Urodynamic Parameters and Continence Outcomes in Asymptomatic Patients with Ileal Orthotopic Neobladder: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis.

INTRODUCTION: The orthotopic neobladder is the type of urinary diversion (UD) that most closely resembles the original bladder. However, in the literature the urodynamic aspects are scarcely analysed. OBJECTIVE: To provide the first systematic review (SR) on the urodynamic (UDS) outcomes of the ileal orthotopic neobladders (ONB). Continence outcomes are also presented. METHODS: A PubMed, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL search for peer-reviewed studies on ONB published between January 2001-December 2022 was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fifty-nine manuscripts were eligible for inclusion in this SR. A great heterogeneity of data was encountered. Concerning UDS parameters, the pooled mean was 406.2 mL (95% CI: 378.9-433.4 mL) for maximal (entero)cystometric capacity (MCC) and 21.4 cmH2O (95% CI: 17.5-25.4 cmH2O) for Pressure ONB at MCC. Postvoid-residual ranged between 4.9 and 101.6 mL. The 12-mo rates of day and night-time continence were 84.2% (95% CI: 78.7-89.1%) and 61.7% (95% CI: 51.9-71.1%), respectively.Despite data heterogeneity, the ileal ONB seems to guarantee UDS parameters that resemble those of the native bladder. Although acceptable rates of daytime continence are reported the issue of high rates of night-time incontinence remains unsolved. Adequately designed prospective trials adopting standardised postoperative care, terminology and methods of outcome evaluation as well as of conduction of the UDS in the setting of ONB are necessary to obtain homogeneous follow-up data and to establish UDS guidelines for this setting.

Outcomes of lateral approach in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: insights from a single-surgeon experience.

In the era of robotic prostate surgery, various techniques have been developed to improve functional outcomes. Urinary continence has shown satisfactory results, but the preservation of lateral nerves to the periprostatic capsule is only achievable by sparing the pubovesical complex. This study aims to present the first cases of lateral-approach robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (LRRP) performed by a novice surgeon. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 70 prostate cancer patients who underwent LRRP between October 2019 and September 2021, analyzing the perioperative and functional outcomes. The median operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 102 (92-108) minutes and 150 (130-180) mL, respectively. Five minor postoperative complications were reported, and the median hospital stay was 2 (1-2) days. Eleven positive surgical margins occurred. Potency and urinary continence recovery were achieved in 59 (84%) and 66 (94%) patients, respectively, 12 months after surgery. Our analysis shows that LRRP is a safe and effective procedure for prostate cancer surgery. Continence and potency recovery required a short learning curve, with an acceptable recovery rate even in the initial cases.

Atlas of Intracorporeal Orthotopic Neobladder Techniques After Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy and Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Multiple and heterogeneous techniques have been described for orthotopic neobladder (ONB) reconstruction after robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Nonetheless, a systematic assessment of all the available options is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To provide the first comprehensive step-by-step description of all the available techniques for robotic intracorporeal ONB together with individual intraoperative, perioperative and functional outcomes based on a systematic review of the literature. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a systematic review of the literature, and MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify original articles describing different robotic intracorporeal ONB techniques and reporting intra- and perioperative outcomes. Studies were categorized according to ONB type, providing a synthesis of the current evidence. Video material was provided by experts in the field to illustrate the surgical technique of each intracorporeal ONB. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: Nine different ONB types were identified: Studer, Hautmann, Y shape, U shape, Bordeaux, Pyramid, Shell, Florence Robotic Intracorporeal Neobladder, and Padua Ileal Neobladder. MEASUREMENTS: Continuous and categorical variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and as frequencies and proportions, respectively. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 2587 studies identified, 19 met our inclusion criteria. No cohort studies or randomized control trials comparing different neobladder types are available. Available techniques for intracorporeal robotic ONB reconstruction have similar operative time, estimated blood loss, intraoperative complications, and length of stay. Major variability exists concerning postoperative complications and functional outcomes, likely related to reporting bias. CONCLUSIONS: Several techniques are described for intracorporeal ONB during robot-assisted radical cystectomy with comparable perioperative outcomes. We provide the first step-by-step surgical atlas for robot-assisted ONB reconstruction. Further comparative studies are needed to assess any advantage of one technique over others. PATIENT SUMMARY: Patients elected for radical cystectomy should be aware that multiple techniques for robotic orthotopic neobladder are available, but that current evidence does not favor one type over the others.

Not Only Length Matters! Impact of the Ileal Width on the Capacity of the Orthotopic Neobladder: The AADAPT Formula Tested on the Animal Model.

Background: The capacity of a given shape of an orthotopic ileal neobladder (ONB) varies significantly, although the same length of preterminal ileum is utilised. Objective: To investigate the variability of the human ileal width and to create a mathematical formula that calculates its impact on the neobladder capacity. Design setting and participants: During 50 consecutive cases of robotic pelvic surgery, a segment of preterminal ileum was identified and the width was measured. A mathematical formula was created to calculate, for a given ileal length and width, the neobladder capacity and, for a given ileal width and neobladder capacity, the length of the (pre)terminal ileum to harvest. The accuracy of our model was tested on 28 pouches created by swine ileum. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The interindividual variability of the ileal width and its impact on the ileal neobladder capacity was investigated. Results and limitations: The mean hemicircumference of the human distal ileum is 2.43 ± 0.39 cm (range 2-3.5 cm). According to our geometric model and as confirmed in the swine model, an increase of 1 cm in ileal width increases the neobladder capacity by 85%. The Pearson correlation coefficient reported a strong positive relationship between the formula-calculated and effective volumes of the pouch (r = 0.97). Moreover, for the same target capacity, 1 cm of difference in the ileal width implies harvesting 20 cm less ileum. A lack of testing on humans and application only to spheroidal neobladders are the main limits. Conclusions: The ileal width impacts the capacity of the ONB. For a given type of ONB, no standard length of ileum should be harvested; instead, the length should be tailored to the width of the ileum for a given patient. Clinical studies are required to confirm our model. Patient summary: We demonstrated the variability of the ileal width among humans, and we provided a mathematical formula tested on swine that evaluates the impact of the ileal width on the capacity of the orthotopic ileal neobladder.

Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy by Lateral Approach: Technique, Reproducibility and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Radical prostatectomy by lateral approach allows performing a prostatectomy through a buttonhole, with direct access to the seminal vesicle and fully sparing the anterior pubovesical complex. Our aim is to show the results of reproducing the technique of robotic radical prostatectomy by lateral approach, in terms of intraoperative, postoperative, oncological and functional parameters. METHODS: We analyzed 513 patients submitted to robotic radical prostatectomy by lateral approach from January 2015 to March 2021, operated on by two surgeons in our institution. The oncological and functional results of both surgeons were compared. RESULTS: When comparing both surgeons, the rate of positive surgical margins (PSM) was 32.87% and 37.9% and significant surgical margins (PSM > 2 mm) were 5.88% and 7.58% (p = 0.672) for surgeon 1 and surgeon 2, respectively. Immediate continence was 86% and 85% and sexual potency at one year 73% and 72%, with a similar rate of complications for surgeon 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy by the lateral approach technique with preservation of the anterior pubovesical complex is reproducible and offers good oncological and functional results.

Continence-Sparing Techniques in Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Numerous continence-sparing radical prostatectomy techniques have been developed to enhance postoperative early continence (EC) recovery; however, evidence regarding the best approach remains controversial. The objectives are to provide a critical appraisal of various prostatectomy techniques, based on the evidence of quality-assessed randomized control trials (RCTs); to summarize the immediate continence and the EC reported; and to propose a new standardization for continence outcomes reporting. Methods: Data acquired from five medical registries were reported to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Evidence from published, English, full-text RCTs reporting postoperative urinary continence outcomes within 6 months from surgery was included. The heterogeneity of surgical techniques and continence definitions did not allow a meta-analysis. All RCTs were critically appraised, and quality assessed. Results: In total, 39 RCTs were included: 19 of 39 studies were low-quality RCTs, presenting small cohort, monocentric, or single-surgeon data. The best RCT-supported evidence is in favor of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) compared with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and of the Retzius-sparing (RS) technique over the traditional prostatectomy. Other techniques such as bladder neck and puboprostatic ligament (PPL) preservation, posterior reconstruction with or without combination of anterior suspension technique, and nerve-sparing (NS) approach seem to enhance EC. Oppositely, the endopelvic fascia preservation, bladder neck mucosa eversion/plication/slings, and the selective ligature of dorsal venous complex (DVC) were not significantly associated with EC improvements. RCTs are lacking on pubovesical complex-sparing, seminal vesicle preservation, anterior reconstruction of the puboprostatic collar, musculofascial reconstruction, and DVC suspension to the periosteum of the pubic bone techniques. Conclusions: RARP and RS have high-quality evidence supporting their ability to enhance postoperative EC recovery. NS, bladder neck, and PPL preservation may contribute to better EC recovery, although the evidence level is low. Further multicenter RCTs are needed to establish the optimal combination of standard surgical techniques. A new continence outcome-reporting standardization was proposed.

First case-series of robot-assisted pudendal nerve release: technique and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Pudendal Nerve Entrapment (PNE) may determine chronic pelvic pain associated with symptoms related to its innervation area. This study aimed to present the technique and report the outcomes of the first series of robot-assisted pudendal nerve release (RPNR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 32 patients, who were treated with RPNR in our centre between January 2016 and July 2021, were recruited. Following the medial umbilical ligament identification, the space between this ligament and the ipsilateral external iliac pedicle is progressively dissected to identify the obturator nerve. The dissection medial to this nerve identifies the obturator vein and the arcus tendinous of the levator ani, which is cranially inserted into the ischial spine. Following the cold incision of the coccygeous muscle at the level of the spine, the sacrospinous ligament is identified and incised. The pudendal trunk (vessels and nerve) is visualized, freed from the ischial spine and medially transposed. RESULTS: The Median duration of symptoms was 7 (5, 5-9) years. The median operative time was 74 (65-83) minutes. The median length of stay was 1 (1-2) days. There was only a minor complication. At 3 and 6 months after surgery, a statistically significant pain reduction has been encountered. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient reported a negative relationship between the duration of pain and the improvement in NPRS score, - 0.81 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: RPNR is a safe and effective approach for the pain resolution caused by PNE. Timely nerve decompression is suggested to enhance outcomes.

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Orthotopic Neobladder Reconstruction: Techniques and Functional Outcomes in Males.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding functional outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and intracorporeal neobladder (ICNB) reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To report on urinary continence (UC) and erectile function (EF) at 12 mo after RARC and ICNB reconstruction and investigate predictors of these outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We used data from a multi-institutional database of patients who underwent RARC and ICNB reconstruction for bladder cancer. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: The cystoprostatectomy sensu stricto followed the conventional steps. ICNB reconstruction was performed at the physician's discretion according to the Studer/Wiklund, S pouch, Gaston, vescica ileale Padovana, or Hautmann technique. The techniques are detailed in the video accompanying the article. MEASUREMENTS: The outcomes measured were UC and EF at 12 mo. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 732 male patients were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 64 yr (interquartile range 58-70). The ICNB reconstruction technique was Studer/Wiklund in 74%, S pouch in 1.5%, Gaston in 19%, vescica ileale Padovana in 1.5%, and Hautmann in 4% of cases. The 12-mo UC rate was 86% for daytime and 66% for nighttime continence, including patients who reported the use of a safety pad (20% and 32%, respectively). The 12-mo EF rate was 55%, including men who reported potency with the aid of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (24%). After adjusting for potential confounders, neobladder type was not associated with UC. Unilateral nerve-sparing (odds ratio [OR] 3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.88-7.85; p < 0.001) and bilateral nerve-sparing (OR 6.25, 95% CI 3.55-11.0; p < 0.001), were positively associated with EF, whereas age (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91-0.95; p < 0.001) and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.89; p < 0.02) were inversely associated with EF. CONCLUSIONS: RARC and ICNB reconstruction are generally associated with good functional outcomes in terms of UC. EF is highly affected by the degree of nerve preservation, age, and comorbidities. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated functional outcomes after robot-assisted removal of the bladder in terms of urinary continence and erectile function. We found that, in general, patients have relatively good functional outcomes at 12 months after surgery.

"Urethral-Sparing" Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Critical Appraisal of the Safety of the Technique Based on the Histologic Characteristics of the Prostatic Urethra.

BACKGROUND: The prostatic urethra (PU) is conventionally resected during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RALP). Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of the extended PU preservation (EPUP). AIMS: To describe the histologic features of the PU. METHODS: The PU was evaluated using cystoprostatectomy and RALP specimens. Cases of PU infiltration by prostate cancer or distortion by benign hyperplastic nodules were excluded. The thickness of the chorion and distance between the urothelium and prostate glands were measured. Prostate-specific antigen expression in the PU epithelium was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Six specimens of PU were examined. Histologically, the following layers of the PU were observed: (1) urothelium with basal membrane, (2) chorion, and (3) prostatic peri-urethral fibromuscular tissue. The chorion measures between 0.2 and 0.4 mm. There is not a distinct urethral muscle layer, but rather muscular fibers that originate near the prostatic stroma and are distributed around the PU. This muscular tissue appears to be mainly represented in the basal and apical urethra, but not in the middle urethra. The mean distance between the chorion and prostatic glands is 1.74 mm, with significant differences between base of the prostate, middle urethral portion, and apex (2.5 vs. 1.49 vs. 1.23 mm, respectively). PSA-expressing cells are abundant in the PU epithelium, coexisting with urothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The exiguity of thickness of the PU chorion, short distance from glandular tissue, and coexistence of PSA-expressing cells in the epithelium raise important concerns about the oncologic safety of EPUP.

"Bordeaux Neobladder": First Evaluation of the Urodynamic Outcomes.

Background: The intracorporeal orthotopic modified-Y "Bordeaux" neobladder (iYNB) was first described in 2016. No urodynamic evaluation of this neobladder has yet been performed. Objective: To present the urodynamic features of the iYNB and incontinence-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes. Design setting and participants: We prospectively assessed 26 patients operated between September 2018 and November 2020. Surgical procedure: Robotic radical cystectomy for malignant disease of the bladder and iYNB, performed by a single surgeon, were used. Measurements: Three months after surgery and in November 2021, consenting patients underwent clinical evaluation and multichannel urodynamic study (UDS). The incontinence quality of life (I-QoL) questionnaire was used to evaluate HRQoL. Continence was classified into day- and nighttime, and clinically defined as the use of zero pads. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results and limitations: The mean age at surgery was 65.4 yr. The mean follow-up period was 27 mo (12-38). The mean time for the neobladder reconstruction was 192 min (110-340). The mean maximum capacity was 431 cm3 (range 200-553). The mean postvoid residual was 101.6 ml (0-310), and the rate of clean intermittent catheterization was 17.6%. With the exception of a significant reduction in the volume of the first sensation of bladder fullness, no other statistically significant changes in the UDS parameters of both the storage and the voiding phase were observed over time. Day- and nighttime continence rates were 58.8% and 23.5%, respectively. The mean postoperative I-QoL score was 103.3 (89-110). Limitations include the small number of patients and short follow-up. Conclusions: The UDS evaluation of iYNB demonstrates that both the volumetric and the pressure characteristics are acceptable and may enhance quality of life. Prospective studies with larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up are needed to further evaluate the iYNB. Patient summary: The "Bordeaux" neobladder provides acceptable urodynamic outcomes. It is associated with high levels of health-related quality of life and good rates of continence in patients.

Single-Center Experience of Focal Thermo-Ablative Therapy After Pelvic Radiotherapy for In-Field Prostate Cancer Oligo-Recurrence.

PURPOSE: In-field prostate cancer (PCa) oligo-recurrence after pelvic radiotherapy is a challenging situation for which metastasis-directed treatments may be beneficial, but options for focal therapies are scarce. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data for patients with three or less in-field oligo-recurrent nodal, bone and/or locally recurrent (prostate, seminal vesicles, or prostatic bed) PCa lesions after radiation therapy, identified with molecular imaging (PET and/or MRI) and treated by focal ablative therapy (cryotherapy or radiofrequency) at the Institut Bergonié between 2012 and 2020. Chosen endpoints were the post-procedure PSA response (partially defined as a >50% reduction, complete as a PSA <0.05 ng/ml), progression-free survival (PFS) defined as either a biochemical relapse (defined as a rise >25% of the Nadir and above 2 ng/ml), radiological relapse (on any imaging technique), decision of treatment modification (hormonotherapy initiation or line change) or death, and tolerance. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were included. Diagnostic imaging was mostly 18F-Choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) (75.0%), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT (9.1%) or a combination of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT, and 99 mTc-bone scintigraphy (11.4%). PSA response was observed in 41.9% patients (partial in 30.3%, complete in 11.6%). In the hormone-sensitive exclusive focal ablation group (n = 31), partial and complete PSA responses were 32.3 and 12.9% respectively. Early local control (absence of visible residual active target) on the post-procedure imaging was achieved with 87.5% success. After a median follow-up of 30 months (IQR 13.3-56.8), the median PFS was 9 months overall (95% CI, 6-17), and 17 months (95% CI, 11-NA) for PSA responders. Complications occurred in 11.4% patients, with only one grade IIIb Dindo-Clavien event (uretral stenosis requiring endoscopic uretrotomy). CONCLUSION: In PCa patients showing in-field oligo-recurrence after pelvic radiotherapy, focal ablative treatment is a feasible option, possibly delaying a systemic treatment initiation or modification. These invasive strategies should preferably be performed in expert centers and discussed along other available focal strategies in multi-disciplinary meetings.

Comparison of micro-ultrasound and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer: A multicenter, prospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: High-resolution micro-ultrasound has the capability of imaging prostate cancer based on detecting alterations in ductal anatomy, analogous to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). This technology has the potential advantages of relatively low cost, simplicity, and accessibility compared to mpMRI. This multicenter, prospective registry aims to compare the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) of mpMRI with high-resolution micro-ultrasound imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. METHODS: We included 1040 subjects at 11 sites in seven countries who had prior mpMRI and underwent ExactVu micro-ultrasound-guided biopsy. Biopsies were taken from both mpMRI targets (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] >3 and micro-ultrasound targets (Prostate Risk Identification using Micro-ultrasound [PRIMUS] >3). Systematic biopsies (up to 14 cores) were also performed. Various strategies were used for mpMRI target sampling, including cognitive fusion with micro-ultrasound, separate software-fusion systems, and software-fusion using the micro-ultrasound FusionVu system. Clinically significant cancer was those with Gleason grade group ≥2. RESULTS: Overall, 39.5% were positive for clinically significant prostate cancer. Micro-ultrasound and mpMRI sensitivity was 94% vs. 90%, respectively (p=0.03), and NPV was 85% vs. 77%, respectively. Specificities of micro-ultrasound and MRI were both 22%, with similar PPV (44% vs. 43%). This represents the initial experience with the technology at most of the participating sites and, therefore, incorporates a learning curve. Number of cores, diagnostic strategy, blinding to MRI results, and experience varied between sites. CONCLUSIONS: In this initial multicenter registry, micro-ultrasound had comparable or higher sensitivity for clinically significant prostate cancer compared to mpMRI, with similar specificity. Micro-ultrasound is a low-cost, single-session option for prostate screening and targeted biopsy. Further larger-scale studies are required for validation of these findings.

Robotic radical prostatectomy: analysis of midterm pathologic and oncologic outcomes: A historical series from a high-volume center.

BACKGROUND: Identifying predictors of positive surgical margins (PSM) and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) may assist clinicians in formulating prognosis. Aim of the study was to report the midterm oncologic outcomes, to identify the risk factors for PSM and BCR and assess the impact of the PSM on BCR-free survival following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). METHODS: From 2005 to 2010, 1679 consecutive patients underwent transperitoneal RALP. Data was retrospectively collected by an independent statistical company and analyzed in 2014. Median postoperative follow-up was 33.5 mo. BCR was defined as any detectable serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 0.2 ng/mL in two consecutive measurements. BCR-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to identify risk factors for PSM and BCR. RESULTS: In pN0/pNx cancers, pathologic stage was pT2 in 1186 patients (71.8%), pT3 in 455 patients (27.6%), and pT4 in 11 patients (0.6%). PSM rate was 17.4% and 36.9% of pT2 and pT3 cancers, respectively. Pathologic Gleason score was < 7, = 7 and > 7 in 42.1%, 53% and 4.9% of the patients, respectively. Overall BCR-free survival was 73.1% at 5 years; the 5-year BCR-free survival was 87.9% for pT2 with negative surgical margins. PSA, Gleason score (both bioptic and pathologic), pathologic stage (pT) and surgeon's volume were significant independent predictors of PSM. PSA, pathologic Gleason score, pT and PSM were significant independent predictors of BCR-free survival. Seminal vesicle-sparing, nerve-sparing approach and the extent of nerve-sparing (intra vs interfascial dissection) did not negatively affect margin status or BCR rates. CONCLUSIONS: PSMs are a predictor of BCR. Being the only modifiable factor influencing the PSM rate, surgical experience is confirmed as a key factor for high-quality oncologic outcomes.

Contemporary Techniques of Prostate Dissection for Robot-assisted Prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Over the years, several techniques for performing robot-assisted prostatectomy have been implemented in an effort to achieve optimal oncological and functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To provide an evidence-based description and video-based illustration of currently available dissection techniques for robotic prostatectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A literature search was performed to retrieve articles describing different surgical approaches and techniques for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and to analyze data supporting their use. Video material was provided by experts in the field to illustrate these approaches and techniques. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: Multiple surgical approaches are available: extraperitoneal, transvesical, transperitoneal posterior, transperitoneal anterior, Retzius sparing, and transperineal. Surgical techniques for prostatic dissection sensu strictu are the following: omission of the endopelvic fascia dissection, bladder neck preservation, incremental nerve sparing by means of an antegrade or retrograde approach, and preservation of the puboprostatic ligaments and dorsal venous complex. Recently, techniques for total or partial prostatectomy have been described. MEASUREMENTS: Different surgical approaches and techniques for robotic prostatectomy have been analyzed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the extraperitoneal versus the transperitoneal approach have demonstrated similar results. Level I evidence on the Retzius-sparing approach demonstrated earlier return to continence than the traditional anterior approach. The question whether Retzius-sparing RARP is associated with a higher rate of positive surgical margins is still open due to the intrinsic bias in terms of surgical expertise in the available comparative studies. This technique also offers an advantage in patients who have received kidney transplantation. Retrospective evidence suggests that the more the anatomical dissection (eg., more periprostatic tissue is preserved), the better the functional outcome in terms of continence. Yet, two randomized controlled trials evaluating the different techniques of dissection have so far been produced. Partial prostatectomies should not be offered outside clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: Several techniques and approaches are available for prostate dissection during RARP. While the Retzius-sparing approach seems to provide earlier return to continence than the traditional anterior transperitoneal approach, no technique has been proved to be superior to other(s) in terms of long-term outcomes in randomized studies. PATIENT SUMMARY: We have summarized available approaches for the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. Specifically, we described the different techniques that can be adopted for the surgical removal of the prostate using robotic technology.

Intracorporeal neobladder.

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that RARC with intracorporeal diversion is being increasingly performed worldwide. In this article, we review the current situation of the intracorporeal neobladder. METHODS: We discuss the principles of intracorporeal orhotopic diversion, focusing on the most relevant: The Karolinska-modified Studer neobladder, the University of Southern California-modified Studer neobladder. The pyramid pouch and the modified Y-shaped orthotopic neobladder. We also compare functional and perioperative outcomes from our series and the available studies regarding RARC and intracorporeal orthotopic diversion. RESULTS: Review of existing literature suggests that RARC with totally intracorporeal neobladder, in some cases, has improved operative,  postoperative, and functional outcomes, becoming a safe and feasible alternative to ORC. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the intraorporeal neobladders series appear to be promising, but high-quality randomized controlled trials comparing to ICUD to ECUD should be performed in order to define the advantages and  disadvantages of totally intracorporeal urinary diversion and its future role in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer.

ARTICULO SOLO EN INGLES.OBJETIVO: Es bien conocido que la cistectomía  robótica asistida por robot (CRAR) con derivaciónintracorpórea está siendo realizada de formacreciente en todo el mundo. En este artículo revisamosla situación actual de la neovejiga intracorpórea. MÉTODOS: Discutimos los principios de la derivaciónortotópica intracorpórea, centrados en las más importantes:la modificación del Karolinska de la neovejigatipo Studer, la modificación de la Universidad del Surde California (USC) de la neovejiga tipo Studer, la neovejigaen pirámide y la neovejiga ortotópica en formade Y.También comparamos los resultados funcionales y peroperatoriosde nuestra serie y los estudios disponiblessobre CRAR y neovejiga ortotópica intracorporea. RESULTADOS: La revisión de la literatura existente sugiereque la CRAR con neovejiga totalmente intracorpórea,en algunos casos, ha mejorado los resultados intraoperatorios,postoperatorios y funcionales, convirtiéndoseen una alternativa factible y segura a la cistectomía radicalabierta.CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de las series de neovejigasintracorpóreas parecen ser prometedores, perodeben realizarse ensayos clínicos randomizados dealta calidad comparando las derivaciones urinarias intracorpóreasy extracorpóreas para definir las ventajasy desventajas de la derivación urinaria totalmente intracorpóreay su papel futuro en el tratamiento del cáncerde vejiga invasivo.

Intracorporeal neobladder / Neovejiga intracorpórea

Objective: It is well known that RARC with intracorporeal diversion is being increasingly performed worldwide. In this article, we review the current situation of the intracorporeal neobladder. Methods: We discuss the principles of intracorporeal orhotopic diversion, focusing on the most relevant: The Karolinska-modified Studer neobladder, the University of Southern California-modified Studer neobladder. the pyramid pouch and the modified Y-shaped orthotopic neobladder. We also compare functional and perioperative outcomes from our series and the available studies regarding RARC and intracorporeal orthotopic diversion. Results: Review of existing literature suggests that RARC with totally intracorporeal neobladder, in some cases, has improved operative, postoperative, and functional outcomes, becoming a safe and feasible alternative to ORC. Conclusions: The results from the intraorporeal neobladders series appear to be promising, but high-quality randomized controlled trials comparing to ICUD to ECUD should be performed in order to define the advantages and disadvantages of totally intracorporeal urinary diversion and its future role in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer

Objetivo: Es bien conocido que la cistectomía robótica asistida por robot (CRAR) con derivación intracorpórea está siendo realizada de forma creciente en todo el mundo. En este artículo revisamos la situación actual de la neovejiga intracorpórea. Métodos: Discutimos los principios de la derivación ortotópica intracorpórea, centrados en las más importantes: la modificación del Karolinska de la neovejiga tipo Studer, la modificación de la Universidad del Surde California (USC) de la neovejiga tipo Studer, la neovejiga en pirámide y la neovejiga ortotópica en forma de Y. También comparamos los resultados funcionales y peroperatorios de nuestra serie y los estudios disponibles sobre CRAR y neovejiga ortotópica intracorporea. Resultados: La revisión de la literatura existente sugiere que la CRAR con neovejiga totalmente intracorpórea, en algunos casos, ha mejorado los resultados intraoperatorios, postoperatorios y funcionales, convirtiéndose en una alternativa factible y segura a la cistectomía radical abierta. Conclusiones: Los resultados de las series de neovejigas intracorpóreas parecen ser prometedores, pero deben realizarse ensayos clínicos randomizados de alta calidad comparando las derivaciones urinarias intracorpóreasy extracorpóreas para definir las ventajas y desventajas de la derivación urinaria totalmente intracorpórea y su papel Futuro en el tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga invasivo

Radical Prostatectomy after Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy with Padeliporfin: Feasibility, and Early and Intermediate Results.

PURPOSE: Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with TOOKAD® is a new therapeutic option for localized prostate cancer management. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of radical prostatectomy after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy and describe functional and oncologic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively included in study 45 patients who underwent salvage radical prostatectomy after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy for recurrent prostate cancer at a total of 14 surgical centers in Europe between October 2008 and March 2017. Of the 42 radical prostatectomies performed 16 were robot-assisted, 6 were laparoscopic and 20 were open surgery. Primary end points were morbidity and technical difficulties. Secondary end points were early and intermediate postoperative functional and oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: Median operative time was 180 minutes (IQR 150-223). Median blood loss was 200 ml (IQR 155-363). According to the surgeons the surgery was easy in 29 patients (69%) and difficult in 13 (31%). Nerve sparing was feasible in 14 patients (33%). Five postoperative complications (12%) were found, including 2 Clavien I, 2 Clavien II and 1 Clavien IIIB complications. Of the cases 13 (31%) were pT3 and 21 (50%) were pT2c. Surgical margins were positive in 13 patients (31%). Prostate specific antigen was undetectable at 6 to 12 months in 37 patients (88%). Nine patients underwent complementary radiotherapy. Four patients had final prostate specific antigen greater than 0.2 ng/ml at a median followup of 23 months (IQR 12-36). At 1 year 27 patients (64%) were completely continent (no pads) and 10 (24%) had low incontinence (1 pad). Four patients (11%) recovered potency without treatment and 23 (64%) recovered potency with appropriate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage radical prostatectomy after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy treatment was feasible and safe without difficulty for most of the surgeons.

Adjuvant radiotherapy after radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A retrospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVES: Radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph-node dissection (LND) is standard treatment for non-metastatic muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC). However, loco-regional recurrence (LRR) is a common early event associated with poor prognosis. We evaluate 3-year LRR-free (LRRFS), metastasis-free (MFS) and overall survivals (OS) after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for pathological high-risk MIBC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from patients in 3 institutions. Inclusion criteria were MIBC, histologically-proven urothelial carcinoma treated by RC and adjuvant RT. Patients with conservative surgery were excluded. Outcomes were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. Acute toxicities were recorded according to CTCAE V4.0 scale. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2013, 57 patients [median age 66.3 years (45-84)] were included. Post-operative pathological staging was ≤pT2, pT3 and pT4 in 16%, 44%, and 39%, respectively. PLND revealed 28% pN0, 26% pN1 and 42% pN2. Median number of lymph-nodes retrieved was 10 (2-33). Forty-eight patients (84%) received platin-based chemotherapy. For RT, clinical target volume 1 (CTV 1) encompassed pelvic lymph nodes for all patients. CTV 1 also included cystectomy bed for 37 patients (65%). CTV 1 median dose was 45 Gy (4-50). A boost of 16 Gy (5-22), corresponding to CTV 2, was administered for 30 patients, depending on pathological features. One third of patients received intensity-modulated RT. With median follow-up of 40.4 months, 8 patients (14%) had LRR. Three-year LRRFS, MFS and OS were 45% (95%CI 30-60), 37% (95%CI 24-51) and 49% (95%CI 33-63), respectively. Five (9%) patients had acute grade ≥3 toxicities (gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary and biological parameters). One patient died with intestinal fistula in a septic context. CONCLUSIONS: Because of poor prognosis, an effective post-operative standard of care is needed for pathological high-risk MIBC. Adjuvant RT is feasible and may have oncological benefits. Prospective trials evaluating this approach with current RT techniques should be undertaken.