Guamara and Cocuixtle: Source of Proteases for the Transformation of Shrimp By-Products into Hydrolysates with Potential Application.

Since the fruits of Bromelia pinguin and Bromelia karatas are rich in proteases, the aim of this research was to optimize the hydrolysis process of cooked white shrimp by-products due to the effect of these proteases. A robust Taguchi L16' design was used to optimize the hydrolysis process. Similarly, the amino acid profile by GC-MS and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP) were determined. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of cooked shrimp by-products were pH 8.0, 30 °C, 0.5 h, 1 g of substrate and 100 µg/mL of B. karatas, pH 7.5, 40 °C, 0.5 h, 0.5 g substrate and 100 µg/mL enzyme extract from B. pinguin and pH 7.0, 37 °C, 1 h, 1.5 g substrate and 100 µg/mL enzyme bromelain. The optimized hydrolyzates of B. karatas B. pinguin and bromelain had 8 essential amino acids in their composition. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the hydrolyzates under optimal conditions showed more than 80% inhibition of in ABTS radical, B. karatas hydrolyzates had better higher ferric ion reduction capacity with 10.09 ± 0.02 mM TE/mL. Finally, the use of proteolytic extracts from B. pinguin and B. karatas to optimize hydrolysis process allowed obtaining hydrolyzates of cooked shrimp by-products with potential antioxidant capacity.

Extraction of Acetogenins Using Thermosonication-Assisted Extraction from Annona muricata Seeds and Their Antifungal Activity.

The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions by thermosonication-assisted extraction (TSAE) of the total acetogenin content (TAC) and yield from A. muricata seeds, assessing the effect of the temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), sonication amplitude (80, 90, and 100%), and pulse-cycle (0.5, 0.7, and 1 s). In addition, optimal TSAE conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) were compared with extraction by ultrasound at 25 °C and the soxhlet method measuring TAC and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, solubility and identification of isolated ACGs were performed. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of ACGs crude extract and isolated ACGs was evaluated. Optimal TSAE conditions to extract the highest TAC (35.89 mg/g) and yield (3.6%) were 50 °C, 100% amplitude, and 0.5 s pulse-cycle. TSAE was 2.17-fold and 15.60-fold more effective than ultrasound at 25 °C and the Soxhlet method to extract ACGs with antioxidant capacity. Isolated ACGs were mostly soluble in acetone and methanol. Seven ACGs were identified, and pseudoannonacin was the most abundant. The inhibition of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis was higher from isolated ACGs than crude extract. TSAE was effective to increase the yield in the ACGs extraction from A. muricata seeds and these ACGs have important antifungal activity.

Current Situation and Perspectives of Fruit Annonaceae in Mexico: Biological and Agronomic Importance and Bioactive Properties.

The Annonaceae family is one of the oldest angiosperms. The genus Annona is the one with the most species and, together with Asimina, the only ones that contain edible fruits. In the last 10 years, interest in these fruit species has increased, mainly due to their nutritional properties and their application in the treatment of human diseases. Mexico is the center of origin for most of them. However, at present much of the basic agronomic information, postharvest handling of the fruits, and their potential as new crops for areas with poor soils in organic matter or semi-dry climates is unknown. It is considered that these custard apple species may be an option to change towards instead of crops that have lost profitability and sustainability. A review of the current state of knowledge in different areas of the species A. muricata, A. macroprophyllata, A. reticulata, A. squamosa, and A. cherimola was carried out and to focus research efforts on the topics of greatest interest and on those where is required to achieve a sustainable production and use of these resources in Mexico. However, knowledge about the cultivation and potential uses of these species is needed to increase their commercialization; the integration of interdisciplinary and interinstitutional groups is required.

Annonas: Underutilized species as a potential source of bioactive compounds.

The genus Annona belongs to the family Annonaceae and includes several species of tropical and subtropical crops characterized by their edible and exotic fruits. Twenty species of Annona have been reported in Mexico, localized mainly in the tropical southeastern regions of the country. Most species, however, are not marketable and remain underutilized, and are often referred to as wild Annona species, but they are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. According to ethnobotanical evidence, extracts obtained from different Annona species and different parts of the plant (stem bark, leaves, roots, seeds, and peel) have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Most of their reported health benefits are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds with various in vitro and in vivo biological activities, such as antidepressant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, vasorelaxant, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, analgesic, and healing activities. Therefore, further extensive knowledge of these species especially information on their health benefits is essential to increase their cultivation and commercial use. The present review focuses on traditional uses of underutilized Annona species, their bioactive compounds content, and biological activities.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology.

The soursop fruit or Annona muricata (A. muricata) fruit is recognized by its bioactive compounds and acetogenins (ACG) are among the most important. The effect of ACGs, with greater importance in health, is that they present anti-tumor activity; however, the methods of extraction of ACGs are very slow and with a high expenditure of solvents. To our knowledge, there is no report of an optimal method for the extraction of acetogenins from the Annonaceae family by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE); therefore, the aim was to find the best UEA conditions of acetogenins from A. muricata fruit (peel, pulp, seed, and columella) by using response surface methodology. The effect of amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%), time (5, 10, and 15 min), and pulse-cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s) of ultrasound at 24 kHz was evaluated on the total acetogenin content (TAC). Optimal extraction conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) with UEA were compared with the extraction of ACGs by maceration. The optimal UEA conditions in the A. muricata pulp and by-products were dependent on each raw material. The highest TAC was found in the seed (13.01 mg/g dry weight (DW)), followed by the peel (1.69 mg/g DW), the pulp (1.67 mg/g DW), and columella (1.52 mg/g DW). The experimental TAC correlated well with the model (Adjusted R2 with values between 0.88 and 0.97). The highest effectiveness in ACG extraction was obtained in seeds and peels using UEA compared to extraction by maceration (993% and 650%, respectively). The results showed that A. muricata by-products are an important source of ACGs and that UAE could be a viable alternative, with high potential for large-scale extraction.

Evaluation of nutritional characteristics and bioactive compounds of soursop-yoghurt and soursop-frozen dessert.

The nutritional quality, sensory attributes, polyphenols and acetogenins content in yoghurt and frozen dessert formulated with soursop pulp were investigated. The addition of soursop pulp to yoghurt and frozen dessert improved the sensory attributes and the nutritional quality of soursop dairy products resulting in a composition of 0.92 and 2.17% of dietary fiber, 11.25 and 9.84 mg/100 g of vitamin C as well as 243.02 and 490.98 mg/100 g of total polyphenols, respectively. Acetogenins were extracted from both dairy products using maceration, sonication, microwave and Soxhlet. Sonication showed to be faster and safer than the other methods for acetogenins extraction. Higher annonacin (an acetogenin) content was found in yoghurt (38 ng/g) than in frozen dessert (15 ng/g). The quantification of bioactive compounds implied the nutraceutical properties to yoghurt and ice cream when they are added with soursop pulp. The results are useful for the consumers seeking healthier foods.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Annona muricata By-Products and Pulp.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is widely used; however, the efficiency of extraction depends on the raw materials. Therefore, optimization of UAE must be investigated for each type of plant material. By-products from soursop fruit have not been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the optimization of UAE conditions (extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), pulse cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s), and sonication amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%)) for the extraction of phenolic compounds (soluble, hydrolyzable, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols) from soursop by-products (seed, peel, and columella) and pulp was evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for UAE to obtain the highest total polyphenol content from by-products and pulp was dependent on the raw material. Peel resulted in the highest content of total polyphenols (187.32 mg/g dry matter [DM]) followed by columella (164.14 mg/g DM), seed (36.15 mg/g DM), and pulp (33.24 mg/g DM). The yield of polyphenolic content from peel and columella obtained with UAE was higher (32⁻37%) than conventional extraction for 2 h under stirring (14⁻16%). The contents of gallic acid (0.36⁻15.86 µg/g DM), coumaric acid (0.07⁻1.37 µg/g DM), and chlorogenic acid (9.18⁻32.67 µg/g DM) in the different parts of the fruit were higher in the extracts obtained by UAE compared with a conventional extraction method (0.08⁻0.61, 0.05⁻0.08, 3.15⁻13.08 µg/g DM, respectively), although it was dependent on the raw materials. Soursop by-products can be functionally important if they are used to extract bioactive compounds by UAE; a technology with high potential for commercial extraction on a large scale.

Changes in the nutritional quality of five Mangifera species harvested at two maturity stages.

BACKGROUND: There are 69 species of edible Mangifera recognized in Southeast Asia. Most of these species have not been characterized for nutritional properties. This paper describes the nutritional quality of the pulp of several Mangifera species - Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Mangifera odorata, Mangifera zeylanica and two cultivars of Mangifera indica, 'Tommy-Kent' and 'Tommy Atkins' - at two maturity stages. RESULTS: The results showed that nutritional quality varied with maturity stage and among species. The immature pulp of all species had higher content of total dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E, total soluble polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. In mature pulp, the protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate and B vitamin values were higher in all species. The species with the best nutritional quality were, in order from highest to lowest, M. casturi, M. odorata, M. zeylanica, M. indica cultivars and M. lalijiwa. CONCLUSION: The fruit pulp of three species had higher nutritional quality at both maturity stages in comparison with M. indica cultivars. These other Mangifera species can be nutritionally important in communities facing food insecurity and have potential as emerging crops. The decline of these valuable species in their natural habitats is an increasing concern, and their nutritional properties justify greater efforts to protect them. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Functional properties and dietary fiber characterization of mango processing by-products (Mangifera indica L., cv Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins).

Several reports have focused on utilization of post-harvest residues of crops, while neglecting those residues produced by mango processing. These residues represent a waste of nutrients and a source of environmental contaminants. Such by-products could be valuable sources of dietary fiber (DF), antioxidant compounds, and single carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate some functional properties (FP), and the content of DF and polyphenols (PP) of the peel and coarse material obtained from residues during the industrial processing of Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins mangoes. The total dietary fiber (TDF) content was about 225 mg/g and 387 mg/g (dry weight) for the coarse material and the peel, respectively, from which soluble dietary fiber represented 23 and 42%, respectively. The main neutral sugar identified was rhamnose, especially in peels; the klason lignin (KL) content was 92 mg/g, which highlights the Ataulfo peel (Ataulfo-P) and the Tommy Atkins peel (Tommy Atkins-P). The extractable PP content in Ataulfo-P was higher than in Tommy-Atkins-P, and interesting data for non-extractable PP were obtained in the residues. FP as swelling, water holding, oil holding, and glucose absorption in the residues was studied, obtaining better functional properties when compared to cellulose fiber. The results show that mango industrial by-products, mainly from the Ataulfo-P variety, could be used as ingredients in food products because of their functional properties as well as their DF and PP content.