Surgical waiting lists and queue management in a Brazilian tertiary public hospital.

BACKGROUND: Centralized management of queues helps to reduce the surgical waiting time in the publicly funded healthcare system, but this is not a reality in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (BUHS). We describe the implementation of the "Patients with Surgical Indication" (PSI) in a Brazilian public tertiary hospital, the impact on waiting time, and its use in rationing oncological surgeries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of elective surgical requests (2016-2022) in a Brazilian general, public, tertiary university hospital. We recovered information regarding the inflows (indications), outflows and their reasons, the number of patients, and waiting time in queue. RESULTS: We enrolled 82,844 indications in the PSI (2016-2022). The waiting time (median and interquartile range) in days decreased from 98(48;168) in 2016 to 14(3;152) in 2022 (p < 0.01). The same occurred with the backlog that ranged from 6,884 in 2016 to 844 in 2022 (p < 001). During the Pandemic, there was a reduction in the number of non-oncological surgeries per month (95% confidence interval) of -10.9(-18.0;-3.8) during Phase I (January 2019-March 2020), maintenance in Phase II (April 2020-August 2021) 0.1(-10.0;10.4) and increment in Phase III (September 2021-December 2022) of 23.0(15.3;30.8). In the oncological conditions, these numbers were 0.6(-2.1;3.3) for Phase I, an increase of 3.2(0.7;5.6) in Phase II and 3.9(1,4;6,4) in Phase III. CONCLUSION: Implementing a centralized list of surgical indications and developing queue management principles proved feasible, with effective rationing. It unprecedentedly demonstrated the decrease in the median waiting time in Brazil.

Multimodal Neuromonitoring During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Introduction: Neuromonitoring (electroencephalogram [EEG] and cerebral oximetry) is essential for appropriate anesthesia and neuroprotection assessment during pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods: We describe the intraoperative pediatric multimodal and multiparametric neuromonitoring pattern of the software system Neuron-Spectrum (Kandel®) that consists of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG), spectral analysis, amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), depth of anesthesia monitor (NINDEX), and regional cerebral and somatic oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy-INVOS™). A physiological algorithm for management using neuromonitoring and physiological data is also described. Results: Visual data examples are presented for interpretation of the cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, neurophysiological state, anesthesia depth, possible neurologic predictions, and identification of cerebral drug effects (EEG signature). Conclusion: The neuromonitoring model can be an effective tool for anesthesia control and to provide adequate cerebral oxygenation during surgery.

Multimodal Neuromonitoring During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromonitoring (electroencephalogram [EEG] and cerebral oximetry) is essential for appropriate anesthesia and neuroprotection assessment during pediatric cardiac surgery. METHODS: We describe the intraoperative pediatric multimodal and multiparametric neuromonitoring pattern of the software system Neuron-Spectrum (Kandel®) that consists of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG), spectral analysis, amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), depth of anesthesia monitor (NINDEX), and regional cerebral and somatic oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy-INVOS™). A physiological algorithm for management using neuromonitoring and physiological data is also described. RESULTS: Visual data examples are presented for interpretation of the cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, neurophysiological state, anesthesia depth, possible neurologic predictions, and identification of cerebral drug effects (EEG signature). Conclusion: The neuromonitoring model can be an effective tool for anesthesia control and to provide adequate cerebral oxygenation during surgery.

Lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate preserved hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia without prolonging neuromuscular blockade: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine and magnesium sulfate have become increasingly utilized in general anesthesia. The present study evaluated the effects of these drugs, isolated or combined, on hemodynamic parameters as well as on the cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade (NMB). METHODS: At a university hospital, 64 patients, ASA physical status I and II, undergoing elective surgery with similar pain stimuli were randomly assigned to four groups. Patients received a bolus of lidocaine and magnesium sulfate before the tracheal intubation and a continuous infusion during the operation as follows: 3 mg.kg- 1 and 3 mg.kg- 1.h- 1 (lidocaine - L group), 40 mg.kg- 1 and 20 mg.kg- 1.h- 1 (magnesium - M group), equal doses of both drugs (magnesium plus lidocaine - ML group), and an equivalent volume of isotonic solution (control - C group). Hemodynamic parameters and neuromuscular blockade features were continuously monitored until spontaneous recovery of the train of four (TOF) ratio (TOFR > 0.9). RESULTS: The magnesium sulfate significantly prolonged all NMB recovery features, without changing the speed of onset of cisatracurium. The addition of lidocaine to Magnesium Sulfate did not influence the cisatracurium neuromuscular blockade. A similar finding was observed when this drug was used alone, with a significantly smaller fluctuation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) measures during anesthesia induction and maintenance. Interestingly, the percentage of patients who achieved a TOFR of 90% without reaching T1-95% was higher in the M and ML groups. Than in the C and L groups. There were no adverse events reported in this study. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lidocaine plays a significant role in the hemodynamic stability of patients under general anesthesia without exerting any additional impact on the NMB, even combined with magnesium sulfate. Aside from prolonging all NMB recovery characteristics without altering the onset speed, magnesium sulfate enhances the TOF recovery rate without T1 recovery. Our findings may aid clinical decisions involving the use of these drugs by encouraging their association in multimodal anesthesia or other therapeutic purposes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02483611 (registration date: 06-29-2015).

[Role of acute hemodilution in blood transfusion rate in patients submmited to scoliosis surgery: observational retrospective study]. / Papel da hemodiluição aguda na taxa de transfusão sanguínea em pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de escoliose: estudo observacional retrospectivo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study assessed the role of acute hemodilution in the blood transfusion rate in patients submitted to surgical treatment of scoliosis. METHODS: Retrospective observational study performed at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMRP?USP). Medical charts of patients submitted to elective correction of scoliosis between January 1996 and December 2016 were analyzed. Variables assessed were: age, weight, sex, presence of comorbidities, data regarding anesthesia and surgery, lab data, adverse events and blood transfusion rate. The final sample consisted of 33 procedures performed by the same anesthesiologist and same surgeon, divided into two groups: Hemodilution Group (n = 16) and Control Group (n = 17). Indication of acute normovolemic hemodilution was determined by patient refusal of blood transfusion for religious reasons. RESULTS: The sample was statistically homogeneous and the groups were compared in terms of the attributes analyzed. The volume of homologous blood used by the Hemodilution Group was significantly lower than the Control Group (p = 0.0016). The percentage of patients who required transfusion was 12.5% in the Hemodilution Group, while it was 70.69% (p = 0.0013) in the Control Group. Upon hospital discharge, mean values of hemoglobin and hematocrit between groups did not present significant differences (p = 0.0679; p = 0.1027, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Acute normovolemic hemodilution, in scoliosis correction surgeries reduces blood transfusion rates, meeting patient needs without increasing adverse events or infection rates.

Neuroprotective Anesthesia Regimen and Intensive Management for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Review and Initial Experience.

This article describes our proposal for routine anesthesia, intraoperative medical management, cerebral and physiological monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass that intend to provide appropriate anesthesia (analgesia, hypnosis), neuroprotection, adequate cerebral and systemic oxygen supply, and preventing against drugs neurotoxicity. A concise retrospective data is presented.

Neuroprotective anesthesia regimen and intensive management for pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a review and initial experience

Abstract This article describes our proposal for routine anesthesia, intraoperative medical management, cerebral and physiological monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass that intend to provide appropriate anesthesia (analgesia, hypnosis), neuroprotection, adequate cerebral and systemic oxygen supply, and preventing against drugs neurotoxicity. A concise retrospective data is presented.

Dynamic comparison of pharyngeal stability during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome treated with maxillomandibular advancement.

PURPOSE: To compare the dynamic differences occurring in the pharynx during sleep after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery for the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study conducted on 20 patients (15 men and 5 women) with a polysomnography diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) submitted to surgical treatment with MMA. All patients were submitted to magnetic resonance (MR) during propofol-induced sleep before and 6 months after surgery. Thirty linear measurements (30 sections) were obtained over time in the retrolingual (RL) region to compare their variability before and after MMA. RESULTS: The mean linear anteroposterior increase of the pharynx during induced sleep after MMA was 66 % in the RL region (P < 0.01). The coefficient of variation of the linear measurements was 117.5 % before surgery, being reduced to 51 % after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MMA promoted an important increase of the pharynx during induced sleep and a more significant change in the variability of its lumen. With a lower variation in the diameter of the organ during the respiratory movements, there is greater airway stability and a consequent maintenance of the pharyngeal lumen that reduces or even prevents pharyngeal collapse.

Pain and cardiorespiratory responses of children during physiotherapy after heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of pain and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation associated with physiotherapy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Eighteen extubated children were assessed for the presence of pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale, and blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were simultaneously recorded. The physiological parameters were measured at the following time periods: immediately before physiotherapy, five and 10 minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy, and five minutes after its end. Pain was assessed immediately before physiotherapy, ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy and five minutes after its end. Pain and physiological changes were assessed by the Friedman test and the correlation between the physiological parameters and the pain scores was assessed by the Spearman test. RESULTS: Pain increased during physiotherapy and decreased significantly after it compared to pre-physiotherapy scores. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after 10 minutes of the beginning of physiotherapy. Arterial oxygen saturation tended to decrease during physiotherapy and to increase after it, although without significance. The correlation between pain scores and the physiological variables was significant only for systolic blood pressure and heart rate ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Manipulation after the beginning of physiotherapy seems to be accompanied by significant pain and by important associated cardiovascular changes. Apparent analgesia and improved respiratory function were observed after respiratory physiotherapy.

Endplates changes related to age and vertebral segment.

Endplate separations are defined as the presence of a space between the hyaline cartilage and the cortical bone of the adjacent vertebral body. This study evaluates endplate separations from the vertebral body and intervertebral discs and verifies if endplate separation is related to age and the spinal level. Groups were formed based on age (20-40 and 41-85 years old) and the vertebral segment (T7-T8 and L4-L5 segments). Histological analysis included assessment of the length of the vertebral endplates, the number and dimensions of the separations, and orientation of the collagen fibers, in the mid-sagittal slice. Two indexes were created: the separation index (number of separations/vertebral length) and separation extension index (sum of all separations/vertebral length). The results of the study demonstrated a direct relationship between the density of separations in the endplate and two variables: age and spinal level.

Changes of the retrolingual pharynx during the Muller manoeuvre and during sleep in sleep apnoea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the retrolingual pharynx shows the same morphometric modifications during the Muller manoeuvre and during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) with propofol in patients submitted for maxillomandibular advancement surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients submitted for maxillomandibular advancement surgery (MMAS) were evaluated endoscopically before and 6 month after surgery in the region of the retrolingual pharynx while seated and lying in dorsal decubitus (supine) while performing the Muller manoeuvre and during DISE with propofol, to verify and measure if the same morphometric changes occur in the retrolingual pharynx during the Muller manoeuvre and during DISE with propofol. The area, anteroposterior, and laterolateral retrolingual pharynx images were acquired using the Sony Vegas 8.0 software and recorded on a DVD. The Image J software was used to measure and compare these images. RESULTS: An increase in the pharyngeal aperture was observed in all measurements after surgery, specifically in area retrolingual pharynx images. When the Muller manoeuvre was performed, a greater gain (113%) in area retrolingual pharynx measurement was observed when the patient was awake and seated. With the patient was in dorsal decubitus during DISE with propofol there was a greater gain in area retrolingual pharynx measurement (201.33%) in the smaller aperture. CONCLUSION: The Muller manoeuvre after MMAS does not simulate the dimensions of the pharynx that occur during sleep.

Pain and cardiorespiratory responses of children during physiotherapy after heart surgery / Dor e respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a fisioterapia de crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of pain and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation associated with physiotherapy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Eighteen extubated children were assessed for the presence of pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale, and blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were simultaneously recorded. The physiological parameters were measured at the following time periods: immediately before physiotherapy, five and 10 minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy, and five minutes after its end. Pain was assessed immediately before physiotherapy, ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy and five minutes after its end. Pain and physiological changes were assessed by the Friedman test and the correlation between the physiological parameters and the pain scores was assessed by the Spearman test. Results: Pain increased during physiotherapy and decreased significantly after it compared to pre-physiotherapy scores. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after 10 minutes of the beginning of physiotherapy. Arterial oxygen saturation tended to decrease during physiotherapy and to increase after it, although without significance. The correlation between pain scores and the physiological variables was significant only for systolic blood pressure and heart rate ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy. Conclusion: Manipulation after the beginning of physiotherapy seems to be accompanied by significant pain and by important associated cardiovascular changes. Apparent analgesia and improved respiratory function were observed after respiratory physiotherapy. .

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as ocorrências de dor e as alterações na pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação arterial de oxigênio associadas à fisioterapia em crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Em dezoito crianças entubadas, foram avaliadas a dor pela escala face, pernas, atividade, choro e consolabilidade e registradas simultaneamente as pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e saturação arterial de oxigênio. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram medidos nos momentos: imediatamente antes, após cinco e dez minutos do início da fisioterapia, ao término e após cinco minutos do término da fisioterapia. A dor foi avaliada imediatamente antes, dez minutos do início da e após cinco minutos do término da fisioterapia. A dor e as alterações fisiológicas foram analisadas pelo teste de Friedman e a correlação entre os parâmetros fisiológicos e os escores de dor foi analisada pelo teste de Spearman. Resultados: A dor aumentou e reduziu significativamente durante e após, respectivamente, a fisioterapia, em relação aos valores pré-fisioterapia. A pressão arterial sistólica e a frequência cardíaca aumentaram significativamente após 10 minutos do inicio da fisioterapia. Houve tendência de redução da saturação arterial de oxigênio durante a fisioterapia e elevação após, porém, sem significância. A correlação entre os escores de dor foi significativa apenas para pressão arterial sistólica e frequência cardíaca durante a fisioterapia. Conclusão: A manipulação durante a fisioterapia parece ser acompanhada ...

Postoperative management of severe acute anemia in a Jehovah's Witness.

BACKGROUND: Low levels of hemoglobin (Hb) are not rare in patients who refuse blood components but this case is unique due to the severity of anemia and the possibility that her previous episode of acute normovolemic hemodilution has influenced her outcome. CASE REPORT: We report an incident involving acute blood loss after surgery with an extremely low hematocrit. Despite her Hb levels (2.8 g/dL) she remained lucid, expressing her wish not to receive transfusion. When the patient lost consciousness (Hb, 1.4 g/dL) she was promptly sedated, curarized, and put onto mechanical controlled ventilation. Aggressive erythropoietin therapy increased the patient's Hb level by 240% in 10 days, despite a high platelet count. This case demonstrates that critical levels of oxygen delivery may be lower than previously thought possible. CONCLUSION: This case is an example of the resilience of the human body in an extreme circumstance. It might be the most severe case of anemia that a person has survived without any sequelae.

Volumetric analysis of the pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated with maxillomandibular advancement (MMA).

INTRODUCTION: Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) has been reported to be the most effective surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Most reports about MMA aim to confirm the efficiency of this treatment modality, but few describe the anatomical changes produced in the pharynx by the surgery. Thus, the objective of the present investigation was to quantify the anatomical changes of the pharynx that occur in patients with OSA after MMA surgery using magnetic resonance (MR). METHODS: Twenty patients with a polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA participated in the study. All patients were submitted to image acquisition by MR performed during wakefulness. Polysomnography and MR were performed preoperatively and 6 months after MMA. Volume analysis (in cubic millimeters) was performed as the sum of the areas multiplied by their thickness, with no intervals between sections. The pharyngeal air space of the region between the hard palate and the base of the epiglottis was divided into a retropalatal (RP) region and a retrolingual (RL) region. RESULTS: Postoperative MR showed a mean volumetric increase of 26.72 % in the RP region and of 27.2 % in the RL region. DISCUSSION: MMA increases the air space of the pharynx by expanding the facial skeletal structure to which the soft tissues of the pharynx and tongue are fixed, with a consequent reduction of collapsibility in the presence of negative pressure during inspiration. This reduced possibility of pharyngeal collapse may contribute to the reduction of obstructive events.

Oxytocin interference in the effects induced by inhalation of 7.5% CO(2) in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the acute effect of intranasally administered oxytocin (OT) on subjective states, cardiovascular, and endocrine parameters in healthy volunteers who inhaled 7.5% CO(2) . METHODS: Forty-five subjects were allocated into three matched groups of subjects who received 24 international units (IU) of OT, 2 mg of lorazepam (LZP), or placebo (PL). The challenge consisted of medical air inhalation for 20 min, 10 min of rest, and CO(2) 7.5% inhalation for 20 min. Subjective effects were evaluated by self-assessment scales; heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and salivary cortisol were also measured. Assessments were performed at four time points: (i) baseline (-15 min); (ii) post-air inhalation (90 min); (iii) post-CO(2) inhalation (120 min), and (iv) post-test (160 min). RESULTS: CO(2) inhalation significantly increased the anxiety score in the PL group compared with the post-air measurement but not in the OT or LZP groups. The LZP reduced anxiety after medical air inhalation. Other parameters evaluated were not affected by OT. CONCLUSION: OT, as well as LZP, prevented CO(2) -induced anxiety, suggesting that this hormone has anxiolytic properties.

Comparison of the area of the pharynx during wakefulness and induced sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

UNLABELLED: The study of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has received growing attention over the past years since various aspects have not been sufficiently established. AIM: To evaluate, with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), changes in the area of the pharynx during wakefulness and induced sleep in patients with OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of thirty-two patients with a polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA. All patients were submitted to MR imaging in order to obtain high-definition anatomical sagittal sequences during wakefulness and during sleep induced with Propofol. An area was defined on the sagittal plane in the midline of the pharynx. This region was called pharyngeal midplane (PMP) area. RESULTS: A significant difference in PMP area (mm²) was observed between wakefulness and induced sleep in each patient (p < 0.000001). CONCLUSION: The patients with OSA suffer a significant reduction of 75.5 % in the area of the pharynx during induced sleep compared to wakefulness.

Comparação da área da faringe na vigília e durante o sono induzido em pacientes com Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) / Comparison of the area of the pharynx during wakefulness and induced sleep in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

O estudo da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) tem merecido atenção crescente nos últimos anos, uma vez que vários aspectos não foram ainda suficientemente esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, com o uso da Ressonância Magnética (RM), as modificações da área da faringe durante vigília e sono induzido em pacientes portadores de SAOS. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de 32 pacientes com diagnóstico polissonográfico de SAOS. Todos foram submetidos à aquisição das Imagens por RM, com sequências sagitais de alta definição anatômica, realizadas inicialmente com o paciente em vigília e durante o sono induzido por Propofol. Uma área foi definida no plano sagital na linha média da faringe. Essa região passou a ser denominada como área do plano mediano da faringe (PMF). RESULTADOS: As medidas (mm²) da área do PMF de cada paciente, na vigília e durante o sono induzido, apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante p< 0,000001. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes portadores de SAOS sofrem uma significativa redução de 75,5 por cento da área da faringe durante o sono induzido quando comparado à vigília.

The study of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has received growing attention over the past years since various aspects have not been sufficiently established. AIM: To evaluate, with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), changes in the area of the pharynx during wakefulness and induced sleep in patients with OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of thirty-two patients with a polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA. All patients were submitted to MR imaging in order to obtain high-definition anatomical sagittal sequences during wakefulness and during sleep induced with Propofol. An area was defined on the sagittal plane in the midline of the pharynx. This region was called pharyngeal midplane (PMP) area. RESULTS: A significant difference in PMP area (mm²) was observed between wakefulness and induced sleep in each patient (p < 0.000001). CONCLUSION: The patients with OSA suffer a significant reduction of 75,5 percent in the area of the pharynx during induced sleep compared to wakefulness.