ABSTRACT
Glutamate hyperfunction is implicated in multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases. Activation of the mGlu2 receptor results in reduced glutamate release and decreased excitability representing a promising novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, mood, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We have previously reported substantial efforts leading to potent and selective mGlu2 PAMs from different chemical series. Herein, the discovery and optimization of a novel series of imidazopyrazinone mGlu2 PAMs are reported. This new scaffold originated from computational searching of fragment databases and comparison with our previously explored scaffolds. Optimization guided by our robust understanding of SAR from former series led to potent, selective, and brain-penetrant compounds.
ABSTRACT
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of tau understood to lower the speed and yield of its aggregation, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only enzyme that removes O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) from target proteins. Therefore, inhibition of OGA represents a potential approach for the treatment of AD by preserving the O-GlcNAcylated tau protein. Herein, we report the multifactorial optimization of high-throughput screening hit 8 to a potent, metabolically stable, and orally bioavailable diazaspirononane OGA inhibitor (+)-56. The human OGA X-ray crystal structure has been recently solved, but bacterial hydrolases are still widely used as structural homologues. For the first time, we reveal how a nonsaccharide series of inhibitors binds bacterial OGA and discuss the suitability of two different bacterial orthologues as surrogates for human OGA. These breakthroughs enabled structure-activity relationships to be understood and provided context and boundaries for the optimization of druglike properties.
Subject(s)
Aza Compounds/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy , beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/antagonists & inhibitors , beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism , Animals , Aza Compounds/chemistry , Catalysis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Mutagenesis , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Starting from two weak mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) HTS hits (4 and 5), a molecular hybridization strategy resulted in the identification of a novel spiro-oxindole piperidine series with improved activity and metabolic stability. Scaffold hopping around the spiro-oxindole core identified the 3-(azetidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-one as bioisoster. Medicinal chemistry optimization of these two novel chemotypes resulted in the identification of potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain penetrant mGluR2 PAMs.
ABSTRACT
In previous studies, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups to 1,4-oxazine BACE1 inhibitors reduced the p Ka of the amidine group, resulting in compound 2 that showed excellent in vivo efficacy, lowering Aß levels in brain and CSF. However, a suboptimal cardiovascular safety margin, based on QTc prolongation, prevented further progression. Further optimization resulted in the replacement of the 2-fluoro substituent by a CF3-group, which reduced hERG inhibition. This has led to compound 3, with an improved cardiovascular safety margin and sufficiently safe in GLP toxicity studies to progress into clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Administration, Intravenous , Administration, Oral , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Biological Availability , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Drug Stability , ERG1 Potassium Channel/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Male , Mice, Inbred Strains , Oxazines/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/cerebrospinal fluid , Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protease Inhibitors/adverse effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
1,4-Oxazines are presented, which show good in vitro inhibition in enzymatic and cellular BACE1 assays. We describe lead optimization focused on reducing the amidine pKa while optimizing interactions in the BACE1 active site. Our strategy permitted modulation of properties such as permeation and especially P-glycoprotein efflux. This led to compounds which were orally bioavailable, centrally active, and which demonstrated robust lowering of brain and CSF Aß levels, respectively, in mouse and dog models. The amyloid lowering potential of these molecules makes them valuable leads in the search for new BACE1 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
