Tetraspanner-based nanodomains modulate BAR domain-induced membrane curvature.

The topography of biological membranes is critical for formation of protein and lipid microdomains. One prominent example in the yeast plasma membrane (PM) are BAR domain-induced PM furrows. Here we report a novel function for the Sur7 family of tetraspanner proteins in the regulation of local PM topography. Combining TIRF imaging, STED nanoscopy, freeze-fracture EM and membrane simulations we find that Sur7 tetraspanners form multimeric strands at the edges of PM furrows, where they modulate forces exerted by BAR domain proteins at the furrow base. Loss of Sur7 tetraspanners or Sur7 displacement due to altered PIP2 homeostasis leads to increased PM invagination and a distinct form of membrane tubulation. Physiological defects associated with PM tubulation are rescued by synthetic anchoring of Sur7 to furrows. Our findings suggest a key role for tetraspanner proteins in sculpting local membrane domains. The maintenance of stable PM furrows depends on a balance between negative curvature at the base which is generated by BAR domains and positive curvature at the furrows' edges which is stabilized by strands of Sur7 tetraspanners.

Endothelial basement membrane laminins - new players in mouse and human myoendothelial junctions and shear stress communication.

Basement membranes (BMs) are critical but frequently ignored components of the vascular system. Using high-resolution confocal imaging of whole-mount-stained mesenteric arteries, we identify integrins, vinculin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and several BM proteins including laminins as novel components of myoendothelial junctions (MEJs), anatomical microdomains that are emerging as regulators of cross-talk between endothelium and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Electron microscopy revealed multiple layers of the endothelial BM that surround endothelial projections into the smooth muscle layer as structural characteristics of MEJs. The shear-responsive calcium channel TRPV4 is broadly distributed in endothelial cells and occurs in a proportion of MEJs where it localizes to the tips of the endothelial projections that are in contact with the underlying SMCs. In mice lacking the major endothelial laminin isoform, laminin 411 (Lama4-/-), which we have previously shown over-dilate in response to shear and exhibit a compensatory laminin 511 upregulation, localization of TRPV4 at the endothelial-SMC interface in MEJs was increased. Endothelial laminins do not affect TRPV4 expression, rather in vitro electrophysiology studies using human umbilical cord arterial endothelial cells revealed enhanced TRPV4 signalling upon culturing on an RGD-motif containing domain of laminin 511. Hence, integrin-mediated interactions with laminin 511 in MEJ structures unique to resistance arteries modulate TRPV4 localization at the endothelial-smooth muscle interface in MEJs and signalling over this shear-response molecule.

Bacteria tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Different non-invasive real-time imaging techniques have been developed over the last decades to study bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in mouse models by following infections over a time course. In vivo investigations of bacterial infections previously relied mostly on bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which is able to localize metabolically active bacteria, but provides no data on the status of the involved organs in the infected host organism. In this study we established an in vivo imaging platform by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tracking bacteria in mouse models of infection to study infection biology of clinically relevant bacteria. RESULTS: We have developed a method to label Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with iron oxide nano particles and detected and pursued these with MRI. The key step for successful labeling was to manipulate the bacterial surface charge by producing electro-competent cells enabling charge interactions between the iron particles and the cell wall. Different particle sizes and coatings were tested for their ability to attach to the cell wall and possible labeling mechanisms were elaborated by comparing Gram-positive and -negative bacterial characteristics. With 5-nm citrate-coated particles an iron load of 0.015 ± 0.002 pg Fe/bacterial cell was achieved for Staphylococcus aureus. In both a subcutaneous and a systemic infection model induced by iron-labeled S. aureus bacteria, high resolution MR images allowed for bacterial tracking and provided information on the morphology of organs and the inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: Labeled with iron oxide particles, in vivo detection of small S. aureus colonies in infection models is feasible by MRI and provides a versatile tool to follow bacterial infections in vivo. The established cell labeling strategy can easily be transferred to other bacterial species and thus provides a conceptual advance in the field of molecular MRI.

AP-1/sigma1B-adaptin mediates endosomal synaptic vesicle recycling, learning and memory.

Synaptic vesicle recycling involves AP-2/clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but it is not known whether the endosomal pathway is also required. Mice deficient in the tissue-specific AP-1-sigma1B complex have impaired synaptic vesicle recycling in hippocampal synapses. The ubiquitously expressed AP-1-sigma1A complex mediates protein sorting between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes. Vertebrates express three sigma1 subunit isoforms: A, B and C. The expressions of sigma1A and sigma1B are highest in the brain. Synaptic vesicle reformation in cultured neurons from sigma1B-deficient mice is reduced upon stimulation, and large endosomal intermediates accumulate. The sigma1B-deficient mice have reduced motor coordination and severely impaired long-term spatial memory. These data reveal a molecular mechanism for a severe human X-chromosome-linked mental retardation.

SH3P7/mAbp1 deficiency leads to tissue and behavioral abnormalities and impaired vesicle transport.

The intracellular adaptor protein SH3P7 is the mammalian ortholog of yeast actin-binding protein 1 and thus alternatively named as mAbp1 (or HIP55). Structural properties, biochemical analysis of its interaction partners and siRNA studies implicated mAbp1 as an accessory protein in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Here, we describe the generation and characterization of mice deficient for SH3P7/mAbp1 owing to targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem cells. Mutant animals are viable and fertile without obvious deficits during the first weeks of life. Abnormal structure and function of organs including the spleen, heart, and lung is observed at about 3 months of age in both heterozygous and homozygous mouse mutants. A moderate reduction of both receptor-mediated and synaptic endocytosis is observed in embryonic fibroblasts and in synapses of hippocampal neurons, respectively. Recycling of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal boutons is severely impaired and delayed four-fold. The presynaptic defect of SH3P7/mAbp1 mouse mutants is associated with their constricted physical capabilities and disturbed neuromotoric behaviour. Our data reveal a nonredundant role of SH3P7/mAbp1 in CME and places its function downstream of vesicle fission.

v-SNAREs control exocytosis of vesicles from priming to fusion.

SNARE proteins (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors) are thought to be central components of the exocytotic mechanism in neurosecretory cells, but their precise function remained unclear. Here, we show that each of the vesicle-associated SNARE proteins (v-SNARE) of a chromaffin granule, synaptobrevin II or cellubrevin, is sufficient to support Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis and to establish a pool of primed, readily releasable vesicles. In the absence of both proteins, secretion is abolished, without affecting biogenesis or docking of granules indicating that v-SNAREs are absolutely required for granule exocytosis. We find that synaptobrevin II and cellubrevin differentially control the pool of readily releasable vesicles and show that the v-SNARE's amino terminus regulates the vesicle's primed state. We demonstrate that dynamics of fusion pore dilation are regulated by v-SNAREs, indicating their action throughout exocytosis from priming to fusion of vesicles.