ABSTRACT
Background: Breast cancer is a non-communicable and common disease that accounts for a high percentage of deaths. Early diagnosis of this disease reduces the death rate. Screening methods such as digital mammography can help prevent or identify the disease earlier. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cost-benefit of breast cancer using digital mammography. Methods: This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA 2020 checklist. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched without any time limitation on June 2022. The quality of the studies was evaluated with the CHEERS checklist. After data extraction, the results were synthesized by thematic content analysis. Results: During the search, 3468 records were identified, of which 1061 were duplicates. 2407 titles and abstracts screened in terms of inclusion criteria. Finally, after studying 20 fulltexts, three of them were included in the study. The quality of these articles was scored between 10 and 16. These studies were from Spain, Denmark, and the United States from 2000 to 2019. Two studies showed that digital mammography is not as effective as other screening methods. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that digital mammography is not very cost-benefit for the health care system. An increase in its repetition frequency imposes more costs on the health system and doesn't have more benefits for it.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human capital is an effective variable on the health condition of a society and its changing changes health expenditure as the proxy of health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between human capital determinants and health expenditure. METHODS: An empirical model was used with 7 variables included gender parity (GPI) index, literacy rate, life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita, physician per capita, and hospital's bed as the independent variable and health expenditure as depended variable. After unit root test of data by using Zivot-Andrews method, the model was estimated by ordinary least square (OLS) method. RESULT: GPI had the negative and significant impact on health expenditure. Literacy had the positive and significant impact on depended variable. In addition, GDP per capita and life expectancy had positive and significant on health expenditure. Hospital bed and physician per capita did not have the significant relationship with health expenditure. The value of R-squared and Durbin-Watson statistic were 0.99 and 1.95 respectively, which showed good model fit. CONCLUSION: literacy rate and GPI index as the proxy of human capital had the different impact on health expenditure. The first had positive and the latter had negative. GDP per capita had the positive impact that showed health was a normal good.
