ABSTRACT
The ion doping of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) has played an important role in revolutionizing several materials applied in medicine and dentistry by enhancing their antibacterial and regenerative properties. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a dental material widely used in vital pulp therapies with high success rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the modification of MTA with cerium (Ce)- or calcium (Ca)-doped MSNs on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). MSNs were synthesized via sol-gel, doped with Ce and Ca ions, and mixed with MTA at three ratios each. Powder specimens were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biocompatibility was evaluated using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay following hGFs' incubation in serial dilutions of material eluates. Antioxidant status was evaluated using Cayman's antioxidant assay after incubating hGFs with material disc specimens, and cell attachment following dehydration fixation was observed through SEM. Material characterization confirmed the presence of mesoporous structures. Biological behavior and antioxidant capacity were enhanced in all cases with a statistically significant increase in CeMTA 50.50. The application of modified MTA with cerium-doped MSNs offers a promising strategy for vital pulp therapies.
ABSTRACT
Different mesoporous nanomaterials (MSNs) are constantly being developed for a range of therapeutic purposes, but they invariably interact with blood components and may cause hazardous side effects. Therefore, when designing and developing nanoparticles for biomedical applications, hemocompatibility should be one of the primary goals to assess their toxicity at the cellular level of all blood components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of human blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes) after exposure to silica-based mesoporous nanomaterials that had been manufactured using the sol-gel method, with Ca and Ce as doping elements. The viability of lymphocytes and monocytes was unaffected by the presence of MSNs at any concentration. However, it was found that all nanomaterials, at all concentrations, reduced the viability of granulocytes. P-selectin expression of all MSNs at all concentrations was statistically significantly higher in platelet incubation on the first day of storage (day 1) compared to the control. When incubated with MSNs, preserved platelets displayed higher levels of iROS at all MSNs types and concentrations examined. Ce-containing MSNs presented a slightly better hemocompatibility, although it was also dose dependent. Further research is required to determine how the unique characteristics of MSNs may affect various blood components in order to design safe and effective MSNs for various biomedical applications.
Subject(s)
Nanoparticles , Silicon Dioxide , Humans , Silicon Dioxide/toxicity , ErythrocytesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A promising strategy to enhance bone regeneration is the use of bioactive materials doped with metallic ions with therapeutic effects and their combination with active substances and/or drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the osteogenic capacity of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in culture with artemisinin (ART)-loaded Ce-doped calcium silicate nanopowders (NPs); Methods: Mesoporous silica, calcium-doped and calcium/cerium-doped silicate NPs were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted cooperative self-assembly process. Human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) were isolated and tested for their osteogenic differentiation in the presence of ART-loaded and unloaded NPs through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarine red S staining, while their antioxidant capacity was also evaluated; Results: ART promoted further the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs in the presence of Ce-doped NPs. Higher amounts of Ce in the ART-loaded NPs inversely affected the mineral deposition process by the hPDLCs. ART and Ce in the NPs have a synergistic role controlling the redox status and reducing ROS production from the hPDLCs; Conclusions: By monitoring the Ce amount and ART concentration, mesoporous NPs with optimum properties can be developed towards bone tissue regeneration demonstrating also potential application in periodontal tissue regeneration strategies.
ABSTRACT
(1) Background: A proposed approach to promote periodontal tissue regeneration in cases of peri-implantitis is the local administration of growth factors at the implant site. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rh-BMP-2) can effectively promote bone regeneration and osseointegration and the development of appropriate carriers for its delivery is of paramount importance. The aim of the present study was to develop SBA-15 mesoporous nanoparticles (MSNs) with varying porosity, evaluate their biocompatibility with human Periodontal Ligament Cells (hPDLCs) and to investigate their effectiveness as carriers of rh-BMP-2. (2) Methods: SBA-15 type mesoporous silicas were synthesized via sol-gel reaction. The calcined SBA-15 samples were characterized by N2 porosimetry, Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FTIR), Scanning (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Rh-BMP-2 loading and release kinetics were evaluated by UV spectroscopy. (3) Results: MSNs presented hexagonally arranged, tubular pores of varying length and diameter. Slightly higher loading capacity was achieved for SBA-15 with large pores that presented good hemocompatibility. MTT assay revealed no cytotoxic effects for all the tested materials, while SBA-15 with large pores induced a significant upregulation of cell viability at day 5. (4) Conclusions: SBA-15 MSNs may prove a valuable delivery platform towards the effective release of bone-inducing proteins.
ABSTRACT
Ion doping has rendered mesoporous structures important materials in the field of tissue engineering, as apart from drug carriers, they can additionally serve as regenerative materials. The purpose of the present study was the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the effect of artemisinin (ART)-loaded cerium-doped mesoporous calcium silicate nanopowders (NPs) on the hemocompatibility and cell proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs). Mesoporous NPs were synthesized in a basic environment via a surfactant assisted cooperative self-assembly process and were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and N2 Porosimetry. The loading capacity of NPs was evaluated using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography/High resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS). Their biocompatibility was evaluated with the MTT assay, and the analysis of reactive oxygen species was performed using the cell-permeable ROS-sensitive probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). The synthesized NPs presented a mesoporous structure with a surface area ranging from 1312 m2/g for undoped silica to 495 m2/g for the Ce-doped NPs, excellent bioactivity after a 1-day immersion in c-SBF, hemocompatibility and a high loading capacity (around 80%). They presented ROS scavenging properties, and both the unloaded and ART-loaded NPs significantly promoted cell proliferation even at high concentrations of NPs (125 µg/mL). The ART-loaded Ce-doped NPs with the highest amount of cerium slightly restricted cell proliferation after 7 days of culture, but the difference was not significant compared with the control untreated cells.
