ABSTRACT
The high numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil have made Latin America an epicentre of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 established sustained transmission in Brazil early in the pandemic, but important gaps remain in our understanding of virus transmission dynamics at a national scale. We use 17,135 near-complete genomes sampled from 27 Brazilian states and bordering country Paraguay. From March to November 2020, we detected co-circulation of multiple viral lineages that were linked to multiple importations (predominantly from Europe). After November 2020, we detected large, local transmission clusters within the country. In the absence of effective restriction measures, the epidemic progressed, and in January 2021 there was emergence and onward spread, both within and abroad, of variants of concern and variants under monitoring, including Gamma (P.1) and Zeta (P.2). We also characterized a genomic overview of the epidemic in Paraguay and detected evidence of importation of SARS-CoV-2 ancestor lineages and variants of concern from Brazil. Our findings show that genomic surveillance in Brazil enabled assessment of the real-time spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Brazil , Genomics , HumansABSTRACT
The high numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil have made Latin America an epicentre of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 established sustained transmission in Brazil early in the pandemic, but important gaps remain in our understanding of virus transmission dynamics at a national scale. We use 17,135 near-complete genomes sampled from 27 Brazilian states and bordering country Paraguay. From March to November 2020, we detected co-circulation of multiple viral lineages that were linked to multiple importations (predominantly from Europe). After November 2020, we detected large, local transmission clusters within the country. In the absence of effective restriction measures, the epidemic progressed, and in January 2021 there was emergence and onward spread, both within and abroad, of variants of concern and variants under monitoring, including Gamma (P.1) and Zeta (P.2). We also characterized a genomic overview of the epidemic in Paraguay and detected evidence of importation of SARS-CoV-2 ancestor lineages and variants of concern from Brazil. Our findings show that genomic surveillance in Brazil enabled assessment of the real-time spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
ABSTRACT
Existe uma grande necessidade de divulgar informações sobre a Síndrome do X-frágil (SXF), não só para as famílias, mas principalmente para os profissionais da área de saúde. A SXF é considerada a principal causa hereditária e a segunda etiologia genética de retardo mental (RM). O indivíduo acometido pela SXF apresenta uma mutação no gene FMR-1 (Fragile Mental Retardation 1), localizado no cromossomo X. Além do RM, as principais características são: face alongada, orelhas grandes e macroorquidia. O tratamento atual disponível requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar, podendo combinar atendimentos terapêuticos, educação especial e uso de medicamentos de acordo com as necessidades específicas de cada portador. A SXF vem merecendo grande atenção, não apenas por sua prevalência, mas também pelas peculiaridades de sua transmissão e por distúrbios a ela associados. É de grande importância a identificação das famílias nas quais os alelos estão se segregando na forma de pré-mutação, para melhor orientação no aconselhamento genético.
