidade e Atividades passadas, presente e futura e a pior foi Morte e Morrer. Os domínios associados entre si foram o Físico e Psicológico, Físico e Relações Sociais, e Psicológico e Meio Ambiente. As facetas associadas foram Atividades passadas, presente e futuras e Participação Social. Os idosos com mais de 10 anos de diabetes mellitus apresentaram piores escores de qualidade de vida no Físico (p=0,001), Relações Sociais (p=0,002), e nas facetas Autonomia (p=0,0012), Participação Social (p=0,041), Morte e Morrer (p=0,001). Conclusão: O tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus associou negativamente na qualidade de vida dos idosos evidenciando piores escores na maioria dos domínios e facetas do Whoqol.

The long-lasting sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors induced by inflammation involves prostanoid and dopaminergic systems in mice.

In recent years, evidence that sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors is an important event associated with chronic pain has been accumulating. The present study aimed to evaluate the participation of the prostaglandin and sympathetic components in the long-lasting sensitization of nociceptors induced by acute inflammation in mice. The intraplantar administration of carrageenan (100 µg) enhanced the nociceptive response to a small dose of PGE(2) (9 ng/paw) or dopamine (3 µg/paw) up to 30 days later. This long-lasting sensitization is dependent on dopaminergic and prostanoid systems, since the pre-treatment with chlorpromazine (3 µg/paw) or indomethacin (100 µg/paw), but not local (6 µg/paw) or systemic (6 mg/kg) treatment with morphine, prevented its development. In agreement with this idea, the previous intraplantar administration of hyperalgesic doses of PGE(2) or dopamine also induced long-lasting sensitization, which was fully prevented by pretreatment with EP(4) and D(1) antagonists, respectively. In summary, the present work described in mice a long-lasting sensitization of nociceptors, initiated by an acute inflammatory stimulation and dependent on dopaminergic and prostanoid systems. The present data represent new insights on the mechanisms of peripheral sensitization that could contribute to establish the basis of new therapeutic strategies for acute and chronic inflammatory pain.

Oxybutynin and tolterodine for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a pharmacoeconomic evaluation in the Brazilian context

Antimuscarinic agents are the first-line choice for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). The currently available antimuscarinic drugs have been widely studied in patients presenting idiopathic detrusor overactivity; however, investigations evaluating the effects of these drugs on NDO are scant, particularly with regard to cost-effectiveness analyses. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation was performed to compare the costs and effectiveness of oxybutynin and tolterodine in two different formulations, extended (ER) and immediate-release (IR), for the treatment of NDO (based on Brazilian maximal consumer price index). A systematic review of literature was conducted in order to obtain significant clinical and urodynamic data (based on expert opinion), concerning the effects of these drugs in the neurogenic population. Furthermore, a pharmacoeconomic evaluation was performed and costs involved were calculated based on percentage effectiveness obtained for the timeframes of one month and of one year. The best cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) was observed with oxybutynin IR for the urodynamic parameters. In terms of clinical parameters, oxybutynin IR and ER showed the best CER. Based on the key urological parameters analyzed, oxybutynin IR was considered the most cost-effective antimuscarinic agent.

A terapia antimuscarínica é vista como primeira escolha para o tratamento da hiperatividade detrusora de origem neurológica (HDON). No entanto, a maioria dos antimuscarínicos existentes é amplamente estudada em pacientes portadores de hiperatividade detrusora idiopática. Assim, existe escassez de pesquisas que avaliam esses fármacos na problemática da HDON, principalmente em termos de estudos de custo-efetividade. Diante isso, um estudo farmacoeconômico foi realizado (baseado no índice de preço máximo ao consumidor) para comparar os custos e a efetividade da oxibutinina e da tolterodina, em duas diferentes formulações, cápsulas de liberação imediata (LI) e controlada (LC), para o tratamento da HDON. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida para obtenção de dados urodinâmicos e clínicos relevantes (baseado em opinião de especialistas), quanto aos efeitos desses fármacos em pacientes com distúrbios urológicos de origem neurológica. Após essa etapa, um estudo farmacoeconômico foi conduzido e os custos envolvidos foram calculados sobre cada percentual de efetividade obtido, num horizonte temporal de 1 mês e 1 ano. A melhor razão de custo-efetividade (RCE) quanto aos parâmetros urodinâmicos foi obtida com uso de oxibutinina LI. Quantos aos parâmetros clínicos, oxibutinina LI e LC tiveram as melhores RCE. Baseando-se nos principais parâmetros urológicos analisados, oxibutinina LI foi considerada o antimuscarínico mais custo-efetivo.

The peripheral pro-nociceptive state induced by repetitive inflammatory stimuli involves continuous activation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C epsilon and its Na(V)1.8 sodium channel functional regulation in the primary sensory neuron.

In the present study, the participation of the Na(V)1.8 sodium channel was investigated in the development of the peripheral pro-nociceptive state induced by daily intraplantar injections of PGE(2) in rats and its regulation in vivo by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCvarepsilon) as well. In the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))-induced persistent hypernociception, the Na(V)1.8 mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was up-regulated. The local treatment with dipyrone abolished this persistent hypernociception but did not alter the Na(V)1.8 mRNA level in the DRG. Daily intrathecal administrations of antisense Na(V)1.8 decreased the Na(V)1.8 mRNA in the DRG and reduced ongoing persistent hypernociception. Once the persistent hypernociception had been abolished by dipyrone, but not by Na(V)1.8 antisense treatment, a small dose of PGE(2) restored the hypernociceptive plateau. These data show that, after a period of recurring inflammatory stimuli, an intense and prolonged nociceptive response is elicited by a minimum inflammatory stimulus and that this pro-nociceptive state depends on Na(V)1.8 mRNA up-regulation in the DRG. In addition, during the persistent hypernociceptive state, the PKA and PKCvarepsilon expression and activity in the DRG are up-regulated and the administration of the PKA and PKCvarepsilon inhibitors reduce the hypernociception as well as the Na(V)1.8 mRNA level. In the present study, we demonstrated that the functional regulation of the Na(V)1.8 mRNA by PKA and PKCvarepsilon in the primary sensory neuron is important for the development of the peripheral pro-nociceptive state induced by repetitive inflammatory stimuli and for the maintenance of the behavioral persistent hypernociception.