Lack of Specific Immune Response after Five Doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in a Patient with CD4+ T-Cell Lymphopenia but Preserved Responses to CMV.

Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines is highly heterogeneous in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). This case report analyzes the immune response to mRNA COVID-19 two-dose primary vaccination followed by three boosters in an IEI patient with marked CD4+ T-cell cytopenia and diminished thymic output, in comparison with that raised against latent, chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Serum IgG antibodies anti-spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and anti-CMV were both determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays (CMIAs). SARS-CoV-2 and CMV memory CD4+ T-cell responses were simultaneously evaluated in vitro using an activation-induced marker (AIM) assay via multicolor flow cytometry. Throughout the 2-year follow-up that included the administration of five doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific responses remained consistently negative, with extremely weak humoral responses, while the patient showed in vitro persistent CD4+ T-cell reactivity to CMV peptides and high-IgG CMV-specific titers. The assessment of immune responses to vaccines and prevalent viruses is essential in IEI patients in order to take adequate preventive measures.

Survival in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 2016 to 2021: etoposide is better than its reputation.

ABSTRACT: Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome that develops mainly in patients with genetic disorders of lymphocyte cytotoxicity and X-linked lymphoproliferative syndromes. Previous studies with etoposide-based treatment followed by hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) resulted in 5-year survival of 50% to 59%. Contemporary data are lacking. We evaluated 88 patients with pHLH documented in the international HLH registry from 2016-2021. In 12 of 88 patients, diagnosis was made without HLH activity, based on siblings or albinism. Major HLH-directed drugs (etoposide, antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, emapalumab, ruxolitinib) were administered to 66 of 76 patients who were symptomatic (86% first-line etoposide); 16 of 57 patients treated with etoposide and 3 of 9 with other first-line treatment received salvage therapy. HSCT was performed in 75 patients; 7 patients died before HSCT. Three-year probability of survival (pSU) was 82% (confidence interval [CI], 72%-88%) for the entire cohort and 77% (CI, 64%-86%) for patients receiving first-line etoposide. Compared with the HLH-2004 study, both pre-HSCT and post-HSCT survival of patients receiving first-line etoposide improved, 83% to 91% and 70% to 88%. Differences to HLH-2004 included preferential use of reduced-toxicity conditioning and reduced time from diagnosis to HSCT (from 148 to 88 days). Three-year pSU was lower with haploidentical (4 of 9 patients [44%]) than with other donors (62 of 66 [94%]; P < .001). Importantly, early HSCT for patients who were asymptomatic resulted in 100% survival, emphasizing the potential benefit of newborn screening. This contemporary standard-of-care study of patients with pHLH reveals that first-line etoposide-based therapy is better than previously reported, providing a benchmark for novel treatment regimes.

More difficult still: Treating severe rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the context of COVID-19 pneumonia.

We present the case of a male patient with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, with simultaneous onset of p-ANCA positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. We discuss the different therapeutic possibilities, emphasising the appropriateness of their administration according to the time in the course of the infection.

Más difícil todavía: tratar una glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva grave en el seno de una neumonía por COVID-19 / More difficult still: Treating severe rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the context of COVID-19 pneumonia

Presentamos el caso de un varón afecto por neumonía SARS-CoV-2 grave, que a la vez comienza con una glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva p-ANCA positiva. Se comentan las distintas posibilidades terapéuticas haciendo hincapié en la idoneidad de su administración según el momento evolutivo de la infección. (AU)

We present the case of a male patient with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, with simultaneous onset of p-ANCA positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. We discuss the different therapeutic possibilities, emphasising the appropriateness of their administration according to the time in the course of the infection. (AU)

Next Generation Sequencing for Detecting Somatic FAS Mutations in Patients With Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome.

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a primary immune regulatory disorder clinically defined by chronic and benign lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and an increased risk of lymphoma due to a genetic defect in the FAS-FASL apoptotic pathway. Genetic defects associated with ALPS are germinal and somatic mutations in FAS gene, in addition to germinal mutations in FASLG, FADD, CASP8 and CASP10 genes. The accumulation of CD3+TCRαß+CD4-CD8- double negative T-cells (DNT) is a hallmark of the disease and 20-25% of ALPS patients show heterozygous somatic mutations restricted to DNT in the FAS gene (ALPS-sFAS patients). Nowadays, somatic mutations in the FAS gene are detected through Sanger sequencing in isolated DNT. In this study, we report an ALPS-sFAS patient fulfilling clinical and laboratory ALPS criteria, who was diagnosed through NGS with a targeted gene panel using DNA from whole blood. Data analysis was carried out with Torrent Suite Software and variant detection was performed by both germinal and somatic variant caller plugin. The somatic variant caller correctly detected other six ALPS-sFAS patients previously diagnosed in the authors' laboratories. In summary, this approach allows the detection of both germline and somatic mutations related to ALPS by NGS, avoiding the isolation of DNT as the first step. The reads of the somatic variants could be detected even in patients with DNT in the cut off limit. Thus, custom-designed NGS panel testing may be a faster and more reliable method for the diagnosis of new ALPS patients, including those with somatic FAS mutations (ALPS-sFAS).

The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making.

BACKGROUND: One hundred fifty million contagions, more than 3 million deaths and little more than 1 year of COVID-19 have changed our lives and our health management systems forever. Ageing is known to be one of the significant determinants for COVID-19 severity. Two main reasons underlie this: immunosenescence and age correlation with main COVID-19 comorbidities such as hypertension or dyslipidaemia. This study has two aims. The first is to obtain cut-off points for laboratory parameters that can help us in clinical decision-making. The second one is to analyse the effect of pandemic lockdown on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory parameters concerning the severity of the COVID-19. For these purposes, 257 of SARSCoV2 inpatients during pandemic confinement were included in this study. Moreover, 584 case records from a previously analysed series, were compared with the present study data. RESULTS: Concerning the characteristics of lockdown series, mild cases accounted for 14.4, 54.1% were moderate and 31.5%, severe. There were 32.5% of home contagions, 26.3% community transmissions, 22.5% nursing home contagions, and 8.8% corresponding to frontline worker contagions regarding epidemiological features. Age > 60 and male sex are hereby confirmed as severity determinants. Equally, higher severity was significantly associated with higher IL6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, and leukocyte counts, and a lower percentage of lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 count. Comparing this cohort with a previous 584-cases series, mild cases were less than those analysed in the first moment of the pandemic and dyslipidaemia became more frequent than before. IL-6, CRP and LDH values above 69 pg/mL, 97 mg/L and 328 U/L respectively, as well as a CD4 T-cell count below 535 cells/µL, were the best cut-offs predicting severity since these parameters offered reliable areas under the curve. CONCLUSION: Age and sex together with selected laboratory parameters on admission can help us predict COVID-19 severity and, therefore, make clinical and resource management decisions. Demographic features associated with lockdown might affect the homogeneity of the data and the robustness of the results.

More difficult still: Treating severe rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the context of COVID-19 pneumonia. / Más difícil todavía: tratar una glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva grave en el seno de una neumonía por COVID-19.

We present the case of a male patient with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, with simultaneous onset of p-ANCA positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. We discuss the different therapeutic possibilities, emphasising the appropriateness of their administration according to the time in the course of the infection.

Executive Summary of the Consensus Document on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are rare, undiagnosed and potentially fatal diseases. Clinical manifestations of PID can be fatal or leave sequelae that worsen the quality of life of patients. Traditionally, the treatment of PIDs has been largely supportive, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation and, more recently, gene therapy. The discovering of new affected pathways, the development of new molecules and biologics, and the increasing understanding of the molecular basis of these disorders have created opportunities in PIDs therapy. This document aims to review current knowledge and to provide recommendations about the diagnosis and clinical management of adults and children with PIDs based on the available scientific evidence taking in to account current practice and future challenges. A systematic review was conducted, and evidence levels based on the available literature are given for each recommendation where available.

Executive Summary of the Consensus Document on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are rare, undiagnosed and potentially fatal diseases. Clinical manifestations of PID can be fatal or leave sequelae that worsen the quality of life of patients. Traditionally, the treatment of PIDs has been largely supportive, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation and, more recently, gene therapy. The discovering of new affected pathways, the development of new molecules and biologics, and the increasing understanding of the molecular basis of these disorders have created opportunities in PIDs therapy. This document aims to review current knowledge and to provide recommendations about the diagnosis and clinical management of adults and children with PIDs based on the available scientific evidence taking in to account current practice and future challenges. A systematic review was conducted, and evidence levels based on the available literature are given for each recommendation where available.

Executive Summary of the Consensus Document on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies / Resumen ejecutivo del Documento de consenso sobre diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are rare, undiagnosed and potentially fatal diseases. Clinical manifestations of PID can be fatal or leave sequelae that worsen the quality of life of patients. Traditionally, the treatment of PIDs has been largely supportive, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation and, more recently, gene therapy. The discovering of new affected pathways, the development of new molecules and biologics, and the increasing understanding of the molecular basis of these disorders have created opportunities in PIDs therapy. This document aims to review current knowledge and to provide recommendations about the diagnosis and clinical management of adults and children with PIDs based on the available scientific evidence taking in to account current practice and future challenges. A systematic review was conducted, and evidence levels based on the available literature are given for each recommendation where available

Las inmunodeficiencias primarias (IDP) son unas enfermedades raras, frecuentemente infradiagnosticadas y potencialmente fatales. Las manifestaciones clínicas de las IDP pueden ser muy graves y ocasionar secuelas que empeoran la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Tradicionalmente, el tratamiento de las IDP ha sido fundamentalmente de soporte, con excepción del trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos y, más recientemente, la terapia génica. El descubrimiento de nuevos mecanismos patogénicos, el desarrollo de nuevas moléculas y fármacos biológicos y los avances en el conocimiento de las bases moleculares de estas enfermedades han abierto oportunidades para el tratamiento de esta afección. El objetivo de este documento es revisar el conocimiento actual y aportar recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento clínico de los pacientes adultos y pediátricos con IDP basado en la evidencia científica disponible y teniendo en cuenta la actual práctica y los retos futuros. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, que justifica los niveles de evidencia para cada recomendación

Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe hyperinflammatory syndrome induced by aberrantly activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. The primary (genetic) form, caused by mutations affecting lymphocyte cytotoxicity and immune regulation, is most common in children, whereas the secondary (acquired) form is most frequent in adults. Secondary HLH is commonly triggered by infections or malignancies but may also be induced by autoinflammatory/autoimmune disorders, in which case it is called macrophage activation syndrome (MAS; or MAS-HLH). Most information on the diagnosis and treatment of HLH comes from the pediatric literature. Although helpful in some adult cases, this raises several challenges. For example, the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria developed for children are commonly applied but are not validated for adults. Another challenge in HLH diagnosis is that patients may present with a phenotype indistinguishable from sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Treatment algorithms targeting hyperinflammation are frequently based on pediatric protocols, such as HLH-94 and HLH-2004, which may result in overtreatment and unnecessary toxicity in adults. Therefore, dose reductions, individualized tailoring of treatment duration, and an age-dependent modified diagnostic approach are to be considered. Here, we present expert opinions derived from an interdisciplinary working group on adult HLH, sponsored by the Histiocyte Society, to facilitate knowledge transfer between physicians caring for pediatric and adult patients with HLH, with the aim to improve the outcome for adult patients affected by HLH.

Multi-centre validation of a flow cytometry method to identify optimal responders to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Percentages of blood CD19+CD5+ B cells and CD8+perforin+ T lymphocytes can predict response to Interferon (IFN)-beta treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. We aimed to standardize their detection in a multicenter study, prior to their implementation in clinical practice. METHODS: Fourteen hospitals participated in the study. A reference centre was established for comparison studies. Peripheral blood cells of 105 untreated RRMS patients were studied. Every sample was analyzed in duplicate in the participating centre and in the reference one by flow cytometry. When needed, participating centres corrected fluorescence compensations and negative cut-off position following reference centre suggestions. Concordance between results obtained by participating centres and by reference one was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation test. Centre performance was measured by using z-scores values. RESULTS: After results review and corrective actions implementation, overall ICC was 0.86 (CI: 0.81-0.91) for CD19+CD5+ B cell and 0.89 (CI: 0.85-0.93) for CD8+ perforin+ T cell quantification; Spearman r was 0.92 (0.89-0.95; p <0.0001) and 0.92 (0.88-0.95; p <0.0001) respectively. All centres obtained z-scores≤0.5 for both biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Homogenous percentages of CD19+CD5+ B cells and CD8 perforin+ T lymphocytes can be obtained if suitable compensation values and negative cut-off are pre-established.

A Case of IL-7R Deficiency Caused by a Novel Synonymous Mutation and Implications for Mutation Screening in SCID Diagnosis.

Reported synonymous substitutions are generally non-pathogenic, and rare pathogenic synonymous variants may be disregarded unless there is a high index of suspicion. In a case of IL7 receptor deficiency severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), the relevance of a non-reported synonymous variant was only suspected through the use of additional in silico computational tools, which focused on the impact of mutations on gene splicing. The pathogenic nature of the variant was confirmed using experimental validation of the effect on mRNA splicing and IL7 pathway function. This case reinforces the need to use additional experimental methods to establish the functional impact of specific mutations, in particular for cases such as SCID where prompt diagnosis can greatly impact on diagnosis, treatment, and survival.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Overview and diagnostic procedure. A case induced by anexpansion of monoclonal EBV-negative NK cells

Las causas más comunes de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (HLH) sonexpansiones clonales de células NK y T, inducidas por EBV, así como las alteraciones genéticas que comprometen la actividad asesina de las NKs. Generalmente, HLH se desencadena por una disfunción inmune en la que se desarrolla hipercitoquinemia. En este trabajo se resumen las causas más comunes de HLH y se presenta un caso en el que una expansión monoclonal decélulas NK, EBV-negativas, se asocia a HLH en una paciente aquejada de Síndrome de Griscelli tipo-2 (GS2). Se trata de una niña de 17 meses con unamutación de nueva descripción en RAB27A, con albinismo parcial, fiebre persistente, hepatoesplenomegalia, adenopatías y citopenias al diagnóstico. Nose detectaron evidencias de infecciones virales activas, incluida EBV. Se detectó una expansión de células NKs (5300/µl) CD2+CD7+CD8+CD16+CD56+CD94+CD158a/h+CD158b/j–Perforin+Granzyme-B+. Tras el tratamiento (Protocolo HLH-2004: Cyclosporina, Etoposido y Dexametasona), la cifra de células NK se redujo a 850/µl y que aumentaron progresivamente hasta alcanzar niveles similares al diagnóstico. El ensayo de inactivación del cromosoma X demostró monoclonalidad de células NK. Dichas células manteníanintacta su actividad asesina y secretaban grandes cantidades de IFN-γ. Aldiagnóstico los niveles séricos de sIL-2R (36.8 ng/ml) e IFN-γ (400 pg/ml)estaban elevados. En conclusión, se describe un caso de una expansión monoclonal de células NK, EBV-negativas, que secretan grandes cantidades deIFN-γ como la causa más probable del episodio de HLH en una paciente conGS2. Tras el trasplante de médula ósea de su hermana HLA-idéntica, las cifrasy el fenotipo de las células NK recobraron la normalidad (AU)

Clonal natural killer (NK) and T cell expansions induced by EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) and genetic alterations compromising NK cell killing arethe most common causes of hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH).Generally, HLH is induced by an immune dysfunction where hypercytokinemia develops into reactive hemophagocytosis. In this work wereview the causes of HLH and describe a case of a monoclonal expansionof EBV-negative NK cells associated to HLH in a seventeen-month-oldgirl suffering of Griscelli syndrome type-2 with novel RAB27A mutation and showing partial albinism, persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly,adenopaties and cytopenias. At diagnosis, no evidence of active viral infections, including EBV, was found. Expansion of NK cells (5300/µl in peripheral blood) CD2+CD7+CD8+CD16+CD56+CD94+CD158a/h+CD158b/j–Perforin+Granzyme B+ was found. After treatment (HLH-2004 protocol:Cyclosporin, Etoposide and Dexamethasone), NK cell count fell to 850/µland progressively increased to pre-therapy levels by week 28. X-chromosome inactivation assay demonstrated NK cell monoclonality. NK cellssustained a strong killing and secreted high amounts of IFN-γ. At diagnosis, serum levels of sIL-2R (36,8 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (400 pg/ml) wereelevated. In conclusion, we describe a monoclonal expansion of EBV-negative NK cells highly secretory of IFN-γ as the most probable cause of HLHepisode in a patient with Griscelli syndrome type-2. NK cell count recovered normal levels and phenotype after bone marrow transplantationfrom her HLA identical sister (AU)

Association of monoclonal expansion of Epstein-Barr virus-negative CD158a+ NK cells secreting large amounts of gamma interferon with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

We report the first case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) induced by the monoclonal expansion of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative NK cells. Consanguinity of the patient's parents made it necessary to discard familial HLH in the patient and her sister with identical HLA markers and demonstrate that no cause other than the expansion of NK cells, which secrete high levels of gamma interferon, was inducing HLH in this patient.