Repair bond strength of composite: Effect of surface treatment and type of composite.

BACKGROUND: By an increase in use of composite restorations, some defects are also seen in these restorations, which need to be repaired. Since complete replacement of an old restoration may compromise the tooth structure, repair of defect is a more practical approach if there is no caries recurrence. Risk of pulp injury also decreases as such. One major challenge in restoration repair is to obtain a durable bond between the new and old composite. Laser irradiation has been suggested for surface preparation of old composite. This study aimed to assess the effect of composite surface preparation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser on microtensile bond strength to new composite. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 18 blocks were fabricated in three groups of nanohybrid, microhybrid and Beautiful II giomer measuring 4x7x7 mm and subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles between 5-55°C with 30 seconds of dwell time. The samples were randomly assigned to no surface treatment (etching and bonding) or laser plus etching and bonding groups. Composite cylinders measuring 4x7x7 mm were fabricated of Beautiful, nanohybrid and microhybrid composites on old composite surfaces and subjected to 500 thermal cycles for 50 seconds between 5-55°C with 30 seconds of dwell time. Each block was sectioned into 10 samples and they were subjected to microtensile bond strength test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: In all composites, the mean bond strength in laser subgroups was higher than that in control subgroups except for giomer, which showed lower bond strength in laser subgroup. The lowest mean bond strength was noted in repair of Z350XT with Z350XT when the surface of old composite was etched (10.92 MPa). The highest mean bond strength was noted in repair of Z250 with giomer when the old composite surface was irradiated with laser (30.55 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: Er,Cr:YSGG laser plus etching increased the bond strength in all groups except for giomer group, which showed a reduction in bond strength. Key words:Composite resins, surface treatment, tensile bond strength, laser, er,cr:ysgg, giomer.

Microshear bond strength of self-adhesive composite to ceramic after mechanical, chemical and laser surface treatments.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the microshear bond strength of a repairing self-adhesive flowable composite to ceramic after mechanical, chemical and laser treatment of the ceramic surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty zirconia and forty feldspathic ceramic blocks measuring 8 x 8 x 2 mm were fabricated. Feldspathic blocks were divided into four groups of control (1), laser (2780 nm) (2), sandblasting + hydrofluoric (HF) acid + silane (3) and laser (2780 nm) + HF acid + silane (4). Zirconia blocks were also divided into four groups of control (1), laser (2780 nm) (2), sandblasting + Z-Prime Plus (3) and laser (2780 nm) + Z-Prime Plus (4). Vertise Flow composite was bonded to treated ceramic surfaces as a repairing material, then the samples were subjected to 1000 thermal cycles. Repair bond strength was measured by Instron machine and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Maximum and minimum bond strength values were observed in zirconia-control (22.57 ± 4.76 MPa) and feldspathic-control (8.65 ± 6.41 MPa) groups, respectively. There was no significant differences between subgroups within the zirconia or feldspathic groups (P > 0.05), however the bond strength of zirconia subgroups was significantly higher than that of feldspathic subgroups. CONCLUSION: Vertise Flow provides relatively good bond strength to ceramic even with no surface treatment.

Perception of Laypeople and Dental Professionals of Smile Esthetics.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess and compare the perception of laypersons and dental professionals of smile esthetics based on two factors namely gingival display and alignment of teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 32 females were randomly selected among dental students in the International Campus of School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran) with no previous history of esthetic dental work. Frontal photographs were obtained and cropped from the subnasal to menton areas of subjects to standardize the size of pictures. Three series of slides were prepared of the pictures using Microsoft PowerPoint software. The first series of slides were shown to familiarize the observers with the images. The second and third series were displayed for the observers and they were then asked to fill out a questionnaire. The group of observers included 10 dental specialists and 10 laypersons. Each observer was given a visual analog scale (VAS) chart for scoring (1-10). After completion of the questionnaires, data were transferred to a computer and the differences in judgments of professionals and laypeople were analyzed using the Mann Whitney test. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the judgments of professionals and laypeople on evaluating overall smile esthetics, gingival display and alignment of teeth except for the slide showing a reverse smile arc. CONCLUSIONS: Laypeople and professionals had similar perceptions of smile esthetics. Thus, it appears that clinicians can rely on the judgment of laypersons in esthetic dental treatments.

Effect of Re-Etching of Oxalate-Occluded Dentin on Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the effect of re-etching of desensitized dentin for five and 10 seconds on marginal microleakage of composite restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class V cavities (4×2×2mm) were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 64 third molars and randomly divided into four groups of 16. In the control group, Single Bond (SB) adhesive was applied after etching. In BB+SB group, after application of BisBlock (BB) desensitizer agent (which needs etching), SB adhesive was used. In BB+5E+SB group, re-etching of dentin was done for five seconds after application of desensitizer, and then the adhesive was applied. The process in BB+10E+SB was the same as BB+5E+SB group except for re-etching time, which was 10 seconds. The cavities were restored with composite resin. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water and 10,000 thermal cycles, all samples were subjected to dye penetration test. The teeth were sectioned buccolingually in the middle of restorations. A blind examiner observed the sections under a stereomicroscope. RESULTS: At the occlusal margins, no significant difference in microleakage was observed among the groups (P>0.05). Application of BB in combination with SB had no effect in comparison to the control group (P>0.05); while there were significant differences in microleakage scores between BB+10E+SB and control (P=0.002), BB+10E+SB and BB+SB (P<0.001) and BB+5E+SB and BB+SB groups (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Dentin re-etching after application of BB desensitizer increased the gingival microleakage of class V composite restorations. Application of BB desensitizer combined with SB adhesive enhanced marginal seal.

Shear Bond Strength of Two Types of Glass Ionomer to Bleached Dentin: Effect of Delayed Bonding and Antioxidant Agent.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown a reduction in bond strength of composites and glass ionomer to bleached enamel and dentin. Several methods have been proposed to reverse compromised bond strength. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of delayed bonding and application of antioxidant agent on the bond strength of reinforced self-cured (Fuji IX) and light-cured glass ionomers (Fuji II LC) to bleached dentin. MATERIAL: Eighty extracted third molars were randomly divided into 8 groups. Buccal dentin surfaces received different treatments: Two control groups: no treatment + bonding Fuji IX or Fuji II LC. Two immediate bonding groups: bleaching + bonding Fuji IX or Fuji II LC. Two delayed bonding groups: bleaching + 7 days delay + bonding Fuji IX or Fuji II LC. Two sodium ascorbate application groups: Bleaching + application of 10% sodium ascorbate + bonding Fuji IX or Fuji II LC. All samples were tested for shear bond strength. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean and standard deviations among groups, followed by the Tukey's test for significant interaction. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was detected in shear bond strength of Fuji IX to bleached or normal dentin. Although a significant reduction was found shear bond strength values of Fuji II LC to bleached dentin, no significant difference was observed between no bleaching group and those treated with 10% sodium ascorbate or 7 days of delay in bonding for both types of glass ionomer. CONCLUSION: Bleaching had no significant effect on shear bond strength of Fuji IX to dentin; this type of GI can be used immediately after bleaching.

Comparison of the Effects of Two Different Drinks on Microhardness of a Silorane-based Composite Resin.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Acidic foods and drinks can erode composite resins. Silorane-based composite is a new low shrinkage composite with higher hydrophobicity which might resist the erosive effect of beverages. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 100% orange juice and non-alcoholic carbonated beer on microhardness of a silorane-based composite in comparison with two methacrylate-based composite resins. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Ninety disc-shaped composite specimens were fabricated of Filtek P90, Filtek Z350 XT Enamel and Filtek Z250 (3M-ESPE) (n=30) and randomly divided into 3 subgroups of 10.Group 1 was immersed in distilled water, group 2 in 100% orange juice, and group 3 in non-alcoholic beer for 3 h/day. Primary, secondary and final Vickers microhardness tests were performed at the beginning of the study and 7 and 28 days later. Surface of 2 specimens in each group was evaluated under scanning electron microscope on day 28. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA model (α=0.05). RESULTS: The primary and secondary microhardness of P90 was significantly lower than that of Z350, and Z250 (p< 0.001). Microhardness of Z350 was also lower than that of Z250 (p= 0.002). On day 28, microhardness of P90 was lower than Z250 and Z350 (p< 0.001); however, microhardness values of Z250 and Z350 were not significantly different (p= 0.054). Microhardness of specimens subjected to non-alcoholic beer was significantly lower than that of controls (p= 0.003). Meanwhile, the microhardness value of resins in orange juice was somewhere between the two mentioned values with no significant difference with any of them (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although 28 days of immersion in 100% orange juice and non-alcoholic beer decreased the microhardness of all specimens, P90 experienced the greatest reduction of microhardness and non-alcoholic beer had the highest effect on reducing microhardness.

Stress analysis of two methods of ceramic inlay preparation by finite element.

OBJECTIVE: Ceramic inlays are bonded to tooth structure with resin cements. During the resin cement setting, shrinkage stress develops at the interfaces. During tooth preparation, the undercut areas formed due to the different patterns of caries progression can either be blocked out before taking impression with suitable cement such as glass ionomer cement, or before making the final restoration in the laboratory. Then, the relieved space will be filled with luting cement in clinic. The aim of this study was to compare these two methods of undercut filling in term of stress distribution in the ceramic inlay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An axisymmetric finite element analysis was performed to study the stress distribution during inlay cementing. The solid model was generated from a longitudinal section of maxillary premolar in which a class I cavity with 60 degree undercut at the preparation wall and 20 degree divergence of the vertical walls was prepared. A thermal model was used to simulate the polymerization shrinkage of the resin cement. Finite element analysis was carried out in ANSYS environment. RESULTS: Filling the undercut by glass ionomer cement decreased the stress concentration at the ceramic/cement interface. The dominant normal stress at the tooth cement interface in absence of glass ionomer cement was tensile with maximum of 30 Mpa. Using glass ionomer, cement developed stresses with different compressive and tensile signs. With increasing the thickness of resin cement (100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm), the stress increased. CONCLUSION: Cements with minimum shrinkage and as thin layer as possible should be used. Filling the undercut with glass ionomer cement decreases the stress. Other experimental and clinical studies must follow this research.

Effect of 38% carbamide peroxide on the microleakage of silorane-based versus methacrylate-based composite restorations.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the effect of 38% carbamide peroxide on the microleakage of class V cavities restored with either a silorane-based composite or two methacrylate-based composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 96 class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of extracted human teeth with both enamel and dentin margins and were randomly assigned into three groups of Filtek P90 (3M-ESPE) + P90 system adhesive (3M-ESPE)(group A), Filtek Z250 (3M-ESPE) + Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M-ESPE)(group B) and Filtek Z350XT (3M-ESPE) + Adper Prompt L-Pop (group C). Half of the teeth were randomly underwent bleaching (38% carbamide peroxide, Day White, Discus Dental, applying for 15 min, twice a day for 14 day) while the remaining half (control) were not bleached. Dye penetration was measured following immersion in basic fuchsine. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a level of 0.05. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between composites in the control groups in enamel (p = 0.171) or dentin (p = 0.094) margins. After bleaching, microleakage of Z250 (in enamel [p = 0.867] or dentin [p = 0.590] margins) and Z350 (in enamel [p = 0.445] or dentin [p = 0.591] margins) did not change significantly, but the microleakage of P90 significantly increased in both enamel (p = 0.042) and dentin (p = 0.002) margins. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were noted between the bleached and control subgroups of two methacrylate-based composites in enamel or dentin margins. Microleakage of silorane-based composite significantly increased after bleaching.

Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment on microshear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement before and after sintering.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment on microshear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement before and after sintering. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety pre-sintered yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia specimens (4 × 3 × 2 mm) were divided into 6 groups (n = 15). In group C, sintered zirconia was not treated (control group). In groups AS2 and AS3, sintered zirconia blocks were irradiated by Er,Cr:YSGG using a power of 2 and 3 W, respectively. Groups PS2 and PS3 consisted of pre-sintered blocks conditioned by Er,Cr:YSGG at 2 and 3 W, respectively. In group AA, sintered zirconia was air abraded with 50-µm alumina powder. One block was made using the same preparations as mentioned above and was morphologically assessed by SEM. Microcylinders of Panavia F 2.0 were placed on the treated surface of the groups. Samples were incubated at 37°C and 98% humidity for 48 h and then subjected to microshear bond strength testing. The mode of failure was evaluated. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between group AA and the others (p < 0.0001). A significant difference was also noted between groups AS3 and C (p = 0.031). Complete surface roughness was seen in group AA and the bond failure was mostly cohesive, while in laser-treated groups, the surfaces roughness was much lower vs other groups, and the mode of failure was mostly adhesive. CONCLUSION: Laser treatment of pre-sintered Y-TZP cannot be recommended for improving the bond. Although sandblasting of sintered Y-TZP yielded better results than the rest of the groups, 3 W power after sintering can also be effective in enhancing the bonding strength of resin cement to zirconia.

Monomer release from nanofilled and microhybrid dental composites after bleaching.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bleaching on elution of monomers from nanofilled and microhybrid composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 80 samples (5mm diameter and 3mm thickness) of each composite were prepared. After curing, half of them were randomly polished. Each group was divided into 8 subgroups and immersed in water or 10%, 20% and 30% H2O2 for 3 or 8 hours. Eluted Bis-GMA (Bis-phenol A Glycidyl Dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (Triethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate), UDMA (Urethane Dimethacrylate) and BisEMA (Bis-phenol A ethoxylate Dimethacrylate) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and the results were analyzed by univariate ANOVA and t-test (P<0.05). RESULTS: Bleach significantly increased the overall release of monomers (P<0.001); TEGDMA was released more than Bis-GMA (P<0.001). Supreme released more TEGDMA compared to Z250 (P<0.001). Bleaching increased the release of this monomer (P<0.001). Increasing both the concentration of H2O2, and the immersion time, increased the release of TEGDMA (P<0.001). Polishing had no effect on release of this monomer (P=0.952). Supreme released more Bis-GMA than Z250 (P=0.000). The more concentrated H2O2 caused more elution of Bis-GMA (P= 0.003); while the effect of immersion time was not significant (P=0.824). Polishing increased the release of Bis-GMA (P=0.001). Neither the type of composite nor Bleaching had any effect on release of UDMA (P=0.972) and (P=0.811) respectively. Immersion duration increased the release of UDMA (P=0.002), as well as polishing (P=0.024). CONCLUSION: Bleaching increased the release of monomers. Nanofilled composites released more monomer than the microfilled.

Effect of 30% hydrogen peroxide on marginal integrity of silorane-based versus methacrylate-based composite restorations.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 30% hydrogen peroxide on the microleakage of class V cavities restored with either a silorane-based composite or two methacrylate-based composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 96 standard class V cavities (1.5 × 2 × 3 mm) were prepared on the buccal surface of sound extracted human premolars with both enamel and dentin margins and randomly assigned into three groups of Filtek P90 (group A) with its respective bonding (P90 system adhesive), Filtek Z250 (group B) and Filtek Z350XT (group C), both with Adper Prompt L-Pop bonding. The teeth were subjected to thermocycling (1000×, 5-55ºC) and half of them randomly underwent bleaching (30% hydrogen peroxide, 15 min, three times), while the remaining half (control) were not bleached. Dye penetration was measured following immersion in 2% basic fuchsin for 24 h. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at 95% CI. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the composites in the control groups in enamel (P=0.171) or dentin (P=0.094) margins. After bleaching, microleakage of Z250 (at the occlusal (P=0.696) or gingival (P=0.867) margins), Z350 (at the occlusal (P=0.323) margin) and P90 (at the occlusal (P=0.316) or gingival (P=0.281) margins) did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: No significant differences were noted between the bleached and control subgroups of Z250 and P90 in enamel or dentin margins. Microleakage of Z350 composite was reduced at the gingival margin compared to the control group, but no significant difference was observed at the occlusal margin. Microleakage of silorane-based composite in gingival margin was significantly more than two metacrylate-based composites.

Bond strength of resin cements to noble and base metal alloys with different surface treatments.

OBJECTIVES: The bond strength of resin cements to metal alloys depends on the type of the metal, conditioning methods and the adhesive resins used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of resin cements to base and noble metal alloys after sand blasting or application of silano-pen. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Cylinders of light cured Z 250 composite were cemented to "Degubond 4" (Au Pd) and "Verabond" (Ni Cr) alloys by either RelyX Unicem or Panavia F2, after sandblasting or treating the alloys with Silano-Pen. The shear bond strengths were evaluated. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and t tests at a significance level of P<0.05. RESULTS: When the alloys were treated by Silano-Pen, RelyX Unicem showed a higher bond strength for Degubond 4 (P=0.021) and Verabond (P< 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the bond strength of Panavia F2 to the alloys after either of surface treatments, Degubond 4 (P=0.291) and Verabond (P=0.899). Panavia F2 showed a higher bond strength to sandblasted Verabond compared to RelyX Unicem (P=0.003). The bond strength of RelyX Unicem was significantly higher to Silano-Pen treated Verabond (P=0.011). The bond strength of the cements to sandblasted Degubond 4 showed no significant difference (P=0.59). RelyX Unicem had a higher bond strength to Silano-Pen treated Degubond 4 (P=0.035). CONCLUSION: The bond strength of resin cements to Verabond alloy was significantly higher than Degubond 4. RelyX Unicem had a higher bond strength to Silano-Pen treated alloys. Surface treatments of the alloys did not affect the bond strength of Panavia F2.

Parameters affecting degree of conversion of dual-cure resin cements in the root canal: FTIR analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of conversion of dual-cured resin cements applied for luting of translucent and opaque fibre posts. METHODS: Two dual-cured resin cements, RelyX ARC and Nexus 2, were used to cement 2 types of tooth-coloured fibre posts, D.T. Light-Post (translucent) and D.T. White-Post (opaque). The degree of conversion for each resin cement was measured. Post-curing polymerization and chemical curing of the cements were also measured. The degree of conversion was measured at various distances (4, 6 and 8 mm) from the tip of the light-curing unit by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and post hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The degree of conversion of the dual-cure cements was significantly higher with the D.T. Light-Posts than with the D.T. White-Posts (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the degree of conversion at different depths for the RelyX ARC resin cement in conjunction with the D.T. Light-Posts (p > 0.05). The overall degree of conversion decreased linearly with increasing distance from the light-curing tip. Monitoring of post-curing polymerization and chemical curing revealed no further increase in degree of conversion after 5 minutes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The translucent fibre posts (D.T. Light-Posts) allowed a significantly higher degree of conversion with dual-cure resin cements than the opaque fibre posts (D.T. White-Posts) because of the light-transmitting property of their optical fibres.

Effect of accelerated aging on the color and opacity of resin cements.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The color stability of resin cements plays a major role in the esthetic performance of porcelain laminate veneers. Some dual-polymerizable resin cements used to bond porcelain laminates were shown to undergo color changes during service. Some recently produced cements are described as being color stable, but scientific data are not available. PURPOSE: The current study evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on the color and opacity of resin cements. The hypothesis was that the auto-polymerizing cements would show less color and opacity stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty (0.7 x 18 mm) feldspathic porcelain disks were prepared and divided into four equal groups. The resin cements were bonded to the disks by application of an identical load of 2.5 kilograms, and they were polymerized according to the manufacturer's instructions. The groups were: Variolink Veneer (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (dual-polymerizing) and Multilink (auto-polymerizing). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the following color parameters in the CIE L*a*b* color space on a black and white background: deltaa*, deltab*, deltaL*, deltaC, deltaH, deltaE and deltaCR (contrast ratio). The measurements were performed before and after aging. Paired t- and one-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data (alpha = .05). RESULTS: None of the groups showed significant differences in deltaE before and after aging (p > .05); deltaE remained in the range of clinical acceptance (deltaE < 3.3). All of the cements became more opaque, while deltaCR (difference in contrast ratio) was significantly different (p = .004). The auto-polymerized cement showed an increase in opacity. CONCLUSIONS: The studied cements behaved acceptably according to deltaE, but they became more opaque after aging. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The studied cements can ensure color stability when used to cement porcelain laminate veneers, but the change in opacity can affect clinical results. Auto polymerizing cements become more opaque with aging; therefore, porcelain restorations may lose their match with other teeth.