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1.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 82 Suppl 3: 51-56, 2022 Aug 30.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36054858

ABSTRACT

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent and frequent neurodevelopmental disorder in neuropediatrics, child psychiatry and child psychology consultations. The greater awareness of this condition, the information and, above all, the socio-cultural acceptance, has led to an earlier diagnosis, leading to more timely and effective treatment. Individualizing each case through systematic tools such as neuropsychological studies and their neuroanatomical and neurobiochemical correlation, related to ADHD, together with algorithms that analyze executive functions, is essential to indicate the optimal pharmacological treatment, together with the application of appropriate non-pharmacological therapies. Multimodal treatment, with cognitive behavioral intervention and pharmacological treatment, is the most effective therapeutic approach.


El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es el trastorno del neurodesarrollo más prevalente y frecuente en las consultas de neuropediatría, psiquiatría y psicología infantiles. La mayor sensibilización ante esta condición, la información y sobre todo la aceptación socio cultural, ha provocado que se diagnostique más precozmente, implicando ello un tratamiento más oportuno y eficaz. El individualizar cada caso mediante herramientas sistemáticas como los estudios neuropsicológicos y su correlación neuroanatómica y neurobioquímica, relacionados con el TDAH, junto con los algoritmos que analizan las funciones ejecutivas, es primordial para indicar el tratamiento farmacológico óptimo, unido a la aplicación de las terapias no farmacológicas apropiadas. El tratamiento multimodal, con intervención cognitivo conductual y tratamiento farmacológico, es el enfoque terapéutico más efectivo.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Child , Executive Function , Humans , Treatment Outcome
2.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 80 Suppl 2: 63-66, 2020.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32150716

ABSTRACT

Theta-Beta (T / B) ratio of the quantified electroencephalogram (EEGQ) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) constitutes a characteristic EEG variable of the primary disorder with an overall accuracy of 89%. The objective of this study was to measure the T/B ratio in a sample of patients with ADHD and the effects of the treatment with psychostimulants and non-psychostimulants on the T/B ratio. The sample consisted of 85 children between 6 and 18 years (68 males and 17 females) with the diagnosis of the inattentive and combined subtype of ADHD, according to the criteria of the DSM-V. An EEGQ was performed with measurement of the T/B ratio before and after 6 months of treatment with psychostimulant and non-psychostimulant drugs. Both groups were compared using the Wilcoxon signed range test for related samples. The results showed that 86% of the cases had a T/B ratio above the normal values for the age of them. The reduction in the T/B ratio was statistically significant in the group of patients treated with psychostimulants. The reduction of non-psychostimulants was not significant. In conclusion, we confirmed the high T/B ratio in patients with ADHD. Psychostimulant drugs decrease the elevated T/B ratio in patients with ADHD after 6 months of treatment.


El cociente Theta-Beta (T/B) del electroencefalograma cuantificado (EEGQ) de los pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) constituye una variable del EEG característica del trastorno primario con una precisión global del 89%. El objetivo de este estudio es medir el cociente T/B de una población de con TDAH y los efectos del tratamiento farmacológico con psicoestimulantes y no psicoestimulantes sobre el cociente T/B. La muestra estaba formada por 85 sujetos de entre 6 y los 18 años (68 niños y 17 niñas) con el diagnóstico de TDAH de subtipo inatento y combinado, según los criterios del DSM-V. Se les realizó un EEGQ con medición del cociente T/B antes y después de 6 meses de tratamiento con fármacos psicoestimulantes y no psicoestimulantes. Se compararon ambos grupos mediante la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas. En el 86% de los casos el cociente T/B fue elevado respecto de los valores normales para la edad. La reducción en el cociente T/B fue significativa en el grupo tratado con psicoestimulantes aunque la reducción con los no psicoestimulantes no fue significativa. En conclusión, se confirma la elevación del cociente T/B en los pacientes con TDAH. Los fármacos psicoestimulantes disminuyen de forma significativa el cociente T/B elevado en los pacientes con TDAH tras 6 meses de tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Beta Rhythm/physiology , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Electroencephalography/methods , Theta Rhythm/physiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Reference Values , Statistics, Nonparametric , Treatment Outcome
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(supl.2): 63-66, mar. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125109

ABSTRACT

El cociente Theta-Beta (T/B) del electroencefalograma cuantificado (EEGQ) de los pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) constituye una variable del EEG característica del trastorno primario con una precisión global del 89%. El objetivo de este estudio es medir el cociente T/B de una población de con TDAH y los efectos del tratamiento farmacológico con psicoestimulantes y no psicoestimulantes sobre el cociente T/B. La muestra estaba formada por 85 sujetos de entre 6 y los 18 años (68 niños y 17 niñas) con el diagnóstico de TDAH de subtipo inatento y combinado, según los criterios del DSM-V. Se les realizó un EEGQ con medición del cociente T/B antes y después de 6 meses de tratamiento con fármacos psicoestimulantes y no psicoestimulantes. Se compararon ambos grupos mediante la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas. En el 86% de los casos el cociente T/B fue elevado respecto de los valores normales para la edad. La reducción en el cociente T/B fue significativa en el grupo tratado con psicoestimulantes aunque la reducción con los no psicoestimulantes no fue significativa. En conclusión, se confirma la elevación del cociente T/B en los pacientes con TDAH. Los fármacos psicoestimulantes disminuyen de forma significativa el cociente T/B elevado en los pacientes con TDAH tras 6 meses de tratamiento.


Theta-Beta (T / B) ratio of the quantified electroencephalogram (EEGQ) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) constitutes a characteristic EEG variable of the primary disorder with an overall accuracy of 89%. The objective of this study was to measure the T/B ratio in a sample of patients with ADHD and the effects of the treatment with psychostimulants and non-psychostimulants on the T/B ratio. The sample consisted of 85 children between 6 and 18 years (68 males and 17 females) with the diagnosis of the inattentive and combined subtype of ADHD, according to the criteria of the DSM-V. An EEGQ was performed with measurement of the T/B ratio before and after 6 months of treatment with psychostimulant and non-psychostimulant drugs. Both groups were compared using the Wilcoxon signed range test for related samples. The results showed that 86% of the cases had a T/B ratio above the normal values for the age of them. The reduction in the T/B ratio was statistically significant in the group of patients treated with psychostimulants. The reduction of non-psychostimulants was not significant. In conclusion, we confirmed the high T/B ratio in patients with ADHD. Psychostimulant drugs decrease the elevated T/B ratio in patients with ADHD after 6 months of treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Theta Rhythm/physiology , Beta Rhythm/physiology , Electroencephalography/methods , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Reference Values , Age Factors , Treatment Outcome , Statistics, Nonparametric
4.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 79 Suppl 3: 33-36, 2019.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31603841

ABSTRACT

The development and establishment of the normal sleep patterns are very important processes in the final anatomical and physiological architecture of the central nervous system. The relationship between sleep disturbances during childhood with neurodevelopmental disorders is complex and potentially synergistic. Sleep patterns are present since the fetal period but their structure and physiology is modified according with the maturation of the central nervous system. Sleep disorders and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders(ADHD), autism spectrum disorders(ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (TDN) are not well understood yet, but significant progresses have been made in understanding associations and potential etiological correlations. We reviewed sleep disturbances in NDT, in ADHD and in ASD. A greater understanding of the pleiotropic functions of the genes involved in sleepwake cycle disorders and deviations from neurological developme nt could lead to new diagnostic and therapeut ic strategies in an early stage in order to improve the quality of life of the patient, relatives and caregivers.


El sueño es uno de los actos fisiológicos más importantes para la estructuración funcional y anatómica de áreas del sistema nervioso central. Las alteraciones del sueño durante la infancia y su relación con trastornos del neurodesarrollo es compleja y sumam ente interesante, donde destaca la multiplicidad de causas de estos trastornos. Bajo esta premisa se realiza una revisión sobre las alteraciones del sueño en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND), por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y del espectro autista (TEA). El sueño está presente desde la etapa fetal y va modificando su expresión en sintonía con la madurez del sistema nervioso central. Los trastornos del sueño y su relación con TDAH, TEA y otros TND son complejos, pero existen avances sobre la etiología de los mismos. Una mayor compresión de las funciones pleiotrópicas de los genes implicados en los trastornos del ciclo vigilia-sueño y en las desviaciones del desarrollo neurológico podría conducir a nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas de manera precoz con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, familiares y cuidadores.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Sleep Wake Disorders/complications , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Child, Preschool , Circadian Rhythm , Humans , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics
5.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(supl.3): 33-36, set. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040547

ABSTRACT

El sueño es uno de los actos fisiológicos más importantes para la estructuración funcional y anatómica de áreas del sistema nervioso central. Las alteraciones del sueño durante la infancia y su relación con trastornos del neurodesarrollo es compleja y sumam ente interesante, donde destaca la multiplicidad de causas de estos trastornos. Bajo esta premisa se realiza una revisión sobre las alteraciones del sueño en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND), por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y del espectro autista (TEA). El sueño está presente desde la etapa fetal y va modificando su expresión en sintonía con la madurez del sistema nervioso central. Los trastornos del sueño y su relación con TDAH, TEA y otros TND son complejos, pero existen avances sobre la etiología de los mismos. Una mayor compresión de las funciones pleiotrópicas de los genes implicados en los trastornos del ciclo vigilia-sueño y en las desviaciones del desarrollo neurológico podría conducir a nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas de manera precoz con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, familiares y cuidadores.


The development and establishment of the normal sleep patterns are very important processes in the final anatomical and physiological architecture of the central nervous system. The relationship between sleep disturbances during childhood with neurodevelopmental disorders is complex and potentially synergistic. Sleep patterns are present since the fetal period but their structure and physiology is modified according with the maturation of the central nervous system. Sleep disorders and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders(ADHD), autism spectrum disorders(ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (TDN) are not well understood yet, but significant progresses have been made in understanding associations and potential etiological correlations. We reviewed sleep disturbances in NDT, in ADHD and in ASD. A greater understanding of the pleiotropic functions of the genes involved in sleep-wake cycle disorders and deviations from neurological developme nt could lead to new diagnostic and therapeut ic strategies in an early stage in order to improve the quality of life of the patient, relatives and caregivers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications , Sleep Wake Disorders/complications , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics , Circadian Rhythm , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
6.
Rev Neurol ; 56 Suppl 1: S107-18, 2013 Feb 22.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23446712

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Evoked potentials P300 and the analysis of executive functions have shown their utility in the monitoring of patients with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Neuropsychological profiles and evoked potentials P300 have been analysed for two groups of children with an ADHD treatment with atomoxetine and methylphenidate respectively. Correlations between P300 and the selected neuropsychological parameters are studied, and the differences between basal values and 1 year follow-up are analysed. Two groups were performed: a group of 22 children ADHD in the atomoxetine condition, and a group of 24 children ADHD in the methylphenidate condition. RESULTS: The results show a global improvement of all the parameters, in terms of executive function and P300 values in both, the atomoxetine and the methylphenidate group. CONCLUSION: Executive functions and evoked potentials P300 reflect an underlying processing and they are very useful in the clinical practice. This exploratory study shows the importance of designing personalized objective variables-based treatments.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Event-Related Potentials, P300 , Executive Function , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Child , Female , Humans , Male
7.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 56(supl.1): S107-S118, 22 feb., 2013. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-111690

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Los potenciales evocados P300 y el análisis de funciones ejecutivas han demostrado ser una herramienta de gran utilidad en el seguimiento de los pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH). Pacientes y métodos. Se analizan los perfiles neuropsicológicos y potenciales P300 de dos grupos de niños con clínica de TDAH que han sido tratados con atomoxetina y metilfenidato, respectivamente. Se estudia la correlación entre el P300 y los parámetros neuropsicológicos seleccionados, y se analizan las diferencias antes y después de un año de tratamiento. Resultados. Los resultados muestran una mejoría significativa global de los parámetros evaluados, en términos de funcionamiento ejecutivo, y también la valoración de potenciales evocados P300, tanto en el grupo tratado con atomoxetina como en el grupo tratado con metilfenidato. Conclusión. El estudio de las funciones ejecutivas y potenciales evocados P300 constituye un reflejo del procesamiento subyacente, de gran utilidad para la práctica clínica. Este estudio exploratorio muestra la relevancia de diseñar tratamientos personalizados y basados en variables objetivas (AU)


Introduction. Evoked potentials P300 and the analysis of executive functions have shown their utility in the monitoring of patients with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients and methods. Neuropsychological profiles and evoked potentials P300 have been analysed for two groups of children with an ADHD treatment with atomoxetine and methylphenidate respectively. Correlations between P300 and the selected neuropsychological parameters are studied, and the differences between basal values and 1 year follow-up are analysed. Two groups were performed: a group of 22 children ADHD in the atomoxetine condition, and a group of 24 children ADHD in the methylphenidate condition. Results. The results show a global improvement of all the parameters, in terms of executive function and P300 values in both, the atomoxetine and the methylphenidate group. Conclusion. Executive functions and evoked potentials P300 reflect an underlying processing and they are very useful in the clinical practice. This exploratory study shows the importance of designing personalized objective variables-based treatments (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Event-Related Potentials, P300 , Executive Function , Methylphenidate/pharmacokinetics , Neuropsychological Tests , Evoked Potentials
8.
Rev Neurol ; 54 Suppl 3: S41-53, 2012 May 21.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22605631

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent neurodevelopmental problem in childhood, with significant repercussions that continue into adulthood. This means that an appropriate therapeutic intervention is vital to improve its prognosis. AIMS. To identify the ideal pharmacological options according to the characteristics of the patient and to report on the new drugs. DEVELOPMENT. The work analyses how therapeutic interventions can be conditioned by the anatomical substrate of the brain, the biochemical bases, genetics, neurophysiological examinations, neuropsychological studies and the clinical symptoms and subtypes. A significant amount of importance is granted to neuropsychological studies, especially those dealing with the executive functions, including evaluation of attention, impulse control, and interference and cognitive flexibility. Taking into consideration the signal-to-noise characteristics can be useful when it comes to choosing the drug. CONCLUSIONS. The development of the pharmacological therapeutic options in ADHD opens up expectations concerning applicability and greater specificity in daily practice to fit the characteristics of each patient. Psychoeducation must always be included and a thorough study of each particular child is recommended. This should involve analysing the neuropsychological features of his or her brain function in order to be able to reflect on the ideal pharmacological option that allows more favourable progress.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/classification , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Brain Mapping , Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacokinetics , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/etiology , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/physiopathology , Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use , Early Diagnosis , Electroencephalography , Evoked Potentials , Executive Function/drug effects , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Models, Biological , Neuroimaging/methods , Neuropsychological Tests , Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism , Prognosis
9.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 54(supl.3): s41-s53, 21 mayo, 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-100106

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es la problemática más frecuente del neurodesarrollo infantil con repercusiones significativas que se prolongan hasta la edad adulta, por lo que una adecuada intervención terapéutica es decisiva para su mejor pronóstico. Objetivos. Identificar las opciones farmacológicas idóneas en función de las características del paciente y describir los nuevos fármacos. Desarrollo. Se analiza cómo las intervenciones terapéuticas pueden estar condicionadas por el sustrato anatómico cerebral, las bases bioquímicas, la genética, las exploraciones neurofisiológicas, los estudios neuropsicológicos, y los síntomas y subtipos clínicos. Se da importancia relevante a los estudios neuropsicológicos, especialmente de las funciones ejecutivas, incluyendo la valoración de la atención, controles de impulsos, e interferencia y flexibilidad cognitiva. Las consideraciones sobre las características señal-ruido pueden ser útiles para la elección del fármaco. Conclusiones. El desarrollo de las opciones terapéuticas farmacológicas en el TDAH abre expectativas de aplicabilidad y mayor especificidad en la práctica diaria en función de las características propias del paciente. La psicoeducación siempre debe incluirse y es recomendable un estudio riguroso de cada niño en particular, analizando las características propias neuropsicológicas de su función cerebral para razonar sobre la opción farmacológica idónea que posibilite una evolución más favorable (AU)


Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent neurodevelopmental problem in childhood, with significant repercussions that continue into adulthood. This means that an appropriate therapeutic intervention is vital to improve its prognosis. ims. To identify the ideal pharmacological options according to the characteristics of the patient and to report on the new drugs. Development. The work analyses how therapeutic interventions can be conditioned by the anatomical substrate of the brain, the biochemical bases, genetics, neurophysiological examinations, neuropsychological studies and the clinical symptoms and subtypes. A significant amount of importance is granted to neuropsychological studies, especially those dealing with the executive functions, including evaluation of attention, impulse control, and interference and cognitive flexibility. Taking into consideration the signal-to-noise characteristics can be useful when it comes to choosing the drug. Conclusions. The development of the pharmacological therapeutic options in ADHD opens up expectations concerning applicability and greater specificity in daily practice to fit the characteristics of each patient. Psychoeducation must always be included and a thorough study of each particular child is recommended. This should involve analysing the neuropsychological features of his or her brain function in order to be able to reflect on the ideal pharmacological option that allows more favourable progress (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Methylphenidate/pharmacokinetics , Electroencephalography , Neuropsychological Tests , Evoked Potentials , Gyrus Cinguli/physiopathology , Clonidine/pharmacokinetics
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