ABSTRACT
The foregut endoderm gives rise to several organs including liver, pancreas, lung and thyroid with important roles in human physiology. Understanding which genes and signalling pathways regulate their development is crucial for understanding developmental disorders as well as diseases in adulthood. We exploited unique advantages of the zebrafish model to develop a rapid and scalable CRISPR/Cas-based mutagenesis strategy aiming at the identification of genes involved in morphogenesis and function of the thyroid. Core elements of the mutagenesis assay comprise bi-allelic gene invalidation in somatic mutants, a non-invasive monitoring of thyroid development in live transgenic fish, complementary analyses of thyroid function in fixed specimens and quantitative analyses of mutagenesis efficiency by Illumina sequencing of individual fish. We successfully validated our mutagenesis-phenotyping strategy in experiments targeting genes with known functions in early thyroid morphogenesis (pax2a, nkx2.4b) and thyroid functional differentiation (duox, duoxa, tshr). We also demonstrate that duox and duoxa crispants phenocopy thyroid phenotypes previously observed in human patients with bi-allelic DUOX2 and DUOXA2 mutations. The proposed combination of efficient mutagenesis protocols, rapid non-invasive phenotyping and sensitive genotyping holds great potential to systematically characterize the function of larger candidate gene panels during thyroid development and is applicable to other organs and tissues.
Subject(s)
CRISPR-Cas Systems , Morphogenesis , Mutation , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Thyroid Diseases/pathology , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Zebrafish Proteins/genetics , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified/embryology , Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics , Animals, Genetically Modified/metabolism , Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology , Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Phenotype , Receptors, Thyrotropin/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism , Thyroid Diseases/genetics , Thyroid Diseases/metabolism , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Zebrafish/embryology , Zebrafish/physiology , Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Zebrafish Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
NADPH oxidases (NOXes) and dual oxidases (DUOXes) generate O2 (.-) and H2O2. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) inhibits the activity of these enzymes and is often used as a specific inhibitor. It is shown here that DPI, at concentrations similar to those which inhibit the generation of O2 derivatives, activated the efflux of radioiodide but not of its analog (99m)TcO4 (-) nor of the K(+) cation mimic (86)Rb(+) in thyroid cells, in the PCCl3 rat thyroid cell line and in COS cell lines expressing the iodide transporter NIS. Effects obtained with DPI, especially in thyroid cells, should therefore be interpreted with caution.