Late-onset Becker-type muscular dystrophy in a Border terrier dog.

A 9-year-old Border terrier was presented to a referral hospital after a 1-year history of progressive stiffness and exercise intolerance. Neurological examination was consistent with a neuromuscular disorder. Serum creatine kinase activity was mildly elevated. A myopathy was suspected based on MRI findings and electrophysiological examination. Muscle histopathology was consistent with a severe non-inflammatory myopathy of a dystrophic type. Immunofluorescence and western blotting confirmed a dystrophinopathy with an 80-kDa truncated dystrophin fragment similar to Becker muscular dystrophy in people. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a late-onset Becker-type muscular dystrophy in a dog, and the first description of a dystrophinopathy in a Border terrier. Muscular dystrophy in dogs should not be ruled out based on late onset clinical signs and only mildly elevated creatine kinase.

Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy.

Eleven dogs diagnosed with refractory idiopathic epilepsy were treated orally with gabapentin for a minimum of three months at an initial dose of 10 mg/kg every eight hours. They were all experiencing episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures and had been treated chronically with a combination of phenobarbital and potassium bromide at doses sufficient to reach acceptable therapeutic serum levels without causing significant side effects. In each dog, the number of seizures per week, the average duration of the seizures and the number of days on which seizures occurred were compared for the three months before and after they were treated with gabapentin. A minimum 50 per cent reduction in the number of seizures per week was interpreted as a positive response to gabapentin, and six of the dogs showed a positive response. After the addition of gabapentin, both the number of seizures per week (P= 0.005) and the number of days with any seizures in a one-week period (P=0.03) were significantly reduced. Mild side effects of ataxia and sedation were observed in five of the dogs, but they were not severe enough to warrant the treatment being discontinued during the trial.

Ischaemic stroke in dogs and humans: a comparative review.

Cerebrovascular accidents, also known as strokes, are one of the major causes of disability and mortality among adult humans. The increased availability of magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary medicine means they are being increasingly recognised in dogs, too. Cerebrovascular accident is defined as the sudden onset of non-progressive, focal brain dysfunction as a result of ischaemic infarction or haemorrhage. Focal ischaemic stroke is caused by interruption of the arterial blood flow to a dependent area of brain parenchyma by a thrombus or an embolus. Once the diagnosis of ischaemic stroke is confirmed, potential sources of thrombosis or embolism should be investigated and treated accordingly. Dogs with ischaemic stroke tend to recover within several weeks with supportive care only.

Dysplasia of the caudal vertebral articular facets in four dogs: results of radiographic, myelographic and magnetic resonance imaging investigations.

Congenital anomalies of the vertebral column associated with aberrations of one of the primary vertebral ossification centres have been frequently described in the veterinary literature, but clinically significant abnormalities of secondary vertebral ossification centres, particularly involving the caudal articular processes, are much less frequently reported. This paper describes three dogs with aplasia and one dog with hypoplasia of the caudal vertebral articular processes. Thoracolumbar spinal cord compression and ataxia was evident in the three dogs with aplasia but no clinical signs were evident in the dog with hypoplasia. The radiographic appearance was similar in all four cases, with aplasia or hypoplasia of the caudal articular facets at one or more intervertebral joints in the thoracolumbar region. Bone proliferation was evident secondary to an associated degenerative joint disease. Compensatory hyperplasia of the adjacent cranial articular facets and ligamentum flavum protruded into the vertebral canal, resulting in a compressive myelopathy observed by myelography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Intracranial haemorrhage associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in three dogs.

This report describes three dogs with intracranial haemorrhage secondary to severe coagulation defects associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection. The initial case was diagnosed at necropsy, with two subsequent cases diagnosed antemortem and successfully treated. The dogs ranged in age from 14 months to four years and were presented for evaluation of a severe, subacute onset of suspected cerebral disease. Magnetic resonance imaging performed on all three dogs was suggestive of multiple areas of intraparenchymal brain haemorrhage. Coagulation assays showed a consumptive coagulopathy resembling chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Postmortem examination of the initial case confirmed the presence of multiple intracranial and extracranial haemorrhages. An unexpected finding was that of a marked multifocal nematode infection of the lungs with an associated vasculopathy. The parasites were confirmed to be A vasorum. In the two other dogs, faecal examination by Baermann technique confirmed A vasorum infection. Both dogs were treated with fenbendazole and one was additionally given a plasma transfusion. Repeated coagulation assays were normal within one week. Neurological examinations were normal for both dogs within six weeks. This case series indicates that A vasorum infection should be considered as a possible aetiology of intracranial haemorrhage in dogs.

Results of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders: 85 cases (1996-1999).

OBJECTIVE: To determine results of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders (VD) and correlate results of MR imaging with clinical findings. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 85 dogs. PROCEDURE: Information on signalment, clinical signs, and presumptive lesion location was obtained from the medical records, and MR images were reviewed. RESULTS: 27 dogs had peripheral VD, 37 had central VD, and 21 had paradoxical VD. Of the 27 dogs with peripheral VD, 11 (41%) had MR imaging abnormalities involving the ipsilateral tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media (6 also had abnormalities involving the petrous portion of the ipsilateral temporal bone compatible with otitis interna), 7 (26%) had MR imaging abnormalities compatible with middle ear neoplasia, 2(7%) had an ipsilateral cerebellopontine angle lesion, and 7 (26%) did not have MR imaging abnormalities. All dogs with central and paradoxical VD had abnormalities evident on MR images. Of the 37 dogs with central VD, 13 (35%) had an extra-axial lesion, 6 (16%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 18 (49%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. In 23 (62%) dogs with central VD, lesions on MR images corresponded with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs. Of the 21 dogs with paradoxical VD, 12 (57%) had an extra-axial lesion, 5 (24%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 4 (19%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. Location of lesions on MR images agreed with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs in 19 (90%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that MR imaging may be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of VD in dogs.