Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Gastric Content and Volume in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.

Anesthesia-related complications, such as pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, occur in approximately 0.02-0.1% of elective pediatric surgeries. Aspiration risk can be reliably assessed by ultrasound examination of the gastric antrum, making it an essential non-invasive bedside tool. In this prospective observational study, since most of our patients are immigrants and have communication problems, we wanted to investigate gastric contents and the occurrence of "high risk stomach" in children undergoing elective surgery for the possibility of pulmonary aspiration, even if the children and/or parents reported their last oral intake time. This risk is defined by ultrasound findings of solid content in the antrum and/or a calculated gastric volume exceeding 1.25 mL/kg. Children aged 2-18 were included in the study. Both supine and right lateral decubitus (RLD) ultrasound examinations were performed on the antrum before surgery. Using a qualitative grading scale from 0 to 2, we evaluated the gastric fluid content. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the antrum was measured in the RLD position, aiding the calculation of the gastric fluid volume according to an established formula by Perlas. Ultrasound measurements of 97 children were evaluated. The median fasting duration was 4 h for liquids and 9 h for thick liquids and solids. Solid content was absent in all the children. Five children (5.2%) exhibited a grade 2 antrum, implying that fluid content was visible in both the supine and RLD positions. The median antral CSA in the RLD was 2.36 cm2, with a median gastric volume of 0.46 mL/kg. For patients with a grade 0 antrum, a moderate and positive correlation was observed between the antral CSA and BMI, and a strong and positive correlation was evident between the antral CSA and age, similar to a grade 1 antrum. Only a single child (1%) had a potentially elevated risk of aspiration of gastric contents. Hence, the occurrence of a "high risk stomach" was 1% (95% confidence interval: 0.1-4.7%) and is consistent with the literature. As a necessary precaution, we propose the regular use of ultrasound evaluations of gastric contents, given their non-invasive, bedside-friendly, and straightforward implementation, for identifying risks when fasting times are uncertain and for ruling out unknown risk factors in each potential patient.

Factors influencing neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies undergoing cesarean section: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate maternal and fetal characteristics and factors affecting fetal outcomes in twin pregnancies delivered by cesarean section. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care referral hospital. The primary outcome was to ascertain the effects of independent factors on the 1st and 5th minute APGAR scores, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, the need for mechanical ventilation, and neonatal mortality. RESULTS: A total of 453 pregnant women and 906 newborns were included in the analysis. The final logistic regression model revealed that early gestational weeks and neonates <3rd weight percentile at the time of delivery were the most significant predictors of all poor outcome parameters in at least one of the twins (p<0.05). General anesthesia for cesarean section was associated with 1st minute APGAR<7 and the need for mechanical ventilation, and emergency surgery was correlated with the need for mechanical ventilation (p<0.05) in at least one of the twins. CONCLUSION: General anesthesia, emergency surgery, early gestational weeks, and birth weight <3rd weight percentile were strongly associated with poor neonatal outcomes in at least one of the twins delivered by cesarean section.

Factors influencing neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies undergoing cesarean section: a cross-sectional study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate maternal and fetal characteristics and factors affecting fetal outcomes in twin pregnancies delivered by cesarean section. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care referral hospital. The primary outcome was to ascertain the effects of independent factors on the 1st and 5th minute APGAR scores, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, the need for mechanical ventilation, and neonatal mortality. RESULTS: A total of 453 pregnant women and 906 newborns were included in the analysis. The final logistic regression model revealed that early gestational weeks and neonates <3rd weight percentile at the time of delivery were the most significant predictors of all poor outcome parameters in at least one of the twins (p<0.05). General anesthesia for cesarean section was associated with 1st minute APGAR<7 and the need for mechanical ventilation, and emergency surgery was correlated with the need for mechanical ventilation (p<0.05) in at least one of the twins. CONCLUSION: General anesthesia, emergency surgery, early gestational weeks, and birth weight <3rd weight percentile were strongly associated with poor neonatal outcomes in at least one of the twins delivered by cesarean section.

Relationship between Fasting Times and Emergence Delirium in Children Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging under Sedation.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between preoperative fasting time, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and postoperative emergence delirium (ED) in pediatric patients undergoing MRI under sedation. Materials and Methods: 110 pediatric patients were included in the study. Preoperative fasting (solid-fluid) time and FBG were recorded. The development of ED in the patients who underwent MRI under sedation was evaluated with the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) value for 30 min every 5 min in the recovery room. PAED score of ≥10 was grouped as having ED, and a PAED score of <10 as without ED at any time. The PAED scores were compared with other variables, ASA, age, weight, MRI examination time, and FBG level and fasting times. The risk factors affecting the occurrence of ED were examined. Results: Mean age was 3.94 ± 1.53 years, mean FBG was 106.97 ± 12.53 mg/dL, fasting time was 10.75 ± 2.61 h, solid food fasting time was 11.92 ± 2.33 h, and thirst time was 10.74 ± 2.58 h. FBG was never associated with PAED measurement at any time (p > 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation between the fasting time and the 0th, 5th, and 10th minute PAED score (r = 0.225; p = 0.018, r = 0.195; p = 0.041, r = 0.195; p = 0.041). There was a weak positive correlation between the solid food fasting time and the PAED score at the 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th minutes (r = 0.382; p < 0.001, r = 0.357; p < 0.001, r = 0.345; p < 0.001, r = 0.360; p < 0.001, r = 0.240; p < 0.001). There was a weak positive correlation between thirst time and the PAED score at the 0th, 5th, and 10th minutes (r = 0.222; p = 0.020. r = 0.192; p = 0.045, r = 0.199; p = 0.037). The incidence of ED at any time was 34.5%. Conclusions: Prolonged fasting time, solid food fasting time and thirst time are risk factors for developing postoperative ED in children undergoing MRI under sedation.

Effect of Fresh Gas Flow Rate on Thiol/Disulphide Hemostasis and Ischemia-modified Albumin in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low-flow and high-flow anesthesia techniques, administered with sevoflurane during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, on thiol/disulphide homeostasis and serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, randomised study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Science University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Education hospital, Bursa, Turkey from January to October 2020. METHODOLOGY: Patients over the age of 18 years, scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (low-flow, 1 L/min) and Group 2 (high-flow, 2 L/min). The blood samples for thiol/disulphide homeostasis and serum IMA levels were collected as follows: 5 minutes before induction of anesthesia (T0), 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia (T1) and postoperative 24th hour (T2). RESULTS: The final analysis included 104 patients. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of any of the demographic characteristics (p >0.05). There were also no inter-group differences in terms of thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters or serum IMA levels at T0, T1, or T2. However, in both groups, there were statistically significant changes in serum disulphide and IMA levels from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2 (p=0.000, and p=0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was no difference between low-flow and high-flow anesthesia during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of hemodynamics or thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Key Words: Low-flow anesthesia, High-flow anesthesia, Thiol/disulphide homeostasis, Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), Laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Anterior humeral approach with nerve stimulator.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of radial nerve injury during surgery is as high as the prevalence of radial nerve injury due to trauma. The aim of this study is to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury of radial nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with middle or distal diaphysis fractures of humerus and 18 patients with pseudoarthrosis at the same localizations were treated with surgery. Plate-screw fixation was performed with anterior approach in 43 patients. Eleven patients had minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis, and 14 patients had intramedullary nailing. The localization of the radial nerve was determined with nerve stimulator at the area of dissection. RESULTS: Iatrogenic radial nerve injury did not occur in patients treated with open reduction or minimally invasive approach. DISCUSSION: Nerve stimulator may be a method that decreases radial nerve injury, an iatrogenic complication. This method may be used in anterior approach and minimally invasive procedures.

Postoperative Mortality after Hip Fracture Surgery: A 3 Years Follow Up.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To determine mortality rates and predisposing factors in patients operated for a hip fracture in a 3-year follow-up period. METHODS: The study included patients who underwent primary surgery for a hip fracture.The inclusion criteria were traumatic, non-traumatic, osteoporotic and pathological hip fractures requiring surgery in all age groups and both genders. Patients with periprosthetic fractures or previous contralateral hip fracture surgery and patients who could not be contacted by telephone were excluded. At 36 months after surgery, evaluation was made using a structured telephone interview and a detailed examination of the hospital medical records, especially the documents written during anesthesia by the anesthesiologists and the documents written at the time of follow-up visits by the orthopaedic surgeons. A total of 124 cases were analyzed and 4 patients were excluded due to exclusion criteria. The collected data included demographics, type of fracture, co-morbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, anesthesia techniques, operation type (intramedullary nailing or arthroplasty; cemented-noncemented), peroperative complications, refracture during the follow-up period, survival period and mortality causes. RESULTS: The total 120 patients evaluated comprised 74 females(61.7%) and 46 males(38.3%) with a mean age of 76.9±12.8 years (range 23-95 years). The ASA scores were ASA I (0.8%), ASA II (21.7%), ASA III (53.3%) and ASA IV (24.2%). Mortality was seen in 44 patients (36.7%) and 76 patients (63.3%) survived during the 36-month follow-up period. Of the surviving patients, 59.1% were female and 40.9% were male.The survival period ranged between 1-1190 days. The cumulative mortality rate in the first, second and third years were 29.17%, 33.33% and 36.67% respectively. The factors associated with mortality were determined as increasing age, high ASA score, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, malignancycementation and peroperative complications such as hypotension (p<0.05). Mortality was highest in the first month after fracture. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed higher mortality rates in patients with high ASA scores due to associated co-morbidities such as congestive heart failure, malignancy and Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. The use of cemented prosthesis was also seen to significantly increase mortality whereas no effect was seen from the anesthesia technique used. Treatment of these patients with a multidiciplinary approach in an orthogeriatric ward is essential. There is a need for further studies concerning cemented vs. uncemented implant use and identification of the best anesthesia technique to decrease mortality rates in these patients.

The Effect of Systemic and Regional Use of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Tramadol Consumption in Lumbar Disc Surgery.

AIM: To investigate the effect of magnesium administered to the operative region muscle and administered systemically on postoperative analgesia consumption after lumbar disc surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study included a total of 75 ASA I-II patients aged 18-65 years. The patients were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups of 25: the Intravenous (IV) Group, the Intramuscular (IM) Group, and the Control (C) Group. At the stage of suturing the surgical incision site, the IV Group received 50 mg/kg MgSO4 intravenously in 150 mL saline within 30 mins. In the IM Group, 50 mg/kg MgSO4 in 30 mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. In Group C, 30 mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. After operation patients in all 3 groups were given 100 mg tramadol and 10 mg metoclopramide and tramadol solution was started intravenously through a patient-controlled analgesia device. Hemodynamic changes, demographic data, duration of anesthesia and surgery, pain scores (NRS), the Ramsay sedation score (RSS), the amount of analgesia consumed, nausea- vomiting, and potential side effects were recorded. RESULTS: No difference was observed between the groups. Nausea and vomiting side effects occurred at a rate of 36% in Group C, which was a significantly higher rate compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Tramadol consumption in the IM Group was found to be significantly lower than in the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Magnesium applied to the operative region was found to be more effective on postoperative analgesia than systemically administered magnesium.

The effects on sensorial block, motor block, and haemodynamics of levobupivacaine at different temperatures applied in the subarachnoid space.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of 0.5% levobupivacaine at 37 °C preheated from room temperature, on sensorial block, motor block, and haemodynamics in patients undergoing transurethral prostate resection (TUR-P). MATERIAL AND METHOD: The patients were randomly allocated to two groups: Group I patients were injected with 3 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine solution which had been kept at room temperature for at least 24 hours and Group II patients were injected with 3 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine solution which had been kept at 37 °C for at least 24 hours. The patients were examined in terms of sensorial block, motor block, haemodynamic profile, and incidence of side effects. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of demographic data. The time to reach T 10 sensory block and the time of starting motor block were found to be significantly shorter in Group II. The duration of sensory block over T 10 and T 6, the duration of L 1 regression, the duration of the sensory block, and the regression time of the motor blocks from 3 to 2 were found to be longer in Group II. CONCLUSION: The use of 0.5% levobupivacaine spinal anaesthesia heated to 37 °C accelerated the start of sensory and motor block.

Retrospective Evaluation of Anaesthesia Techniques for Hip Replacement Operations.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the demographic characteristics of patients that underwent hip replacement surgery in our orthopedic clinic. Associated diseases, preoperative laboratory findings, intraoperative findings, and the effect of admission or refusal to the intensive care unit on postoperative mortality and morbidity were recorded. Furthermore, we tried to identify surgical and anaesthetic methods applied, intraoperative hemodynamic changes, length of stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit, and postoperative complications. METHODS: Demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, preoperative laboratory findings, intraoperative findings, and admission or refusal to the intensive care unit of patients who underwent hip replacement surgery between January 2008-December 2010 were enrolled. RESULTS: Out of 500 patients, 33.4% (n=164) were operated under general anaesthesia, 34% (n=170) under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia, 22.2% (n=111) under spinal anaesthesia, 6.4% (n=32) under combined lomber plexus block and sciatic nerve block, and 4% (n=20) under epidural anaesthesia. Mean hospital stay was 7 days in the general anaesthesia group and 5 days in the regional anaesthesia group. CONCLUSION: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores and incidence of co-morbidities were higher in the partial hip replacement group. Admission to the intensive care unit was lower in the total hip replacement group. Hospital stay was shorter in the partial hip replacement group. Mortality rates on the 7(th) and 30(th) days were higher in the partial hip replacement group.

The effects of nitrous oxide on controlled hypotension during low flow anesthesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on controlled hypotension in low-flow isoflurane-dexmedetomidine anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics, anesthetic consumption, and costs. METHODS: We allocated forty patients randomly into two equal groups. We then maintained dexmedetomidine infusion (0.1 µg.kg(-1).min(-1)) for 10 minutes. Next, we continued it until the last 30 minutes of the operation at a dose of 0.7 µg.kg(-1).hour(-1). We administered thiopental (4-6 mg. kg(-1)) and 0.08-0.12 mg.kg(-1) vecuronium bromide at induction for both groups. We used isoflurane (2%) for anesthesia maintenance. Group N received a 50% O2-N2O mixture and Group A received 50% O2-air mixture as carrier gas. We started low-flow anesthesia (1L.min(-1)) after a 10-minute period of initial high flow (4.4L.min(-1)). We recorded values for blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O2 saturation, inspiratory isoflurane, expiratory isoflurane, inspiratory O2, expiratory O2, inspiratory N2O, expiratory N2O, inspiratory CO2, CO2 concentration after expiration, Minimum Alveolar Concentration. In addition, we determined the total consumption rate of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane as well as bleeding. RESULTS: In each group the heart rate decreased after dexmedetomidine loading. After intubation, values were higher for Group A at one, three, five, 10, and 15 minutes. After intubation, the patients reached desired hypotension values at minute five for Group N and at minute 20 for group A. MAC values were higher for Group N at minute one, three, five, 10, and 15 (p<0.05). FiO2 values were high between minute five and 60 for Group A, while at minute 90 Group N values were higher (p<0.05). FiIso (inspiratuvar isofluran) values were lower in Group N at minute 15 and 30 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: By using dexmedetomidine instead of nitrous oxide in low flow isoflurane anesthesia, we attained desired MAP levels, sufficient anesthesia depth, hemodynamic stability and safe inspiration parameters. Dexmedetomidine infusion with medical air-oxygen as a carrier gas represents an alternative anesthetic technique.

Efeitos do óxido nitroso em hipotensão controlada durante anestesia com baixo fluxo / The effects of nitrous oxide on controlled hypotension during low flow anesthesia / Efectos del óxido nitroso en la hipotensión controlada durante la anestesia con bajo flujo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Investigamos o efeito do óxido nitroso (N2O) em hipotensão controlada durante anestesia com baixo fluxo (isoflurano-dexmedetomidina) em termos de hemodinâmica, consumo de anestésico e custos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em dois grupos. Infusão de dexmedetomidina (0,1 µg.kg-1.min-1) foi mantida por 10 minutos. Subsequentemente, essa infusão foi mantida até os últimos 30 minutos de operação a uma dose de 0,7 µg.kg-1.hora-1. Tiopental (4-6 mg.kg-1) e brometo de vecurônio (0,08 0,12 mg.kg-1) foram administrados na indução de ambos os grupos. Isoflurano (2%) foi administrado para manutenção da anestesia. O Grupo N recebeu uma mistura de 50% de O2-N2O e o Grupo A recebeu uma mistura de 50% de O2-ar como gás de transporte. Anestesia com baixo fluxo (1 L.min-1) foi iniciada após um período de 10 minutos de alto fluxo inicial (4,4 L.min-1). Os valores de pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, saturação periférica de O2, isoflurano inspiratório e expiratório, O2 inspiratório e expiratório, N2O inspiratório e expiratório, CO2 inspiratório, concentração de CO2 após expiração e concentração alveolar mínima foram registrados. Além disso, as taxas de consumo total de fentanil, dexmedetomidina e isoflurano, bem como de hemorragia, foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: A frequência cardíaca diminuiu em ambos os grupos após a carga de dexmedetomidina. Após a intubação, os valores do Grupo A foram maiores nos minutos um, três, cinco, 10 e 15. Após a intubação, os valores de hipotensão desejados foram alcançados em 5 minutos no Grupo N e em 20 minutos no grupo A. Os valores da CAM foram mais altos no Grupo N nos minutos um, três, cinco, 10 e 15 (p < 0,05). Os valores da FiO2 foram mais altos entre 5 e 60 minutos no Grupo A, enquanto foram mais altos no Grupo N aos 90 minutos (p < 0,05). Os valores de Fi Iso (isoflurano inspiratório) foram menores no Grupo N nos minutos 15 e 30 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O uso de dexmedetomidina em vez de óxido nitroso em anestesia com isoflurano pela técnica de baixo fluxo atingiu os níveis desejados de pressão arterial média (PAM), profundidade suficiente da anestesia, estabilidade hemodinâmica e parâmetros de inspiração seguros. A infusão de dexmedetomidina com oxigênio-ar medicinal como gás de transporte é uma técnica anestésica opcional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on controlled hypotension in low-flow isoflurane-dexmedetomidine anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics, anesthetic consumption, and costs. METHODS: We allocated forty patients randomly into two equal groups. We then maintained dexmedetomidine infusion (0.1 µg.kg-1.min-1) for 10 minutes. Next, we continued it until the last 30 minutes of the operation at a dose of 0.7 µg.kg-1.hour-1. We administered thiopental (4-6 mg. kg-1) and 0.08-0.12 mg.kg-1 vecuronium bromide at induction for both groups. We used isoflurane (2%) for anesthesia maintenance. Group N received a 50% O2-N2O mixture and Group A received 50% O2-air mixture as carrier gas. We started low-flow anesthesia (1 L.min-1) after a 10-minute period of initial high flow (4.4 L.min-1). We recorded values for blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O2 saturation, inspiratory isoflurane, expiratory isoflurane, inspiratory O2, expiratory O2, inspiratory N2O, expiratory N2O, inspiratory CO2, CO2 concentration after expiration, Minimum Alveolar Concentration. In addition, we determined the total consumption rate of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane as well as bleeding. RESULTS: In each group the heart rate decreased after dexmedetomidine loading. After intubation, values were higher for Group A at one, three, five, 10, and 15 minutes. After intubation, the patients reached desired hypotension values at minute five for Group N and at minute 20 for group A. MAC values were higher for Group N at minute one, three, five, 10, and 15 (p < 0.05). FiO2 values were high between minute five and 60 for Group A, while at minute 90 Group N values were higher (p < 0.05). Fi Iso (inspiratuvar isofluran) values were lower in Group N at minute 15 and 30 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: By using dexmedetomidine instead of nitrous oxide in low flow isoflurane anesthesia, we attained desired MAP levels, sufficient anesthesia depth, hemodynamic stability and safe inspiration parameters. Dexmedetomidine infusion with medical air-oxygen as a carrier gas represents an alternative anesthetic technique.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Investigamos el efecto del óxido nitroso (N2O) en hipotensión controlada durante anestesia con bajo flujo (isoflurano-dexmedetomidina) en términos de hemodinámica, consumo de anestésico y costes. MÉTODOS: Cuarenta pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en dos grupos iguales. La infusión de dexmedetomidina (0,1 µg.kg-1.min-1) se mantuvo entonces por 10 minutos. En secuencia, esa infusión se mantuvo hasta los últimos 30 minutos de operación en una dosis de 0,7 µg.kg-1.hour-1. El tiopental (4-6 mg.kg-1) y el bromuro de vecuronio (0,08 0,12 mg.kg-1) fueron administrados en la inducción de ambos grupos. El Isofluorano (2%) fue administrado para el mantenimiento de la anestesia. El Grupo N recibió una mezcla de un 50% de O2-N2O y el Grupo A recibió una mezcla de un 50% de O2-ar como gas de transporte. La anestesia con bajo flujo (1 L.min-1) fue iniciada después de un período de 10 minutos de alto flujo inicial (4,4 L.min-1). Se registraron los valores de la presión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, saturación periférica de O2, isoflurano inspiratorio, isoflurano espiratorio, O2 inspiratorio, O2 espiratorio, N2O inspiratorio, N2O espiratorio, CO2 inspiratorio, concentración de CO2 después de la espiración y concentración alveolar mínima. Además, de determinaron las tasas de consumo total de fentanil, dexmedetomidina e isoflurano, como también la de hemorragia. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia cardíaca disminuyó en ambos grupos después de la carga de dexmedetomidina. Después de la intubación, los valores del Grupo A fueron mayores en los minutos 1, 3, 5, 10 y 15. Después de la intubación, los valores de hipotensión deseados se alcanzaron en 5 minutos en el Grupo N y en 20 minutos en el grupo A. Los valores de la CAM fueron más altos en el Grupo N en los minutos 1, 3, 5, 10 y 15 (p < 0,05). Los valores de la FiO2 fueron más altos entre 5 y 60 minutos en el Grupo A, mientras que fueron más altos en el Grupo N a los 90 minutos (p < 0,05). Los valores de Fi Iso (isoflurano espiratorio) fueron menores en el Grupo N en los minutos 15 y 30 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la dexmedetomidina en vez del óxido nitroso en la anestesia con el isoflurano por la técnica de bajo flujo, alcanzó los niveles deseados de presión arterial promedio (PAP), profundidad suficiente de la anestesia, estabilidad hemodinámica y parámetros de inspiración seguros. La infusión de dexmedetomidina con oxígeno / aire medicinal como gas de transporte es una técnica anestésica opcional.

The effects of nitrous oxide on controlled hypotension during low flow anesthesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on controlled hypotension in low-flow isoflurane-dexmedetomidine anesthesia in terms of hemodynamics, anesthetic consumption, and costs. METHODS: We allocated forty patients randomly into two equal groups. We then maintained dexmedetomidine infusion (0.1 µg.kg-1.min-1) for 10 minutes. Next, we continued it until the last 30 minutes of the operation at a dose of 0.7 µg.kg(-1).hour(-1). We administered thiopental (4-6 mg. kg(-1)) and 0.08-0.12 mg.kg(-1) vecuronium bromide at induction for both groups. We used isoflurane (2%) for anesthesia maintenance. Group N received a 50% O2-N2O mixture and Group A received 50% O -air mixture as carrier gas. We started low-flow anesthesia (1 L.min(-1)) after a 10-minute period of initial high flow (4.4 L.min(-1)). We recorded values for blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O2 saturation, inspiratory isoflurane, expiratory isoflurane, inspiratory O2, expiratory O2, inspiratory N2O, expiratory N2O, inspiratory CO2, CO2 concentration after expiration, Minimum Alveolar Concentration. In addition, we determined the total consumption rate of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane as well as bleeding. RESULTS: In each group the heart rate decreased after dexmedetomidine loading. After intubation, values were higher for Group A at one, three, five, 10, and 15 minutes. After intubation, the patients reached desired hypotension values at minute five for Group N and at minute 20 for group A. MAC values were higher for Group N at minute one, three, five, 10, and 15 (p < 0.05). FiO2 values were high between minute five and 60 for Group A, while at minute 90 Group N values were higher (p < 0.05). Fi Iso (inspiratuvar isofluran) values were lower in Group N at minute 15 and 30 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: By using dexmedetomidine instead of nitrous oxide in low flow isoflurane anesthesia, we attained desired MAP levels, sufficient anesthesia depth, hemodynamic stability and safe inspiration parameters. Dexmedetomidine infusion with medical air-oxygen as a carrier gas represents an alternative anesthetic technique.

Avaliação da eficácia de bupivacaína embebida em Gelfoam® no local do enxerto ósseo de crista ilíaca / Evaluation of the efficacy of bupivacaine soaked in Gelfoam® at the iliac crest bone graft site / Evaluación de la eficacia de la bupivacaina empapada en Gelfoam® en la región del injerto óseo de la cresta ilíaca

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Um número considerável de pacientes relata dor após coleta de enxerto da crista ilíaca anterior. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia da aplicação de bupivacaína embebida em uma esponja de gelatina absorvível (Gelfoam®) no local doador de osso e do uso parenteral de opioides no controle da dor pós-operatória. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado por placebo comparando a infiltração no período intraoperatório de 20 mL de bupivacaína (tratamento, grupo B) versus soro fisiológico (placebo) com Gelfoam embebida no local de coleta óssea da crista ilíaca em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva de coluna cervical. No período pós-operatório, a administração de cloridrato de hidromorfona (na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e analgesia controlada pelo paciente) foi padronizada. Um escore de dor com base em escala visual analógica (EVA) com pontuação de zero a 10 foi usado para avaliar a intensidade da dor associada ao local doador. Os escores de dor e uso/frequência de narcóticos foram registrados 24 e 48 horas após a operação. Os médicos, pacientes, a equipe de enfermagem e os estatísticos desconheciam o tratamento usado. RESULTADOS: Os grupos eram semelhantes em idade, gênero e comorbidades. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nos escores da EVA. As doses de narcótico foram significativamente menores no grupo B nos tempos de 24 e 48 horas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que bupivacaína embebida em esponja de gelatina absorvível no local de coleta do enxerto ósseo de crista ilíaca (EOCI) reduziu o uso parenteral de opioides no pós-operatório.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A substantial number of patients report pain after graft harvest from the anterior iliac crest. This study examined the efficacy of local application of bupivacaine soaked in a Gelfoam® at the bone donor site in controlling postoperative pain and parenteral opioid use. METHOD: We performed a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing intraoperative infiltration of 20 mililiters of bupivacaine (treatment, group B) versus saline (placebo), with Gelfoam® soaked into the iliac crest harvest site for patients undergoing elective cervical spinal surgery. Postoperative administration of dihydromorphinone hydrochloride (post anesthesia care unit and patient-controlled analgesia) was standardized. A pain score based on a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). was used to assess the severity of pain associated with donor site. Pain scores and narcotic use/frequency were recorded at the twenty-four and forty-eighth hour after the operation. Physicians, patients, nursing staff, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment. RESULTS: The groups were similar in baseline age, gender, and comorbidities. There was no significant difference between groups in VAS scores. Narcotic dosage, were significantly less in the Group B at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that bupivacaine soaked in gelfoam at the iliac bone graft harvest site reduced postoperative parenteral opioid usage.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Un número considerable de pacientes relata sentir dolor después de la recolección del injerto de la cresta ilíaca anterior. Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de la aplicación de bupivacaina empapada en una esponja de gelatina absorbible (Gelfoam®) en la región donadora del hueso y el uso parenteral de opioides en el control del dolor postoperatorio. MÉTODO: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, doble ciego, aleatorio y controlado por placebo, comparando la infiltración en el período intraoperatorio de 20 mL de bupivacaina (tratamiento, grupo B) versus suero fisiológico (placebo) con Gelfoam empapado dentro de la región de la recolección ósea de la cresta ilíaca, en pacientes sometidos a la cirugía electiva de la columna cervical. En el período postoperatorio, la administración de clorhidrato de hidromorfona (unidad de recuperación y analgesia controlada por el paciente) se estandarizó. Un puntaje de dolor con base en la escala visual analógica (EVA) y un puntaje de 0 a 10 fueron usados para evaluar la intensidad del dolor asociada con la región donadora. Los puntajes de dolor y el uso/frecuencia de narcóticos se registraron 24 y 48 horas después de la operación. Los médicos, pacientes, el equipo de enfermería y los estadísticos no conocían el tratamiento usado. RESULTADOS: Los grupos eran similares en edad, sexo y comorbilidades. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en los puntajes de la EVA. Las dosis de narcótico fueron significativamente menores en el grupo B en los tiempos de 24 y 48 horas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio demostró que la bupivacaina empapada en esponja de gelatina absorbible en la región de recolección del injerto óseo de la cresta ilíaca (EOCI) redujo el uso parenteral de opioides en el postoperatorio.

Evaluation of the efficacy of bupivacaine soaked in Gelfoam(®) at the iliac crest bone graft site.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A substantial number of patients report pain after graft harvest from the anterior iliac crest. This study examined the efficacy of local application of bupivacaine soaked in a Gelfoam(®) at the bone donor site in controlling postoperative pain and parenteral opioid use. METHOD: We performed a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing intraoperative infiltration of 20 mililiters of bupivacaine (treatment, group B) versus saline (placebo), with Gelfoam(®) soaked into the iliac crest harvest site for patients undergoing elective cervical spinal surgery. Postoperative administration of dihydromorphinone hydrochloride (post anesthesia care unit and patient-controlled analgesia) was standardized. A pain score based on a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). was used to assess the severity of pain associated with donor site. Pain scores and narcotic use/frequency were recorded at the twenty-four and forty-eighth hour after the operation. Physicians, patients, nursing staff, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment. RESULTS: The groups were similar in baseline age, gender, and comorbidities. There was no significant difference between groups in VAS scores. Narcotic dosage, were significantly less in the Group B at 24 and 48 hours (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that bupivacaine soaked in gelfoam at the iliac bone graft harvest site reduced postoperative parenteral opioid usage.

Regional intravenous anesthesia in knee arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the regional intravenous anesthesia procedure in knee arthroscopy and to evaluate the effects of adding ketamine over the anesthesia block charactery and tourniquet pain. MATERIAL/METHOD: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II patients who received knee arthroscopy were enrolled. After monitoring, a peripheral IV line was inserted.The venous blood in the lower extremity was evacuated with a bandage, and the proximal cuff of the double-cuff tourniquet was inflated. The patients were randomly split into two groups. While Group P received 80 ml 0.5% prilocaine, Group PK received 0.15 mg/kg ketamine (80 ml in total) via the dorsum of the foot. We recorded onset time of the sensory block, end time of the sensory block, presence of the motor block, the time when the patient verbally reported tourniquet pain and surgical pain, duration of tourniquet tolerance, fentanyl consumption during the operation, time to first analgesic requirement, methemoglobin values at 60 minutes, operative conditions, 24-hour analgesic consumption, discharge time, and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the patients who required general anesthesia was significantly higher than the BMI of other patients. The onset time of the sensory block was shorter for those in Group PK, but the time to first analgesic requirement was longer. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous anesthesia using the doses and volumes commonly used in knee arthroscopy may be an inadequate block among patients with high BMI values. Moreover, the addition of ketamine to the local anesthetic solution may produce a partial solution by shortening the onset of sensory block and prolonging the time until the first analgesic is required.

A comparison of epidural anesthesia and lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks for knee surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of combined lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks was compared to epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing total knee surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I-III patients (age range 18 to 65) undergoing knee surgery. The patients were randomly divided into one of two groups. Epidural anesthesia was performed in the epidural anesthesia (EA) group (n=40), and the lumbar plexus and sciatic nerves were blockedin the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks (LPSB) group (n=40). For each patient, onset of sensory and motor block, degree of motor block, sign of sensory block in the contralateral lower limb for the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks group, success in providing adequate anesthesia, hemodynamic changes, time of first analgesic request, and patient and surgeon satisfaction with the anesthetic technique were recorded. RESULTS: One patient in the epidural anesthesia group and three patients in the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks group required general anesthesia due to failed block. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the success of providing adequate anesthesia. Eight patients in the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks group developed contralateral spread. The onset of sensory-motor block and the time of the first analgesic request were significantly later in the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks group than in the epidural anesthesia group. Although there were no significant differences regarding patient satisfaction with the anesthetic technique between the two groups, surgeon satisfaction was significantly higher in the lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve blocks group than in the epidural anesthesia group. CONCLUSION: The lumbar plexus -sciatic nerve blocks provide effective unilateral anesthesia and may offer a beneficial alternative to epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing total knee surgery.

Regional intravenous anesthesia in knee arthroscopy

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the regional intravenous anesthesia procedure in knee arthroscopy and to evaluate the effects of adding ketamine over the anesthesia block charactery and tourniquet pain. MATERIAL/METHOD: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II patients who received knee arthroscopy were enrolled. After monitoring, a peripheral IV line was inserted.The venous blood in the lower extremity was evacuated with a bandage, and the proximal cuff of the double-cuff tourniquet was inflated. The patients were randomly split into two groups. While Group P received 80 ml 0.5 percent prilocaine, Group PK received 0.15 mg/kg ketamine (80 ml in total) via the dorsum of the foot. We recorded onset time of the sensory block, end time of the sensory block, presence of the motor block, the time when the patient verbally reported tourniquet pain and surgical pain, duration of tourniquet tolerance, fentanyl consumption during the operation, time to first analgesic requirement, methemoglobin values at 60 minutes, operative conditions, 24-hour analgesic consumption, discharge time, and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the patients who required general anesthesia was significantly higher than the BMI of other patients. The onset time of the sensory block was shorter for those in Group PK, but the time to first analgesic requirement was longer. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous anesthesia using the doses and volumes commonly used in knee arthroscopy may be an inadequate block among patients with high BMI values. Moreover, the addition of ketamine to the local anesthetic solution may produce a partial solution by shortening the onset of sensory block and prolonging the time until the first analgesic is required.