3D Printed Supercapacitor Exploiting PEDOT-Based Resin and Polymer Gel Electrolyte.

Renewable energy-based technologies and increasing IoT (Internet of Things) objects population necessarily require proper energy storage devices to exist. In the view of customized and portable devices, Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques offer the possibility to fabricate 2D to 3D features for functional applications. Among the different AM techniques extensively explored to produce energy storage devices, direct ink writing is one of the most investigated, despite the poor achievable resolution. Herein, we present the development and characterization of an innovative resin which can be employed in a micrometric precision stereolithography (SL) 3D printing process for the fabrication of a supercapacitor (SC). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a conductive polymer, was mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), to get a printable and UV curable conductive composite material. The 3D printed electrodes were electrically and electrochemically investigated in an interdigitated device architecture. The electrical conductivity of the resin falls within the range of conductive polymers with 200 mS/cm and the 0.68 µWh/cm2 printed device energy density falls within the literature range.

Transcription factor TaGAMYB from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) regulates flowering time and fertility in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The loss of TaGAMYB function in Arabidopsis results in abnormal pollen development and leads to decreased fertility. This process may be regulated by microRNAs, which suppress the expression of fatty acid pathway genes. Development of the anthers and pollen is significantly influenced by the transcription factor GAMYB. However, our knowledge of GAMYB in wheat is limited. Here, under fertility and sterility conditions, we identified the distinct transcripts TaGAMYB-d and TaGAMYB-g in thermosensitive genic sterile wheat YanZhan 4110S and confirmed their functions. TaGAMYB-g overexpression decreased the pollen vigor and germination rates, thereby reducing fertility. TaGAMYB-d overexpression lines exhibited early flowering. Due to aberrant pollen germination, the mutant homologous TaGAMYB genes in Arabidopsis thaliana also resulted in lower fertility. Our findings indicate that TaGAMYB controls the fertility and flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

The transcription factor TaGAMYB modulates tapetum and pollen development of TGMS wheat YanZhan 4110S via the gibberellin signaling.

Male reproductive development in higher plants experienced a series of complex biological processes, which can be regulated by Gibberellins (GA). The transcriptional factor GAMYB is a crucial component of GA signaling in anther development. However, the mechanism of GAMYB in wheat male reproduction is less understood. Here, we found that the thermo-sensitive genic male sterilitywheat line YanZhan 4110S displayed delayed tapetum programmed cell death and pollen abortive under the hot temperature stress. Combined with RNA-Sequencing data analysis, TaGAMYB associated with fertility conversion was isolated, which was located in the nucleus and highly expressed in fertility anthers. The silencing of TaGAMYB in wheat displayed fertility decline, defects in tapetum, pollen and exine formation, where the abortion characteristics were the same as YanZhan 4110S. In addition, either hot temperature or GA3 treatment in YanZhan 4110S caused the downregulation of TaGAMYB at binucleate stage and trinucleate stage, as well as fertility decrease. Further, the transcription factor TaWRKY2 significantly changed under GA3-treatment and directly interacted with the TaGAMYB promoter by W-box cis-element. Therefore, we suggested that TaGAMYB may be essential for anther development and male fertility, and GA3 activates TaGAMYB by TaWRKY2 to regulate fertility in wheat.

Identification and validation of TCONS_00093333 for regulating fertility conversion of thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility wheat with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm.

An increasing number of studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating plant fertility, however, they are less studied in wheat. Here, we analyzed lncRNA sequencing data and showed that the fixation carbon sequestration pathway was closely associated with pollen development and fertility conversion in KTM3315A, and eight differentially expressed genes under different fertility conditions were significantly regulated by TCONS_00093333 (designed as TaHTMAR) and transcription factors TaBBX25 and TaOBF1. Among them, TaBBX25 and TaOBF1 were located in the nucleus and expressed in the early stage of fertile anther development. Gene silencing experiments of TaHTMAR showed that TaHTMAR positively regulated the expression of TaBBX25 and TaOBF1 under fertile conditions, thereby reducing male fertility of KTM3315A. This study confirms the effective roles of TaHTMAR, TaBBX25, and TaOBF1 in the regulation of male fertility in wheat and provides a valuable molecular basis for hybrid wheat breeding.