Ameliorative properties of quercetin in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a mechanistic review based on underlying mechanisms.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with an estimated annual incidence of 27-69 million. TBI is a severe condition that can lead to high mortality rates and long-term cognitive, behavioral, and physical impairments in young adults. It is a significant public health concern due to the lack of effective treatments available. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated therapeutic potential with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Recently, some evidence has accentuated the ameliorating effects of quercetin on TBI. This review discusses quercetin's ability to reduce TBI-related damage by regulating many cellular and molecular pathways. Quercetin in vitro and in vivo studies exhibit promise in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and enhancing cognitive function post-TBI. Further clinical investigation into quercetin's therapeutic potential as a readily available adjuvant in the treatment of TBI is warranted in light of these findings. This review adds to our knowledge of quercetin's potential in treating TBI by clarifying its mechanisms of action.

The Trend of IgG and IgM Antibodies During 6-Month Period After the Disease Episode in COVID-19 Patients.

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged coronavirus that has been widely transmitted since late 2019. It has caused a pandemic and infected roughly 450 million people globally.Hitherto, there is no approved anti-COVID-19 treatment, and vaccination is the only experienced preventive strategy. It mainly promotes the immune system, which is vital as a barrier against COVID-19. Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity), among the various functions of the immune system against the coronavirus, plays an outstanding role in preventing infection. Consequently, we intended to assess IgG and IgM antibodies, 3 and 6 months after infection, to trend their titer and see how long COVID-19 antibodies remained in the human body. According to the research-designed criteria, only 98 patients out of 4500 suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection remained for analysis. Blood samples were taken in three time periods (Day Zero (T 0), 3 and 6 months post-infection) and examined for COVID-19's IgG and IgM antibodies titration using the ELISA platform. Though both IgG and IgM were still detectable for some subjects at the end of the period, the decline in their levels (from 14.45 ± 5.88 to 2.52 ± 2.33 for IgG [85% decline of antibody titer] and 8.3 ± 0.99 to 0.37 ± 0.14 for IgM [95.5% decline of antibody titer]) was statistically significant (P value 0.0001). There was no correlation between gender and IgG and IgM levels. Although the levels of both antibodies were overall higher in the senior group (≥ 60 years old), statistical analysis showed a significantly higher level just for IgM in this group (P value: 0.005). Following the results, although anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies can persist in the blood for 6 months post-infection, their levels steeply declined over time. Therefore, relying on humoral immunity as a trustworthy barrier against SARS-CoV-2 infection calls for more extensive research. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40995-022-01382-7.