ABSTRACT
AIM: Respiratory disease (RD) is one of the most common diseases characterized by lung dysfunction. Many diagnostic mechanisms have been used to identify the pathogenic agents of responsible for RD. Among these, proteomics emerges as a valuable diagnostic method for pinpointing the specific proteins involved in RD pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we examined the protein markers involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), and chemical warfare victims exposed to mustard gas, using the proteomics method as a systematic study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed up to September 2023 on several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane. In total, selected 4246 articles were for evaluation according to the criteria. Finally, 119 studies were selected for this systematic review. RESULTS: A total of 13,806 proteins were identified, 6471 in COPD, 1603 in Asthma, 5638 in IPF, three in BO, and 91 in mustard gas exposed victims. Alterations in the expression of these proteins were observed in the respective diseases. After evaluation, the results showed that 31 proteins were found to be shared among all five diseases. CONCLUSION: Although these 31 proteins regulate different factors and molecular pathways in all five diseases, they ultimately lead to the regulation of inflammatory pathways. In other words, the expression of some proteins in COPD and mustard-exposed patients increases inflammatory reactions, while in IPF, they cause lung fibrosis. Asthma, causes allergic reactions due to T-cell differentiation toward Th2.
Subject(s)
Asthma , Mustard Gas , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Humans , Lung/pathology , Mustard Gas/toxicity , Mustard Gas/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolismABSTRACT
Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ocular injured induced by mustard gas can help better identify complications and discover appropriate therapies. This study aimed to analyze the proteomics of tears of chemical warfare victims with mustard gas ocular injuries and compare it with healthy individuals. In this case-control research, 10 mustard gas victims with long-term ocular difficulties (Chronic) were included in the patient group, while 10 healthy persons who were age and sex matched to the patients were included in the control group. Schirmer strips were used to collect the tears of the participants. Proteomics experiments were performed using the high-efficiency TMT10X method to evaluate the tear protein profile, and statistical bioinformatics methods were used to identify the differently expressed proteins. 24 proteins had different expressions between the two groups. Among these 24 proteins, 8 proteins had increased expression in veterans' tears, while the remaining 16 proteins had decreased expression. Reactome pathways were used to look at proteins with various expressions, and 13 proteins were found to be engaged in the immune system, 9 of which were effective in the innate immune system, and 5 proteins were effective in the complement cascade. Ocular mustard gas exposure may cause a compromised immune system on the eye's surface, exposing the cornea to external and endogenous infections, and eventually causing corneal opacity and reduced vision.