Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish language version of the questionnaire OQLQ for the assessment of quality of life in orthognathic patients.

BACKGROUND: Orthognathic surgery is the cornerstone of the treatment of dentofacial deformities, which have a great psychological and social impact on the life of the patient. Patient satisfaction and the impact on quality of life have recently become clinical parameters of growing importance. The aim of this study was to undertake a transcultural adaptation, translation to Spanish and validation of this version of the questionnaire OQLQ, used to measure quality of life in the context of Spanish culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Validation of the OQLQ questionnaire to the Spanish language was carried out through the methodology of translation and back translation, conceptual equivalence and piloting. The Spanish version was applied through a cross-sectional study to a total of 50 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. RESULTS: The adapted and validated version showed adequate metric properties of reliability, change sensitivity and validity. In this study, a positive impact of orthognathic surgery on the specific quality of life was evident in 96% of patients, with an average improvement of 58% with respect to the initial score. CONCLUSIONS: Dentofacial deformities have a marked negative impact on the lives of patients, with orthognathic surgery being a therapeutic tool of great value in improving the quality of life in social, functional and aesthetic terms. The pilot test of this Spanish language version of the OQLQ proved valid for the assessment of quality of life in Spanish-speaking orthognathic patients or those with a Spanish culture. Key words:Orthognathic surgery, quality of life, validation studies, dentofacial deformities, patient satisfaction, treatment outcome.

Distracción ósea y cirugía ortognática en paciente previamente radiado / Bone distraction and orthognathic surgery on previously irradiated patients

Introducción. Presentamos a un paciente que recibió tratamiento radioterápico en la infancia por un retinoblastoma. Como principal secuela presenta una severa hipoplasia ósea hemifacial, alteración de la dentición y atrofia muscular. Se realiza cirugía correctora facial mediante distracción ósea, cirugía ortognática y lipoescultura facial con un resultado estético y funcional excelente y estable hasta el momento actual. Caso clínico. Varón de 15 años con hipoplasia témporo-parieto-frontal, orbitaria izquierda y del tercio medio facial con un plano oclusal inclinado, resalte de más de 25 mm y múltiples piezas dentales con microdoncia y rizólisis. A los 19 años, inicia ortodoncia prequirúrgica y la colocación de distractores tipo Zurich en el maxilar superior. Se consigue un avance maxilar de 25 mm. A los 21 años se realiza cirugía ortognática bimaxilar y lipoescultura facial. Resultados. Paciente con mejoría de la simetría facial, oclusión en clase i con plano oclusal alineado. Resultados estables hasta el momento actual, con 23 años. Continúa con ortodoncia posquirúrgica y rehabilitación dental. Discusión. Se obtuvo una buena consolidación, con una calidad ósea excelente desde el punto de vista clínico y radiológico, sin presentar complicaciones. Otro beneficio de la distracción es el efecto expansor de los tejidos blandos. La distracción ósea y la cirugía ortognática bimaxilar son métodos prometedores en la reconstrucción del territorio maxilofacial en pacientes radiados con una deformidad dentofacial como secuela oncológica (AU)

Introduction. We report the case of a patient who received radiotherapy in childhood for retinoblastoma. The main sequelae of this was, severe bone hemifacial hypoplasia, abnormal dentition, and muscle atrophy. Corrective facial surgery was performed through bone distraction, orthognathic surgery, and facial liposuction, with excellent and stable aesthetic and functional results to date. Case. report A 15 year-old patient with left temporo-parieto-frontal and orbital hypoplasia and midface hypoplasia with an inclined occlusal plane, overjet more than 25 mm and multiple teeth with microdontia and rhizolysis. At 19 years old, presurgical orthodontics and placement of Zurich type maxillar distractors were started. An advancing of 25 mm was achieved. At 21years old, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and facial liposuction was performed. Results. Patient improvement in facial symmetry, occlusion type i of Angle classification with inclined occlusal plane. Stable results to date on a 23 year-old patient. Continues with post-surgical orthodontic and dental rehabilitation. Discussion. Good bone consolidation was obtained, with excellent bone quality from a clinical and radiological point of view, with no complications. Another benefit is the distraction expanding effect of the soft tissue. Osteogenesis distraction and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery are promising methods in maxillofacial reconstruction on irradiated patients with dentofacial deformity as oncology sequelae (AU)

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma. Two rare tumors in two rare locations / Sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado. Dos tumores infrecuentes en dos localizaciones poco habituales

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (LGMS) represents an atypical tumor composed of myofibroblasts with a predilection for the head and neck, especially in the tongue and oral cavity, with a high tendency to local recurrences and metastases, even after a long period. LGMS arising in the maxillary sinus and in the neck are extremely uncommon. To the best of our knowledge, only 50 cases of low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma have been reported. We report two cases of LGMS of the maxillary sinus and neck, discussing clinical, histological, inmunohistochemical and therapeutic features (AU)

El sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado (SMFBG) representa un tumor atípico, formado por miofibroblastos, que tiene predilección por cabeza y cuello, en especial la lengua y la cavidad oral, y se caracteriza por una elevada tendencia a las recidivas locales y a las metástasis, incluso después de transcurrido un período prolongado. Los SMFBG que se originan en el seno maxilar y en el cuello son excepcionales. Hasta lo que conocen los autores, solo se han publicado 50 casos de sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado. Describimos 2 casos en los que se identificaron estos tumores, uno en el seno maxilar y el otro en el cuello, y abordamos sus características clínicas, histológicas, inmunohistoquímicas y terapéuticas (AU)

Abordaje intraoral de la glándula submaxilar. Presentación de un abordaje estético poco utilizado / Recurrent intraoral access to the submandibular gland. An uncommon aesthetic approach

Las alteraciones recurrentes de las glándulas submaxilares son unos trastornos relativamente frecuentes que se deben, generalmente, a una enfermedad obstructiva de la glándula, entre otras menos frecuentes, como la presencia de neoplasias, enfermedades autoinmunes o degenerativas. El tratamiento quirúrgico habitual consiste en la exéresis de la glándula submaxilar a través de un abordaje cervical. Las ventajas de este abordaje cervical son su sencillez, la visión directa del campo quirúrgico y la rapidez del procedimiento. Las desventajas más relevantes son la cicatriz cervical y la posibilidad de lesión de la rama marginal del nervio facial. Se presenta y discute el abordaje intraoral como acceso a la glándula submaxilar. Su ventaja respecto al abordaje convencional es la eliminación de la cicatriz cervical y el riesgo de lesión de la rama marginal. Sus desventajas fundamentales son la dificultad técnica, la visión reducida, el mayor tiempo quirúrgico empleado y la posibilidad de lesión del nervio lingual. En el Hospital Universitario de Canarias (Tenerife, España), a un total de 6 pacientes, 4 mujeres y 2 varones entre 25 y 60 años, se les realizó una submaxilectomía por abordaje intraoral. En todos los casos los resultados estéticos y funcionales fueron muy satisfactorios, tan solo leves disestesias del nervio lingual autolimitadas en 2 meses. Se presenta una alternativa por vía intraoral al abordaje cervical para la realización de submaxilectomía, con la ventaja principal de eliminar la cicatriz cervical (AU)

Recurrent sub-maxillary gland disorders are relatively common. They are mainly caused by obstructive gland diseases. Other aetiologies are malignancies, autoimmune, or degenerative diseases. The traditional treatment of the submandibular gland is the surgical excision by a cervical approach. The advantages of this approach are: its simplicity, direct surgical vision, and speed of the procedure. The most important disadvantages are: unsightly cervical scar, and injury risk of the marginal branch of the facial nerve. This paper presents and discusses the intraoral approach to the submandibular gland. The advantages over the conventional approach are: the elimination of the scar and the risk of injury to the marginal branch. The main disadvantages are: the technical difficulty, reduced vision, the longer surgical time, and the possibility of lingual nerve injury. A total of 6 patients, 4 women and 2 men aged 25 to 60 years, underwent a sub-maxillectomy by intraoral approach in the Hospital Universitario de Canarias (Tenerife, Spain). In all cases, the aesthetic and functional results were very satisfactory, with only mild self-limited lingual nerve dysesthesia being observed at two months. We present an alternative to the cervical approach for the submandibular glands; the intraoral approach. The major advantage of this technique is to eliminate the cervical scar (AU)

Colgajo sural medial: un nuevo colgajo de perforantes para la reconstrucción del territorio maxilofacial / Medial sural flap: a new flap for maxillofacial reconstruction

Introducción. La reconstrucción microquirúrgica de defectos mucocutáneos craneofaciales se realiza con técnicas descritas desde hace muchos años y se basan fundamentalmente en el colgajo radial, el anterolateral de muslo y el lateral de brazo, entre otros. Se presenta un nuevo colgajo microvascularizado fasciocutáneo para la reconstrucción de defectos en el territorio de cabeza y cuello, el colgajo de perforantes dependiente de la arteria sural medial. Material y métodos. Se presentan 4 pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de cavidad oral, donde se realizaron 4 colgajos dependientes de la arteria sural medial para la reconstrucción de sus defectos tras la cirugía ablativa de la lesión tumoral. Resultados. El colgajo sural medial presentó una excelente adaptabilidad y una adecuada viabilidad en todos los casos, con unos buenos resultados funcionales, estéticos y con escasa morbilidad de la zona donante. Conclusión. Se presenta una nueva técnica reconstructiva en defectos de cabeza y cuello(AU)

Introduction. Microsurgical reconstruction of craniofacial mucocutaneous defects have been performed for many years using well-known techniques, that are mainly based on flaps from the radial forearm, the anterolateral thigh and lateral arm, among others. We present the medial sural artery perforator flap, a new vascularized fasciocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction. Material and methods. We present four patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. A medial sural artery flap was performed for the oral reconstruction after tumour ablation surgery. Results. The medial sural flap showed excellent adaptability and adequate viability in all cases, with good functional and aesthetic results and low donor site morbidity. Conclusion. We present a new reconstructive technique in head and neck defects(AU)

Espiradenoma ecrino maligno en el surco nasolabial. Caso clínico / Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the nasolabial fold. A case report

El espiradenoma ecrino maligno (EEM) es un tumor maligno poco frecuente de las glándulas sudoríparas ecrinas. Suele presentarse como un pequeño nódulo eritematoso, firme, solitario y doloroso. La cabeza y el cuello son una localización excepcional. Se desconoce la etiología aunque se considera que un traumatismo previo es un factor implicado. El EEM se origina sobre un espiradenoma benigno previo. La conducta clínica es agresiva con una elevada tasa de recidivas y metástasis a distancia. El pronóstico es infausto. El diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos histológicos y el tratamiento ha de ser agresivo desde el principio para obtener los mejores resultados. Desde que, en 1956, Kersting y Helwig describieran el primer caso, y, en 1971, Beekley y cols. documentaran su transformación maligna, sólo se han publicado unos pocos casos. En función de estas características específicas, describimos a un hombre de 75 años de edad, en el que se estableció el diagnóstico de este tumor, originado en una localización poco habitual, con una histopatología y conducta peculiares(AU)

Malignant eccrine spiradenoma (MES) is a rare malignancy of the eccrine sweat glands. It usually presents as a small, firm, reddish painful and small solitary nodule. Head and neck are rare locations. Etiology is unknown although previous trauma is believed to be an implicated factor. MES arises over a prior benign spiradenoma. Clinical behavior is aggressive with a high rate of recurrences and distant metastases. Prognosis is poor. Diagnosis is based on histological findings and treatment must be aggressive from the beginning to achieve the best results. Since Kersting and Helwig first described the case in 1956, and Beekley et al., reported its malignant transformation in 1971, only a few cases can be found in the literature. Based on these particular features we report a case of a 75-year-old man diagnosed on a MES that arises in a very unusual location, with a peculiar histopathology and behavior(AU)

Solitary fibrous tumor surrounding the carotid sheath

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare spindle cell neoplasms that are mostly found arising from the pleura.Although SFTs recently have been reported in other regions, they are rare in the head and neck and have oftenbeen misdiagnosed due to their rarity. SFTs are benign in most cases. Clinically, SFTs usually manifest as wellcircumscribed,slow-growing, smooth and painless masses. Symptoms are often minimal, although they mayinclude sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, change of voice or trismus. CT-Scan and MRI are the most sensitiveimaging procedures used. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision of the lesion. Because recurrenceshave been noted up to 30 years after surgery, long-term follow up is mandatory. In this article, we present a case ofa Solitary Fibrous Tumor arising in the parapharyngeal space in a 20-year-old man, involving the carotid sheath,treated by surgical excision with no recurrence after 1 year. The clinical presentation, surgical management andpathological findings are described (AU)

Delayed removal of a maxillary third molar from the infratemporal fossa.

Removal of an impacted superior third molar is usually a simple and uncomplicated procedure for an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Nevertheless, complications are possible and include infection, facial swallowing, trismus, wound dehiscence, root fracture or even orosinusal fistula. Iatrogenic displacement into the infratemporal fossa is frequently mentioned but rarely reported. This anatomical fossa includes several important structures such as the internal maxillary artery, the venous pterygoid plexus, the sphenopalatine nerve, the coronoid process of the mandible and the pterygoid muscles. Recommended treatment includes immediate surgical removal if possible or initial observation and secondary removal, as necessary, because of infection, limited mandibular movement, inability to extract the tooth, or the patient's psychological unease. Sometimes, the displaced tooth may spontaneously migrate inferiorly and becomes accessible intraorally. This report describes the location and secondary surgical removal of a left maxillary third molar displaced into the infratemporal fossa, two weeks after first attempt at extraction.

Solitary fibrous tumor surrounding the carotid sheath.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare spindle cell neoplasms that are mostly found arising from the pleura. Although SFTs recently have been reported in other regions, they are rare in the head and neck and have often been misdiagnosed due to their rarity. SFTs are benign in most cases. Clinically, SFTs usually manifest as well-circumscribed, slow-growing, smooth and painless masses. Symptoms are often minimal, although they may include sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, change of voice or trismus. CT-Scan and MRI are the most sensitive imaging procedures used. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision of the lesion. Because recurrences have been noted up to 30 years after surgery, long-term follow up is mandatory. In this article, we present a case of a Solitary Fibrous Tumor arising in the parapharyngeal space in a 20-year-old man, involving the carotid sheath, treated by surgical excision with no recurrence after 1 year. The clinical presentation, surgical management and pathological findings are described.

Intraosseous mandibular hemangioma. A case report and review of the literature.

Intraosseous vascular lesions are rare conditions, comprising only 0.5% to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. They mainly occur in the second decade of life especially in women. The most common locations are the vertebral column and skull; nevertheless, the mandible is a quite rare location. According to the World Health Organization, hemangiomas are benign vasoformative neoplasms of endothelial origin. However, the origin of central hemangioma is debatable. Some authors believe that it is a true neoplasm, whereas others state it is a hamartomatous lesion. Clinically, the patient may be completely symptom-free or may present discomfort, pulsatile bleeding, bluish discoloration, mobile teeth, derangement of the arch form or accelerated dental exfoliation. Most frequently radiographic finding is a multilocular radiolucent image with honeycombs or soap bubble appearance. Differential diagnosis includes neoplasms such as ameloblastoma, cystic lesions such as residual cyst, keratocyst and fibro-osseous lesions such as fibrous dysplasia. There are some therapeutic alternatives, although wide surgical excision remains as the gold standard. We now present a case report of a 51-year-old woman diagnosed in a mandibular hemangioma. Clinical, radiological and histological features of this unusual tumor are described.

Intraosseous mandibular hemangioma. A case report and review of the literature

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Intraosseous vascular lesions are rare conditions, comprising only 0.5% to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. They mainly occur in the second decade of life especially in women. The most common locations are the vertebral column and skull; nevertheless, the mandible is a quite rare location.According to the World Health Organization, hemangiomas are benign vasoformative neoplasms of endothelialorigin. However, the origin of central hemangioma is debatable. Some authors believe that it is a true neoplasm, whereas others state it is a hamartomatous lesion.Clinically, the patient may be completely symptom-free or may present discomfort, pulsatile bleeding, bluish discoloration, mobile teeth, derangement of the arch form or accelerated dental exfoliation. Most frequently radiographic finding is a multilocular radiolucent image with honeycombs or soap bubble appearance. Differential diagnosis includes neoplasms such as ameloblastoma, cystic lesions such as residual cyst, keratocyst andfibro-osseous lesions such as fibrous dysplasia.There are some therapeutic alternatives, although wide surgical excision remains as the gold standard.We now present a case report of a 51-year-old woman diagnosed in a mandibular hemangioma. Clinical, radiologicaland histological features of this unusual tumor are described

Oral leiomyoma in retromolar trigone. A case report.

Leiomyomas are bening tumours originated on smooth muscle. The most frequent site of appearance are uterine myometrium, gastrointestinal tract and skin. The highest incidence occurs between 40 and 49 years of age. Its presentation is unusual in children or in older patients. Leiomyomas are unfrequent in the oral cavity, but in this location are usually localized on tongue, lips and palate. Leiomyomas use to appear as well-defined masses, with slow growth and totally asymptomatic. Pain is present just in rare cases. The treatment is surgical escision. Recurrences are extremely unfrequent. The diagnosis is mainly determined by histological studies due to its unspecific clinical appearance. Histopathologically proliferation of smooth muscle cells is observad without necrotic areas. A low number of mitotic figures can be seen. We present the case report of a 25-year old male patient, with a leiomioma on his right retromolar trigone. The low incidence of this pathology, the age of the patient and the unusual location, make the report of the case worthy.

Oral leiomyoma in retromolar trigone. A case report

Los leiomiomas son tumores benignos originados en el músculo liso. Su localización más frecuente es el útero, el tracto gastro-intestinal y la piel. Se presenta habitualmente entre los 40 y 49 años de edad, siendo muy rara su aparición en la infancia y en la senectud. Son muy infrecuentes a nivel de la cavidad oral, pero cuando se dan en esa localización, asientan principalmente en la lengua, los labios o el paladar. Inicialmente suelen presentarse como una masa muy bien definida, de lento crecimiento y totalmente asintomática. En raras ocasiones producen dolor. Su tratamiento es casi siempre quirúrgico, siendo las recurrencias excepcionales. Dada su clínica inespecífica, su diagnóstico es principalmente histológico, observándose en las muestras una proliferación de células musculares lisas, sin focos de necrosis y con escasas mitosis. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente de 25 años de edad con un leiomioma en trígono retromolar derecho. Dada la escasa incidencia de este tipo de patología, la edad del paciente y su inusual ubicación, se justifica la presentación de este caso

Leiomyomas are bening tumours originated on smooth muscle. The most frequent site of appearance are uterine myometrium, gastrointestinal tract and skin. The highest incidence ocurs between 40 and 49 years of age. Its presentation is unusual in children or in older patients. Leiomyomas are unfrequent in the oral cavity, but in this location are usually localized on tongue, lips and palate. Leiomyomas use to appear as well-defined masses, with slow growth and totally asymptomatic. Pain is present just in rare cases. The treatment is surgical escision. Recurrences are extremely unfrequent. The diagnosis is mainly determined by histological studies due to its unspecific clinical appearance. Histopathologicaly proliferation of smooth muscle cells is observad without necrotic areas. A low number of mitotic figures can be seen. We present the case report of a 25-year old male patient, with a leiomioma on his right retromolar trigone.The low incidence of this pathology, the age of the patient and the inusual location, make the report of the case worthy

Neurofibroma plexiforme en mucosa yugal: Presentación de un caso clínico / Plexiform neurofibroma of the cheek mucosa. A case report

Presentamos un caso clínico de neurofibroma plexiforme localizado en región geniana, a nivel submucoso. Su interés radica en que, a pesar de ser el tumor de origen neurógeno más frecuente, es una entidad poco habitual y que rara vez se localiza a nivel intraoral. Por otra parte, la variedad plexiforme es todavía menos frecuente. Desde el punto de vista clínico, se manifiestan como lesiones anodinas, con escasa sintomatología, que cuando aparece es derivada de la compresión nerviosa. En nuestro caso el tumor era asintomático salvo por el tamaño. Radiológicamente no existe una imagen definitiva. Tiene relación con determinados síndromes poliglandulares y facomatosis. El tratamiento es básicamente quirúrgico aunque existen dudas de la idoneidad del mismo y se están buscando nuevas vías de tratamiento. Aprovechando la descripción del caso se realiza una revisión bibliográfica incidiendo en la epidemiología, comportamiento clínico, métodos diagnósticos, así como en el tratamiento de este tipo de tumores benignos (AU)

The case reported deals with a solitary plexiform neurofibroma affecting the cheek submucosa. Neurofibroma is an uncommon tumor which rarely appears in oral cavity but it represents the most common neurogenic tumor. Furthermore, plexiform variety is less frequent. Clinically, oral neurofibromas usually apperars as anodyne and asintomatic lesions. Sometimes, they produce nervous compression. In this case, tumor is big but asintomatic. There is no definitive radiologic image. It has association with poliglandular syndroms and phacomatosis. The treatment of choice is excision. There are doubts of the surgical results so that some authors are looking for new non-surgical treatments. The clinical characteristics, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment are described as soon as a bibliographic revisión (AU)

Plexiform neurofibroma of the cheek mucosa. A case report.

The case reported deals with a solitary plexiform neurofibroma affecting the cheek submucosa. Neurofibroma is an uncommon tumor which rarely appears in oral cavity but it represents the most common neurogenic tumor. Furthermore, plexiform variety is less frequent. Clinically, oral neurofibromas usually appears as anodyne and asintomatic lesions. Sometimes, they produce nervous compression. In this case, tumor is big but asintomatic. There is no definitive radiologic image. It has association with polyglandular syndromes and phacomatosis. The treatment of choice is excision. There are doubts of the surgical results so that some authors are looking for new non-surgical treatments. The clinical characteristics, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment are described as soon as a bibliographic revisión.