Site-specific, genotypic and temporal variation in photosynthesis and its related biochemistry in wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Photosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pericarps may contribute appreciably to wheat grain yield. Consequently, we investigated the temporal variation of traits related to photosynthesis and sucrose metabolism in the pericarps and flag leaves of three wheat genotypes, Huandoy, Amurskaja 75 and Greece 25, which are reported to differ in expression of genes related to the C4 pathway in wheat grain. Significant site-specific, genotypic and temporal variation in the maximum carboxylation rate (Vc max ) and maximum rates of electron transport (J max ) (biological capacity of carbon assimilation) were observed early in ontogeny that dissipated by late grain filling. Although the transcript abundance of rbcS and rbcL in flag leaves was significantly higher than in the pericarps, in line with their photosynthetic prominence, both organ types displayed similar expression patterns among growth stages. The higher N concentrations in the pericarps during grain enlargement suggest increased Rubisco; however, expression of rbcS and rbcL indicated the contrary. From heading to 14days post-anthesis, wheat pericarps exhibited a strong, positive correlation between biological capacity for carbon assimilation and expression of key genes related to sucrose metabolism (SPS1 , SUS1 and SPP1 ). The strong correlation between spike dry weight and the biological capacity for carbon assimilation along with other findings of this study suggest that metabolic processes in wheat spikes may play a major role in grain filling, total yield and quality.

Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.

New insights into the cellular mechanisms of plant growth at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) significantly influences plant growth, development, and biomass. Increased photosynthesis rate, together with lower stomatal conductance, has been identified as the key factors that stimulate plant growth at elevated [CO2 ] (e[CO2 ]). However, variations in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance alone cannot fully explain the dynamic changes in plant growth. Stimulation of photosynthesis at e[CO2 ] is always associated with post-photosynthetic secondary metabolic processes that include carbon and nitrogen metabolism, cell cycle functions, and hormonal regulation. Most studies have focused on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to e[CO2 ], despite the emerging evidence of e[CO2 ]'s role in moderating secondary metabolism in plants. In this review, we briefly discuss the effects of e[CO2 ] on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and then focus on the changes in other cellular mechanisms and growth processes at e[CO2 ] in relation to plant growth and development. Finally, knowledge gaps in understanding plant growth responses to e[CO2 ] have been identified with the aim of improving crop productivity under a CO2 rich atmosphere.

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis and Carbon Partitioning: A Perspective on Root Sugar Sensing and Hormonal Crosstalk.

Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide will be of great concern in the future, as carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) are predicted to continue to rise. Elevated [CO2] causes increased photosynthesis in plants, which leads to greater production of carbohydrates and biomass. Which organ the extra carbohydrates are allocated to varies between species, but also within species. These carbohydrates are a major energy source for plant growth, but they also act as signaling molecules and have a range of uses beyond being a source of carbon and energy. Currently, there is a lack of information on how the sugar sensing and signaling pathways of plants are affected by the higher content of carbohydrates produced under elevated [CO2]. Particularly, the sugar signaling pathways of roots are not well understood, along with how they are affected by elevated [CO2]. At elevated [CO2], some plants allocate greater amounts of sugars to roots where they are likely to act on gene regulation and therefore modify nutrient uptake and transport. Glucose and sucrose also promote root growth, an effect similar to what occurs under elevated [CO2]. Sugars also crosstalk with hormones to regulate root growth, but also affect hormone biosynthesis. This review provides an update on the role of sugars as signaling molecules in plant roots and thus explores the currently known functions that may be affected by elevated [CO2].