Implication of nanotechnology to reduce the environmental risks of waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global public health outbreak in the 21st century so far. It has contributed to a significant increase in the generation of waste, particularly personal protective equipment and hazardous medical, as it can contribute to environmental pollution and expose individuals to various hazards. To minimize the risk of infection, the entire surrounding environment should be disinfected or neutralized regularly. Effective medical waste management can add value by reducing the spread of COVID-19 and increasing the recyclability of materials instead of sending them to landfill. Developing an antiviral coating for the surface of objects frequently used by the public could be a practical solution to prevent the spread of virus particles and the inactivation of virus transmission. Relying on an abundance of engineered materials identifiable by their useful physicochemical properties through versatile chemical functionalization, nanotechnology offers a number of approaches to address this emergency. Here, through a multidisciplinary perspective encompassing various fields such as virology, biology, medicine, engineering, chemistry, materials science, and computer science, we describe how nanotechnology-based strategies can support the fight against COVID-19 well as infectious diseases in general, including future pandemics. In this review, the design of the antiviral coating to combat the spread of COVID-19 was discussed, and technological attempts to minimize the coronavirus outbreak were highlighted.

Attitudes toward Receiving COVID-19 Booster Dose in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Cross-Sectional Study of 3041 Fully Vaccinated Participants.

COVID-19 vaccines are crucial to control the pandemic and avoid COVID-19 severe infections. The rapid evolution of COVID-19 variants such as B.1.1.529 is alarming, especially with the gradual decrease in serum antibody levels in vaccinated individuals. Middle Eastern countries were less likely to accept the initial doses of vaccines. This study was directed to determine COVID-19 vaccine booster acceptance and its associated factors in the general population in the MENA region to attain public herd immunity. We conducted an online survey in five countries (Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan) in November and December 2021. The questionnaire included self-reported information about the vaccine type, side effects, fear level, and several demographic factors. Kruskal−Wallis ANOVA was used to associate the fear level with the type of COVID-19 vaccine. Logistic regression was performed to confirm the results and reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. The final analysis included 3041 fully vaccinated participants. Overall, 60.2% of the respondents reported willingness to receive the COVID-19 booster dose, while 20.4% were hesitant. Safety uncertainties and opinions that the booster dose is not necessary were the primary reasons for refusing the booster dose. The willingness to receive the booster dose was in a triangular relationship with the side effects of first and second doses and the fear (p < 0.0001). Females, individuals with normal body mass index, history of COVID-19 infection, and influenza-unvaccinated individuals were significantly associated with declining the booster dose. Higher fear levels were observed in females, rural citizens, and chronic and immunosuppressed patients. Our results suggest that vaccine hesitancy and fear in several highlighted groups continue to be challenges for healthcare providers, necessitating public health intervention, prioritizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns, and facilitating the spread of evidence-based scientific communication.

Novel mechanism and degradation kinetics of allethrin using Bacillus megaterium strain HLJ7 in contaminated soil/water environments.

As a common pyrethroid insecticide, allethrin is widely used for various purposes in agriculture and home applications. At present, allethrin residues have been frequently detected worldwide, yet little is known about the kinetics and degradation mechanisms of this insecticide. In this study, a highly efficient allethrin-degrading bacterium, Bacillus megaterium strain HLJ7, was obtained through enrichment culture technology. Strain HLJ7 can remove 96.5% of 50 mg L-1 allethrin in minimal medium within 11 days. The first-order kinetic analysis of degradation demonstrated that the half-life of allethrin degradation by strain HLJ7 was 3.56 days, which was significantly shorter than the 55.89 days of the control. The Box-Behnken design of the response surface method optimized the degradation conditions for strain HLJ7: temperature 32.18 °C, pH value 7.52, and inoculation amount 1.31 × 107 CFU mL-1. Using Andrews equation, the optimal concentration of strain HLJ7 to metabolize allethrin was determined to be 21.15 mg L-1, and the maximum specific degradation rate (qmax), half-rate constant (Ks) and inhibition coefficient (Ki) were calculated to be 1.80 d-1, 1.85 mg L-1 and 68.13 mg L-1, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified five intermediate metabolites, suggesting that allethrin could be degraded firstly by cleavage of its carboxylester bond, followed by degradation of the five-carbon ring and subsequent metabolism. The results of soil remediation experiments showed that strain HLJ7 has excellent bioremediation potential in the soils. After 15 days of treatment, about 70.8% of the initial allethrin (50 mg kg-1) was removed and converted into nontoxic intermediate metabolites, and its half-life was significantly reduced in the soils. Taken together, these findings shed light on the degradation mechanisms of allethrin and also highlight the promising potentials of B. megaterium HLJ7 in bioremediation of allethrin-comtaminated environment.

Determination of Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Sulfadiazine, Norfloxacin, and Enrofloxacin in Swine Manure Using a Coupled Method of On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction with the UHPLC-DAD.

The use of various veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in animal husbandry raises serious concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin are the most frequently used antimicrobial compounds in animal husbandry and generate large eco-toxicological effects; however, they are still difficult to determine in a complex matrix such as swine manure. This study has developed an effective method for detecting five VAs in swine manure using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (UHPLC-DAD) coupled with on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE). The results show that the mobile phase of ACN/0.01 M oxalic acid was the optimum at pH 3.0. VAs in a swine manure matrix were extracted using solid extraction buffer solution (T3) with 97.36% recovery. Sensitivity, accuracy, and precision were also evaluated. The validity study showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99). Limit of detection (LOD) was found to be from 0.1 to 0.42 µg mL-1 in the liquid fraction and from 0.032 to 0.58 µg g-1 dw in the solid fraction. The corresponding values of the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.32 to 1.27 µg mL-1 for the liquid fraction and from 0.096 to 1.77 µg g-1 dw for the solid fraction. Therefore, the proposed method showed the potential applicability for detecting different antibiotic compounds from swine manure samples.