General characteristics, features of cultivation and antibiotic resistance representatives of mycobacterium fortuitum group representatives (review of literature).

Recently, more and more scientific works have been devoted to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, both by domestic and foreign researchers. One of the main reasons for this is the increase in patients with immunosuppression of various origins, improvement of the quality of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of mycobacteriosis. This article focuses on the representatives of the M. fortuitum group, as the main pathogens among the group of fast-growing mycobacteria. The data on the modern classification based on the use of molecular genetic studies are indicated. The M. fortuitum group includes: Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. peregrinum, M. senegalense, M. porcinum, M. houstonense, M. neworleansense, M. boenickei, M. conceptionense, M. septicum, M. alvei. According to the new data, mycobacteria were divided into 5 clades (Abscessus-Chelonae, Fortuitum-Vaccae, Terrae, Triviale, Tuberculosis-Simiae), and based on molecular genetic studies, new genera in the Mycobacteriaceae family were isolated: Mycolicibacter spp., Mycolicibacillus spp., Mycolicibacillus spp., Mycobacteroides spp., Mycolicibacterium spp. In accordance with the new classification, representatives of the Mycobacterium fortuitum group belong to the genus Mycolicibacterium. The main epidemiological features of the main sources of the spread of mycobacteria, factors and ways of their transmission are indicated. Due to their wide distribution in the environment, representatives of the M. fortuitum group are capable of causing diseases of the pulmonary and extrapulmonary localization. The distinctive features of pathogenicity factors, due to which the course of the disease is determined, are noted. The article also indicates the main difficulties and features of determining the sensitivity to antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs, provides data on the main features of antibiotic resistance of M.fortuitum group. In preparing the review, literature sources obtained from international and domestic databases were used: Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, RSCI.

[Possible relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and signs of left ventricle hypertrophy]. / Vozmozhnaia sviaz' polinenasyshchennykh zirnykh kislot i priznakov gipertrofii miokarda levogo zheludochka.

In aborigines from the costal and continental areas of Chukotka who differ in dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PFA) n-3 intake, specific features of the composition of fatty acids in cell membranes were revealed in a model of erythrocytes: the costal inhabitants showed a higher proportion of PFA n-3 mainly through eicosapentaenic acid and lower proportion of major PFA n-6. With this, plasma lipoprotein lipids in whose composition the acids transported to the cell membranes displayed the similar regularities in changes in fatty acid composition. Only a far larger portion of eicosapentaenic acid in the cell membranes from the costal inhabitants than from the continental inhabitants was associated with greater mass of the left ventricular myocardium. It was concluded that transport of lipids containing high PFA n-3 in the composition of lipoproteins to the cell membranes caused an increase of the acids in them and, evidently, a change in physicochemical and, therefore, functional properties of cells.

[Comparative analysis of the lipid-protein spectrum of lipoproteins and fatty acid composition of lipids in plasma and erythrocytes of native populations of Chukotka and Moscow]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz lipid-belkovogo spektra lipoproteidov i zhirnokislotnogo sostava lipidov plazmy krovi i éritrotsitov korennykh zhitelei Chukotki i moskvichei.

A lower content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and apo B as well as a higher content of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL) were found in coast and continental Chuckchee land inhabitants as compared with moscowites, which are dissimilar in consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3. At the same time, the lower content of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and higher concentration of HDL cholesterol were detected in blood plasma of coast inhabitants as compared with continental residents of the Chuckchee land, while content of apo B and triglycerides was similar. Concentration of apoA-I was the same in all three groups of the persons examined. The diet of coast Chuchkchee land inhabitants, involving the higher level of unsaturated fatty acids n-3, resulted in the higher ratio between HDL cholesterol and apoA-I, in the higher part of unsaturated fatty acids n-3 in blood plasma lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol esters) and erythrocytes; it led to a relative increase of sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and to a decrease of phosphatidylcholine in HDL subfractions. The data obtained suggest that the diet, enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3, exhibited the generalized effect on fatty acid composition of a number of cell membranes and, hence, on their functions.

[Changes in phospholipid composition of high density lipoproteins in children as a possible precursor of the development of ischemic heart disease]. / Izmenenie fosfolipidnogo sostava lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti u detei kak vozmozhnyi predvestnik razvitiia ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

The proportion of apoprotein-AI (apo-AI) phospholipids (PL) and HDLP phospholipid spectrum were determined in addition to principal coronary risk factors; cholesterol (CS), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDLP) CS, in high-risk children, whose parents had survived myocardial infarction at a young age, and also in children with vegetovascular dystonia and a control group. It is demonstrated that children with relatively low percentage of lecithin in HDLP, in the absence of changes in CS, TG, apo-B and apo-AI, and HDLP CS, could be found in all the examined groups, and were particularly numerous in the high-risk group. Correlations coefficients for the HDLP PL percentage in the father-child, mother-child and father-mother pairs were estimated, revealing a positive correlation with respect to lecithin in these pairs, an evidence of the contribution of the general familial environment to the variability of the parameter in question in the examined groups. Different correlations were demonstrated between lecithin/sphingomyelin and lecithin/kephalin ratios in boys and girls from the control and high-risk groups.

[Fatty acids of the omega-3 line in the erythrocytes of Chukchi with myocardial hypertrophy]. / Zhirnye kisloty omega-3 riada v eritrotsitakh Chukchei pri gipertrofii miokarda.

A study was made of the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes in the Chukchi aged 30 to 59 with myocardial hypertrophy and in controls. In erythrocytes of the Chukchi the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids of omega-3 series including eicosapentaenoic acid was increased (C 20:5), and the percentage of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was decreased (C 18:2 and C 20:4, respectively) as compared to similar indices of erythrocytes in Muscovites. Myocardial hypertrophy was diagnosed in the Chukchi in whom the percentage C 20:5 in erythrocytes was higher and exceeded that in PL. It was assumed that changes in the fatty acid composition of cell membranes played certain part in disorder of their function and the development of myocardial hypertrophy in the Chukchi.

[Characteristics of fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins of low-density lipoproteins in the plasma of native inhabitants of Chukotka]. / Osobennosti zhirnokislotnogo sostava fosfatidilkholinov i sfingomielinov lipoproteidov nizkoi plotnosti plazmy krovi korennykh zhitelei Chukotki.

Contents of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol as well as phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins in low density lipoproteins (LDL) were studied in blood plasma of Chukot aborigenes--Eskimos as compared with Moscow inhabitants. In Eskimos content of HDL cholesterol was higher but concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was lower in blood plasma. In LDL concentration of sphingomyelins was increased and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins was altered where amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids was elevated (20:5 + 22:5 + 22:6). The specific characteristics of the LDL phospholipids observed in Eskimos might be responsible for the higher liquid properties of the surface monolayer in the lipoproteins; this alteration might be important for the lipoprotein properties and transformation as well as for the properties of membrane-bound enzymes, for synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclins.

[Transport of the fatty acids composing the phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins of the low- and very high-density lipoproteins in the blood plasma in myocardial hypertrophy]. / Transport zhirnykh kislot v sostave fosfatidilkholinov i sfingomielinov lipoproteidov nizkoi i ochen' nizkoi plotnosti plazmy krovi pri gipertrofii miokarda.

A comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholines (PC) and sphingomyelins (SP) of lipoproteins (LP) of low and very low density was performed in the blood plasma of Eskimos (indigenous population of the Chukot Peninsula) in myocardial hypertrophy and in the control group as well as in the control group of Muscovites. Some characteristic features of the fatty acid composition of low density LP PC and SP were revealed in Eskimos in myocardial hypertrophy. The role of changes in the transport of fatty acids of low density LP PC and SP of the blood plasma in the myocyte membrane liquidity as well as in the synthesis of biologically active prostacyclin revealed in myocardial hypertrophy was discussed.

[Various reasons for changes in the phospholipid composition of high density lipoproteins in hypoalphacholesterolemia]. / Nekotorye prichiny izmenenii fosfolipidnogo sostava lipoproteinov vysokoi plotnosti pri gipoal'fakholesterinemii.

In men without any symptoms of ischemic heart disease, living in two different geographical zones (Moscow and Chuckchee land) low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was accompanied by alterations in phospholipid composition of HDL2 and HDL3: decrease in the ration of lecithin and increase in sphingomyelin and kephalin content. The alteration in the phospholipid composition of these two HDL subclasses occurred simultaneously with changes in fatty acid composition of HDL lecithin: decrease in the ratio of linoleic acid as well as in stearic and arachidonic or eucosepentaenic acids. At the same time, phospholipid composition of the HDL subclasses was dissimilar in men and women without any symptoms of ischemic heart disease. Role of alterations in the fatty acid composition of phosphatide acid as well as effect of hormones on alterations in the phospholipid composition of HDL in hypoalphacholesterolemia are discussed.

[Changes in the indices of plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein spectra in patients with myocardial infarct and unstable stenocardia over the course of a year's observation]. / Izmenenie pokazatelei spektra lipoproteidov i apolipoproteimov plazmy krovi u bol'nykh infarktom miokarda i nestabil'noi stenokardiei v techenie l goda nabliudeniia.

Over the period of one year the authors examined the changes in the parameters of the plasma spectrum of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in 46 patients with acute macrofocal myocardial infarction and 35 patients with labile angina. In six cases variations in these parameters were studied in the course of unstable angina and in the post-infarction period. It was established that myocardial infarction induced specific alterations in the plasma lipoprotein system not only in the immediate post-infarction period but also at more long-term periods. Myocardial infarction causes deep and prolonged disorders in the apolipoprotein system which may contribute to the progression of atherosclerotic damage to the coronary arteries.

[Self-regulation of the functional state of high density lipoproteins and its disorders in hypoalphacholesterolemia (review]. / Samoreguliatsiia funktsional'nogo sostoianiia lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti i narushenie ee pri gipoal'fakholesterinemii (obzor).

Cholesterol-acceptor and cholesterol-transport functions of high density lipoproteins appear to occur by means of the principle of selfregulation as these lipoproteins (particles) included a number of active units responsible for their biological function. These units were as follows: a) protein-lipid structure of surface monolayer of high density lipoprotein particles, which enables to intercalate the molecules of unesterified cholesterol, b) the enzymatic system, responsible for cholesterol esterification (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase--LCAT), involving the enzyme second substrate lecithin and activator apoprotein A-1, c) the system of nonenzymatic controlled transport of cholesterol esters, developed during the LCAT-reaction, involving the lipid-transport protein. On the basis of the hypothesis results, obtained in examination of persons with low and high level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood plasma, were analyzed. Correlation between a decrease in cholesterol-acceptor and -transport functions of the lipoproteins and impairments in the system, responsible for selfregulation of their functional state, corroborated the hypothesis developed.

[Serum apolipoproteins A-1 and B in young males with a history of myocardial infarction]. / Apoproteiny A1 i B plazmy krovi u molodykh muzhchin, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda.

The content of the protein-lipid components of lipoproteins of individual classes was studied in 87 coronary heart disease patients surviving myocardial infarction under 40 years of age. All the patients lived in Sverdlovsk. The control group was made up of 49 age-matched males without any symptoms of CHD. CHD patients aged 30-39 years showed a number of differences as compared to healthy men; these included elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as an increase in the apoprotein B levels and the apo-B/apo-A1 ratio. In a group of CHD patients aged 20-29 years enhanced plasma concentrations of apo-B and an increase in the apo-B/apo-A1 ratio, the latter approaching 1 were the only change in the lipoprotein system as against control.

[Esterifying activity of the plasma in patients with ischemic heart disease]. / Esterifitsiruiushchaia aktivnost' plazmy u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

An esterifying activity of blood plasma (lecithin-cholesterol-acyl transferase, LCAT) was decreased in men with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and coronary atherosclerosis as compared with patients without any symptoms of IHD; the decrease of the activity was most distinct in patients with low level of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and with hyperlipidemia. In these patients phospholipid composition of HDL subfractions was altered: a decrease in the lecithin ratio, increase in the content of sphingomyelin and corresponding decrease in the ratio lecithin/sphingomyelin. Decrease in content of HDL cholesterol and in concentration of apo A-I in blood, plasma, alterations in phospholipid composition of HDL subfractions and in the rate of fatty acids unsaturation of HDL phospholipids in the patients with IHD were considered as factors responsible for the decrease of LCAT activity, which may aggravate the atherosclerotic impairment of arteries.

[Disruption of the cholesterol-transport function of lipoproteins in the blood plasma of patients with ischemic heart disease]. / Narushenie kholesterintransportnoi funktsii lipoproteidov plazmy krovi u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

A ratio cholesterol esters/apo B in very low and low density lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL), characterizing their cholesterol-transport function, as well as a ratio cholesterol esters/apo A-I in high density lipoproteins (HDL) HDL2 and HDL3, demonstrating the loading of cholesterol per unit of their main protein, were studied in 16 patients with ischemic heart disease accompanied by coronary atherosclerosis documented by angiography and in 36 healthy men. In patients with coronary atherosclerosis and low level of HDL cholesterol, particles of atherogenic lipoproteins were overloaded with cholesterol esters, while the ratio cholesterol esters/apo A-I was decreased in HDL2 and HDL3 as compared with controls. These alterations might be related to an increase in efficiency of cholesterol esters transport from HDL into VLDL and LDL as a result of dissimilar transformations in chemical and structural characteristics of surface monolayer of VLDL and HDL particles studied earlier.

[Changes in blood plasma lipid and apolipoprotein content in the course of acute myocardial infarction]. / Izmenenie soderzhaniia v plazme krovi lipidov i apolipoproteidov v dinamike ostrogo infarkta miokarda.

Patterns of changes in blood plasma lipids and apolipoproteins were examined in 16 patients with acute large-focal myocardial infarction. Six of those were investigated during unstable angina pectoris. Lipoproteins responsible for cholesterol transport to tissues (apo-beta-containing lipoproteins) and its outflow (apo-A-I-containing lipoproteins) were shown to undergo a variety of metabolic changes in the course of myocardial infarction. Possible prognostic implications of patterns of post-infarction changes in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein spectrum are discussed with respect to predicting further development of atherosclerosis.

[Arterial pressure and concentrations of blood lipids in the populations of Moscow and Leningrad]. / Arterial'noe davlenie i kontsentratsiia lipidov krovi v populiatsiiakh Moskvy i Leningrada.

Epidemiological investigation of two randomized groups of men born in 1916-1935 (3908 men in Moscow, 3907 in Leningrad) has shown that in both populations there is a direct relationship between the arterial pressure (AP) and the level of total cholesterol (CS), triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol lipoproteids of high density (CS-LPHD) in blood plasma. A strong correlation between the level of the systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and age has been established. Age variations of the lipid levels were insignificant. The total CS, TG, SAP levels and the diastolic AP increase with the growth of the relative body weight, while the CS-LPHD level decreases. In the group engaged in manual labour the total CS and TG levels are simultaneously lowered and those of CS-LPHD and SAP elevated. There is a direct relationship between the level of CS-LPHD, AP and alcohol intake. Smoking somewhat lowers the level of CS-LPHD and AP. The direct relationship between AP and the level of CS-LPHD remains after complex analysis including all the factors studied.

[Phospholipid content of subfractions of high density lipoproteins in women with angiographically documented coronary arteriosclerosis]. / Fosfolipidnyi sostav podfraktsii lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti u zhenshchin s angiograficheski dokumentirovannym aterosklerozom koronarnykh arterii.

The concentration of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the phospholipid content of HDL2 and HDL3 were estimated in the plasma of 23 women with coronary heart disease (CHD) and in the control group of 38 healthy women. The concentration of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly reduced in patients with CHD in comparison with the control group. There was also a significant decrease of the per cent content of lecithin and an increased content of sphingomyelin, especially in HDL2 subfraction. It is concluded that the reduction of HDL-C content is accompanied by changes in the phospholipid content of HDL that may result in reduction of cholesterol-acceptor properties of these particles.

[Plasma levels of testosterone and lipid-protein components of high density lipoproteins and their subclasses in the native population of the Chukotka national autonomic region]. / Soderzhanie testosterona i lipidno-belkovykh komponentov lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti i ikh podklassov v plazme krovi korennogo naseleniia Chukotskogo natsional'nogo avtonomnogo okruga.

In a representative aboriginal male Chukchi population, relationships were examined between major lipid-protein components of high-density lipoproteins (HDLP) and their subclasses (HDLP2 and HDLP3) and physiological plasma testosterone patterns. A single-trend correlation was established between cholesterol and phospholipids of each of the HDLP subclasses, and plasma triglycerides and testosterone. Apo-AI for each of the HDLP subclasses showed different trends of correlation with both triglycerides and normal range of testosterone. The findings are indicative of different patterns in the formation of HDLP2 and HDLP3 particles.

Flow cytofluorometric study of lipoprotein interactions with cultured endothelial cells.

Accumulation of rhodamine B isothyocyanate-conjugated low density lipoproteins (R-LDL) in cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical cord was studied with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. R-LDL uptake was blocked at 0 degrees C, inhibited by addition of excess of nonlabeled low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein-2 or high density lipoprotein-3. High density lipoprotein-2 was about twice as effective in inhibition of R-LDL uptake as high density lipoprotein-3. Endothelial cells that formed a contact-inhibited monolayer lost the ability to incorporate R-LDL via a receptor-mediated pathway. Using R-LDL, it was possible to distinguish cells with different levels of R-LDL incorporation.