Impact of Frailty on Healthcare Outcomes after Cardioembolic Ischaemic Stroke Due to Atrial Fibrillation.

Stroke due to atrial fibrillation (AF) is more common in older adults. Frailty is associated with AF. As little is known about the impact of frailty on cardioembolic stroke, we examined its association with important healthcare outcomes including mortality and functional outcome in stroke with AF. Data were collected from patients presenting consecutively to a regional university hospital to assess pre-admission frailty using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and function with the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Stroke severity was assessed on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). In total, 113 patients presenting between August 2014 and July 2016 were identified with cardioembolic stroke, median age 80 years; 60% were male. Their median NIHSS score was 6. The median pre-admission CFS score was 3; 26.5% scored ≥5/9, indicating frailty. The median pre-admission mRS scores increased significantly from 1 to 3 at discharge (p < 0.001). Frailty was associated with worse mRS scores at discharge, odds ratio 1.5, (p = 0.03). While no patients with frailty were suitable to avail of early supported discharge, 10% of those without frailty were (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality. Frailty is prevalent among patients with cardioembolic stroke due to AF and was associated with poorer functional outcomes. Although the numbers were small, these data suggest that brief frailty assessments are useful to risk-stratify patients with acute cardioembolic stroke. Frailty status on admission with stroke due to AF can help identify those more likely to have poorer outcomes, to benefit from intervention, to require prolonged rehabilitation, and to avail of ESD.

The Braden Q+P: a pediatric perioperative pressure ulcer risk assessment and intervention tool.

Pressure ulcers continue to be a personally and financially expensive complication of surgery and hospitalization. The effects of anesthesia, immobilization during surgery, and use of multiple medical devices all place the surgical patient at high risk for pressure-related skin injury. As part of a comprehensive pressure ulcer prevention initiative, nurses in the cardiac and main ORs at Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, became concerned that current pressure ulcer risk assessment tools did not adequately capture the intense but short-term risk posed in the operating and procedural suites. A team, formed to investigate this matter, developed a tool to guide nursing assessment of patient risk and to plan nursing interventions to prevent pressure ulcers. Results after implementation of the Braden Q+P tool appear to show improvement in preventing pressure ulcers. Increased awareness of pressure ulcer prevention, a hospital focus on skin care, and nursing education about pressure ulcers supported this improvement.

Cultivating quality: reducing surgical site infections in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

At Children's Hospital Boston, the cardiovascular operating room nurses led an initiative aimed at reducing surgical site infections (SSIs) in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. After first standardizing how skin preparation was performed, the nurses sought to determine which agents might be most effective. A literature review yielded relevant research; a survey of other pediatric surgery centers was also conducted. Based on what they learned, the nurses were able to recommend, implement, and evaluate a practice change. This has resulted in reduced SSI rates and improved patient outcomes.

Symptom domains in autism and related conditions: evidence for familiality.

Heterogeneity in autism impairs efforts to localize and identify the genes underlying this disorder. As autism comprises severe but variable deficits and traits in three symptom domains (social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors) and shows variability in the presence and emergence of useful phrase speech, different genetic factors may be associated with each. The affected cases (n=457) in multiply affected siblingships (n=212), including a proband with autism and one or more siblings with either autism or marked deficits in autism symptom domains, were assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised. Symptom domain scores and language features were examined to determine their similarity within siblingships. The variance within siblingships was reduced for the repetitive behavior domain and for delays in and the presence of useful phrase speech. These features and the nonverbal communication subdomain provided evidence of familiality when we considered only the diagnosis of autism to define multiply affected siblingships (cases: n=289; siblingships: n=136). In addition, the same familial features identified also appeared familial for those with autism-related conditions. Finally, the level of severity of almost all of the familial features varied within multiplex siblingships independently. The features identified as familial replicate the combined set suggested in earlier, smaller studies. Furthermore, the familiality of these features extend to related conditions of milder severity than autism and appear to be independent. Making distinctions among families by the severity of these features may be useful for identifying more genetically homogeneous subgroups in studies targeted at genes for specific autism-related symptom domains.