ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), its relationship with T1D-specific cardiovascular (CV) risk-stratification tools is unknown. AIMS: Assess prevalence of CAC and evaluate relationship between CAC and T1D-specific CV risk-stratification methods in T1D. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of adults with T1D age 20-60 years, statin-naïve and no history of CVD. Data was obtained from electronic medical records and by interview. Presence of CAC was assessed using non-contrast cardiac computed tomography and quantified by Agatston Units (AU). CV risk-stratification was assessed using the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines and the Steno T1 Risk Engine (ST1RE). RESULTS: 85 patients were included with mean age 35.4 ± 10.3 years, HbA1c 8.3 ± 1.5 % and T1D duration 17.0 ± 10.1 years. 67 patients (78.9 %) had a CAC score of 0 AU, 17 (20.0 %) >0-100 AU, and one (1.2 %) >100 AU. Duration of T1D (p = 0.009), body mass index (p = 0.029), neuropathy (p = 0.016) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p = 0.016) were independently associated with a positive CAC score on multivariate analysis. Positive predictive value for a positive CAC score was 85.7 % for the ST1RE high risk category and 31.3 % for the 2019 ESC Guidelines very high risk category. CONCLUSIONS: One-fifth of this T1D cohort had a positive CAC score. The ST1RE was superior in identifying positive CAC compared to the 2019 ESC Guidelines. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of CAC in personalising CV risk-stratification and statin initiation in T1D.
Subject(s)
Cardiology , Cardiovascular Diseases , Coronary Artery Disease , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Vascular Calcification , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Calcium , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Vascular Calcification/complications , Vascular Calcification/diagnostic imaging , Vascular Calcification/epidemiologySubject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/complications , Patient Discharge/statistics & numerical data , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Western Australia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Aqueous based controlled decoration of platinum nanoparticles on plasma treated carbon nano-onions (CNOs) occurs within the shear flow generated by a vortex fluidic device (VFD), using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent, with the electrocatalytic potential of the resulting Pt-NPs@CNOs nano-composites demonstrated.
