Psychometric Properties of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in Spanish Children and Adolescents.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is one of the most used instruments to assess perfectionism. The FMPS assesses six dimensions: Concern over Mistakes (CM), Parental Expectations (EP), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about Actions (DA), Organization (OR), and Personal Standards (PS). CM, PE, PC, and DA are facets of a more general dimension considered Maladaptive Perfectionism. PS is frequently considered Adaptive Perfectionism. FMPS psychometric properties have been studied in adults but scarcely in children. We adapted the FMPS for Spanish children and adolescents and studied these properties in a sample of 1,648 Spanish young people (mean age = 13.36; SD = 2.28). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were used to test whether the FMPS dimensions found in adults are applicable to children. Results supported this hypothesis. The FMPS dimensional structure was invariant across gender and age. FMPS subscales showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: .71-.92) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlations: .70-.85). Moderate and high correlations with measures of dysfunctional beliefs, anxiety, and depression supported the validity of the FMPS scores. Results from regression equations showed that the relationship of perfectionism with anxiety and depression is mostly due to Maladaptive Perfectionism.

Psychometric properties of the spanish versión of the anxiety sensitivity index for children / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Índice de Sensibilidad a la Ansiedad para Niños

Background: Anxiety sensitivity is a useful construct in explaining anxiety disorders. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children (ASIC) is a brief self-report designed to assess anxiety sensitivity in youth. Method: Students (N = 1348; ages 10-17) completed a Spanish translation of the ASIC and measures of anxiety and depression. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses found that scores on the ASIC- Spanish version can be fitted to two factorial structures: A single factor and two first-order factors grouped into one higher-order factor. The two-factor structure was invariant between children and adolescents, and between boys and girls. The ASIC scales (Total Score, Mental Concerns, and Physical Concerns) demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. ASIC scores were significantly related to measures of anxiety and, to a lesser extent, to a measure of depression. Conclusions: Results supported the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of ASIC scores in Spanish youth (AU)

Antecedentes: la sensibilidad a la ansiedad es un constructo útil en la explicación de los trastornos de ansiedad. El índice de sensibilidad a la ansiedad para niños (ASIC) es un breve autoinforme diseñado para evaluar la sensibilidad a la ansiedad en la población infanto-juvenil. Método: 1.348 estudiantes (edad: 10-17 años) completaron una traducción al español del ASIC y de medidas de ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: los análisis factoriales confirmatorios encontraron que las puntuaciones de la versión española del ASIC se ajustan a dos posibles estructuras factoriales: un único factor o dos factores de primer orden agrupados en un factor de orden superior. Esta última estructura es invariante entre niños y adolescentes y entre chicos y chicas. Las tres escalas del ASIC (Puntuación Total, Preocupación Mental y Preocupación Física) presentan alta consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest. Las puntuaciones del ASIC se relacionan significativamente con medidas de ansiedad y, en menor medida, con una medida de depresión. Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan la validez factorial, convergente y discriminante de las puntuaciones del ASIC en niños y adolescentes españoles (AU)

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety sensitivity is a useful construct in explaining anxiety disorders. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children (ASIC) is a brief self-report designed to assess anxiety sensitivity in youth. METHOD: Students (N = 1348; ages 10-17) completed a Spanish translation of the ASIC and measures of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses found that scores on the ASIC- Spanish version can be fitted to two factorial structures: A single factor and two first-order factors grouped into one higher-order factor. The two-factor structure was invariant between children and adolescents, and between boys and girls. The ASIC scales (Total Score, Mental Concerns, and Physical Concerns) demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. ASIC scores were significantly related to measures of anxiety and, to a lesser extent, to a measure of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Results supported the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of ASIC scores in Spanish youth.

Análisis funcional en evaluación conductual y formulación de casos clínicos / The functional analysis in behavioral assessment and case formulation

El presente trabajo muestra qué información debe recogerse para realizar el análisis funcional de un caso clínico, qué características debe poseer dicha información, cómo pueden integrarse los datos disponibles y cómo se pueden representar gráficamente los juicios clínicos para que ayuden en la elección del tratamiento. El análisis funcional consiste en la integración de variables y relaciones causales con los problemas del cliente y con los objetivos del tratamiento. Presentamos un caso práctico ilustrativo de evaluación conductual, de integración en un análisis funcional de los datos obtenidos y de su representación gráfica mediante un diagrama causal. El análisis funcional y su representación gráfica se presentan de forma que sirvan para comunicar con claridad el análisis funcional a otras personas, para enseñar a formular casos clínicos y para elegir el mejor enfoque para el tratamiento. El análisis funcional es dinámico, hipotético e idiográfico y su validez puede restringirse a determinadas situaciones o contextos (AU)

This article reviews what information needs to be gathered to carry out the functional analysis of a clinical case, what the scientific characteristics of this information are, how to integrate available information, and how to graphically represent clinical judgments to make treatment decisions. Functional analysis is the integration of important, modifiable, causal variables and causal relations associated with a client´s behavior problems and intervention goals. We present a clinical case to illustrate the applications of behavioral assessment methods and to show how data obtained in the assessment process can be integrated into a functional analysis. Functional Analytic Clinical Case Diagrams (FACCD), which are causal diagrams of a functional analysis, are also introduced. The functional analysis and FACCD are designed to efficiently communicate the functional analysis to others, as an aid in teaching case formulations, and to assist in selecting the most beneficial intervention focus with a client. The functional analysis is a dynamic, hypothesized, idiographic clinical case formulation. The validity of a functional analysis can be confined to particular settings or contexts (AU)

"Escala de ansiedad infantil de Spence" (Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, SCAS): fiabilidad y validez de la versión española / The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS): reliability and validity of the Spanish version

Este estudio ha sometido a examen la fiabilidad y la validez de la "Escala de ansiedad infantil de Spence" (Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, SCAS) en una muestra de 1636 estudiantes de 9 a 17 años de España. La consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) de la puntuación total ha sido de 0,92 y las de las subescalas han fluctuado entre 0,81 (pánico-agorafobia) a 0,61 (ansiedad de separación y miedo al daño físico). La fiabilidad test-restest (correlación intra-clase) de la puntuación total ha sido 0,61 y las de las subescalas han fluctuado entre 0,62 (Miedo al daño físico) y 0,51 (pánico-agorafobia). Todas las puntuaciones de la SCAS disminuyeron ligeramente del test al retest. Las puntuaciones de la SCAS han mostrado validez convergente al correlacionar alto con otras medidas de ansiedad, tanto generales como específicas de problemas concretos, y validez divergente al correlacionar bajo con medidas de trastornos distintos de la ansiedad, incluyendo la depresión. Se concluye que la SCAS es una prueba adecuada para evaluar en España los trastornos de ansiedad infanto-juveniles tal como aparecen en el DSM-IV (AU)

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in a sample of 1,636 Spanish students 9-17 years old. The total-score internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.92 and indices of subscales ranged from 0.81 (Panic-Agoraphobia) to 0.61 (Separation Anxiety and Physical Injury Fear). The test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation) was 0.61 and subscales ranged from 0.62 (Specific Phobias) to 0.51 (Panic-Agoraphobia). All scores decreased slightly from test to retest. SCAS scores showed convergent validity in their high correlation with general and specific anxiety measures. SCAS scores also showed divergent validity in their low correlation with several measures of non-anxiety disorders, including depression. It is concluded that the SCAS is a suitable tool to assess in Spanish children anxiety disorders as they are depicted in DSM-IV

Composición factorial de la versión española de la Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS) / Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS)

Se presenta la versión española de la Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), un instrumento infantojuvenil que evalúa los trastornos de ansiedad tal como se establecen en el DSM-IV. Las puntuaciones de la SCAS se sometieron a análisis factorial confirmatorio en una muestra de 1.671 escolares de entre 10 y 17 años. Los resultados han apoyado la estructura propuesta de seis escalas interrelacionadas entre sí. Dicha estructura presenta invarianza factorial completa (excepto para las medias) en chicos y chicas y en distintos grupos de edad. En general, las chicas han puntuado algo más alto que los chicos. Las relaciones de las puntuaciones de la SCAS con la edad son inexistentes o muy bajas y negativas. El problema de ansiedad menos acusado ha sido el de ataques de pánico y agorafobia. Los problemas que más frecuentemente presentan puntuaciones altas extremas son el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y la fobia social. Se concluye que la versión española de la SCAS puede utilizarse con confianza en la evaluación de los problemas de ansiedad infanto-juveniles (AU)

This paper presents the Spanish version of the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), a rating scale for children and adolescents assessing anxiety disorders as they appear in the DSM-IV. SCAS scores were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 1671 children 10 to 17 years old. Results supported the proposed structure of six interrelated scales. This structure is completely invariant (except for means) in boys and girls and across age groups. Overall, girls scored slightly higher than boys. The relationship of SCAS scores with the child’s age was nonexistent or very low and negative. The least frequent anxiety problems among children and adolescents were panic attacks and agoraphobia. Problems that most frequently presented extreme high scores were obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the SCAS can confidently be used in the assessment of anxiety disorders in children (AU)

Estructura factorial y fiabilidad de la adaptación española de la Escala Obsesivo-Compulsiva de Yale-Brown para niños y adolescentes en su versión de autoinforme (CY-BOCS-SR) / Factor structure and reliability of the Spanish adaptation of the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Self Report (CY-BOCS-SR)

El objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido adaptar a nuestro medio la «Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Self Report» (CY-BOCS-SR), una de las escalas más utilizadas para evaluar los comportamientos obsesivo-compulsivos. Para ello, tras traducirla, se han estudiado su invarianza factorial en niños y niñas, su fiabilidad y su relación con la edad. Por último, se presentan sus datos normativos. La muestra ha estado compuesta por 1.706 niños y adolescentes de la población general. Los resultados muestran que la composición factorial de la CY-BOCS-SR no se ajusta bien a la forma tradicional de corregirla distinguiendo tres escalas: severidad de la obsesión, severidad de la compulsión y puntuación total. La validez factorial y la fiabilidad de las escalas mejoran notablemente si los ítems relacionados con la resistencia a la obsesión y la compulsión se consideran como un factor distinto. Se concluye que la versión española que se presenta posee características psicométricas semejantes a las de la versión original inglesa (AU)

The aim of this study was the adaptation to Spanish of the «Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Self Report» (CY-BOCS-SR), one of the most frequently utilized scales in the assessment of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. After its translation to Spanish, its factor invariance in boys and girls, reliability, and relationship with the children’s age were examined. Lastly, normative data for this Spanish version are presented. The sample comprised 1,706 children and adolescents from the general population. Results show that the factor composition of the CY-BOCS-SR does not present a very good fi t to the usual scoring of three scales were observed: Obsession Severity, Compulsion Severity, and total score. Results also show that the factor validity and reliability of the CY-BOCS-SR improve remarkably if items related to Resistance to Obsessions and Compulsions are considered a different factor from Severity. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the CY-BOCS-SR has similar psychometric characteristics as the original English version (AU)

[Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS)]. / Composición factorial de la versión española de la Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS).

This paper presents the Spanish version of the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), a rating scale for children and adolescents assessing anxiety disorders as they appear in the DSM-IV. SCAS scores were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 1671 children 10 to 17 years old. Results supported the proposed structure of six interrelated scales. This structure is completely invariant (except for means) in boys and girls and across age groups. Overall, girls scored slightly higher than boys. The relationship of SCAS scores with the child's age was nonexistent or very low and negative. The least frequent anxiety problems among children and adolescents were panic attacks and agoraphobia. Problems that most frequently presented extreme high scores were obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the SCAS can confidently be used in the assessment of anxiety disorders in children.

[Factor structure and reliability of the Spanish adaptation of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale--Self Report (CY-BOCS-SR)]. / Estructura factorial y fi abilidad de la adaptación española de la Escala Obsesivo-Compulsiva de Yale-Brown para niños y adolescentes en su versión de autoinforme (CY-BOCS-SR).

The aim of this study was the adaptation to Spanish of the «Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale--Self Report¼ (CY-BOCS-SR), one of the most frequently utilized scales in the assessment of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. After its translation to Spanish, its factor invariance in boys and girls, reliability, and relationship with the children's age were examined. Lastly, normative data for this Spanish version are presented. The sample comprised 1,706 children and adolescents from the general population. Results show that the factor composition of the CY-BOCS-SR does not present a very good fit to the usual scoring of three scales were observed: Obsession Severity, Compulsion Severity, and total score. Results also show that the factor validity and reliability of the CY-BOCS-SR improve remarkably if items related to Resistance to Obsessions and Compulsions are considered a different factor from Severity. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the CY-BOCS-SR has similar psychometric characteristics as the original English version.

[Spanish adaptation of the Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire for Adolescents (TAFQ-A)]. / Adaptación española del Cuestionario de Fusión Pensamiento-Acción para Adolescentes (TAFQ-A).

This study deals with the psychometric properties of the Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire for Adolescents (TAFQ-A), which assesses the belief that harmful thoughts and actions are equivalent. The TAFQ-A comprises two scales: TAF-Moral and TAF-Likelihood. A total of 1726 children and adolescents completed 5 tests in order to establish the relationships of TAFQ-A with measures of psychopathology and with cognitive variables related to the ethiology of obsessive-compulsive problems. Results show that factorial structure, reliability and criterion validity of TAFQ-A are appropriate.

Adaptación española del cuestionario de fusión pensamiento-acción para adolescentes (TAFQ-A) / Spanish adaptation of the Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire for Adolescents (TAFQ-A)

El presente estudio trata sobre la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Fusión Pensamiento-Acción para Adolescentes (TAFQ-A), que evalúa la creencia de que los pensamientos y las acciones de daño son equivalentes. El TAFQ-A está formado por dos escalas, TAF-Moral y TAF-Probabilidad. La muestra ha estado compuesta por un total de 1.726 niños y adolescentes que completaron 5 pruebas destinadas a establecer las relaciones del TAFQ-A con medidas de psicopatología y con variables cognitivas relacionadas con la etiología de los problemas obsesivo-compulsivos. Los resultados encontrados muestran que la estructura factorial, la fiabilidad y la validez de criterio del TAFQ-A son adecuadas(AU)

This study deals with the psychometric properties of the Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire for Adolescents (TAFQ-A), which assesses the belief that harmful thoughts and actions are equivalent. The TAFQ-A comprises two scales: TAF-Moral and TAF-Likelihood. A total of 1726 children and adolescents completed 5 tests in order to establish the relationships of TAFQ-A with measures of psychopathology and with cognitive variables related to the ethiology of obsessive-compulsive problems. Results show that factorial structure, reliability and criterion validity of TAFQ-A are appropriate(AU)

Inventario de Obsesiones y Compulsiones-Revisado (OCI-R): Aplicabilidad a la población general / Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R): Applicability to general population

El Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002) se ha convertido en instrumento de elección para la evaluación de los comportamientos obsesivo-compulsivos, dada su validez y el corto tiempo que requiere su administración. Sin embargo, el OCI-R aún no ha sido estudiado sobre muestras de la población general. En el presente estudio se analizan las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del OCI-R en dos grupos de sujetos: estudiantes universitarios (n = 247), lo que permitirá comparar los resultados obtenidos con los de estudios previos, y población general (n = 395), lo que permitirá generalizar dichos resultados a personas sin patología clínica conocida o con sintomatología subclínica. Se ha analizado la estructura factorial, la fiabilidad y la validez convergente, divergente y de criterio del OCI-R. Los resultados muestran una estructura factorial y unas propiedades psicométricas similares a las halladas con la versión original y, tal y como se esperaba, un grado medio de relación entre el OCI-R y otras variables con las que se hipotetizó que estaría relacionado: intrusiones, creencias disfuncionales, preocupaciones y perfeccionismo. Se concluye que la versión española del OCI-R es aplicable a la población general(AU)

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002) has became the measure of election for the assessment of obsessive-compulsive behaviors, given its validity and the short time that its administration requires. Nevertheless, the OCI-R not yet has been studied on samples from the general population. In the present study the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the OCI-R in two groups of subjects have been analyzed: university students (n = 247), which will allow comparing the results with those of previous studies, and general population (n = 395), which will allow generalizing these results to people without known clinical pathology or with subclinical symptoms. The factorial structure, the reliability and the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the OCI-R were analyzed. The results show a factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the OCI-R similar to the ones found on the original version and, as expected, moderate relationship between the OCI-R scores and related variables: intrusions, dysfunctional beliefs, worry, and perfectionism. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the OCI-R is applicable to the general population(AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de la version española del cuestionario de creencias obsesivas (OBQ) / Psychometric properties of the spanish verison of the Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ)

Los modelos cognitivos del Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo atribuyen los comportamientos obsesivo-compulsivos a determinadas creencias disfuncionales sobre responsabilidad, perfeccionismo y necesidad de controlar los pensamientos. Para evaluar estas creencias se ha desarrollado el Obsesive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ). En el presente trabajo se han estudiado las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del OBQ. Para ello se ha utilizado un grupo de estudiantes universitarios y otro de personas pertenecientes a la comunidad en general. Los resultados señalan que las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española son muy semejantes a las de la versión inglesa original. Aunque se necesiten estudios con muestras clínicas, se concluye que la versión española del OBQ es adecuada para la evaluación de creencias disfuncionales relacionadas con los comportamientos obsesivo-compulsivos (AU)

Cognitive models of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder attribute obsessive-compulsive behaviors to dysfunctional beliefs about responsibility, perfectionism and importance and control of intrusive thoughts. The Obsessive Beliefs Questionaire (OBQ) was developed to assess these beliefs. The aim of the present work was to study the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the OBQ. Two non-clinical groups participated, one of university students and another one of people from the general community. Results show that the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the OBQ are similar to those of the original English version. Although studies with clinical samples are needed, the Spanish version of the OBQ is a suitable instrument for the assessment of beliefs relate to obsessions and compulsions (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del inventario de interpretación de intrusiones (III) / Psychometric properties of the spanish versión of the Interpretation of Instrusions Inventory (III)

Actualmente se concede gran importancia al papel de las intrusiones cognitivas negativas en el origen y mantenimiento de las obsesiones. El Inventario de Interpretación de Intrusiones (III) se ha ideado para evaluar cómo se interpretan dichas intrusiones cognitivas. El presente estudio examina las propiedades psicométricas de la versión castellana del III en dos muestras no clínicas: estudiantes universitarios y personas adultas de la población general. Los resultados encontrados muestran que la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad test-retest del III son adecuadas. Además, su estructura factorial y su relación con variables cognitivas asociadas (v.g., responsabilidad sobredimensionada y perfeccionismo) y con sintomatología de tipo obsesivo-compulsivo también concuerdan con lo esperado. Dada la semejanza de funcionamiento con la versión original inglesa, se concluye que la presente versión castellana del III merece seguir siendo estudiada en la investigación sobre el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y otros trastornos donde se den intrusiones cognitivas negativas (AU)

Current cognitive models assign a special importance to cognitive negative intrusions in the origin and maintenance of obsessions. The Interprettion of Intrusions Inventory (III) has been developed to assess the appraisal of the present study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the III in two non-clinical groups: undergraduate students and adults form the general population. Results show that the III has an adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factor structure of III and its relationships to associated cognitive variables (v.g, inflated responsibility and perfectionism) and obsessive-compulsive type symptomatology are presented. Given the similarity with the original English version, it is concluded that the Spanish version of the III merits further study in the research on obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders in which negative cognitive intrusions are present (AU)