ABSTRACT
Scaffold hopping and structure-based drug design were employed to identify substituted 4-aminoquinolines and 4-aminonaphthyridines as potent, small molecule inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Structure-activity relationships in both the quinoline and naphthyridine series leading to the identification of compound 42 with excellent potency and pharmacokinetic profile are discussed. X-ray co-crystal structure analysis and ultracentrifugation experiments clearly demonstrate that these inhibitors distort the TNFα trimer upon binding, leading to aberrant signaling when the trimer binds to TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic activity of compound 42 in a TNF-induced IL-6 mouse model and in vivo activity in a collagen antibody-induced arthritis model, where it showed biologic-like in vivo efficacy, will be discussed.
Subject(s)
Naphthyridines/pharmacology , Quinolines/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Drug Design , Female , Humans , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Naphthyridines/chemical synthesis , Naphthyridines/pharmacokinetics , Naphthyridines/therapeutic use , Proof of Concept Study , Quinolines/chemical synthesis , Quinolines/pharmacokinetics , Quinolines/therapeutic use , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop an objective, readily measurable pharmacodynamic biomarker of glucocorticoid (GC) activity. METHODS: Genes modulated by prednisolone were identified from in vitro studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal healthy volunteers. Using the criteria of a >2-fold change relative to vehicle controls and an adjusted P value cutoff of less than 0.05, 64 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated genes were identified. A composite score of the up-regulated genes was generated using a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm. RESULTS: GC gene signature expression was significantly elevated in peripheral blood leukocytes from normal healthy volunteers following oral administration of prednisolone. Expression of the signature increased in a dose-dependent manner, peaked at 4 hours postadministration, and returned to baseline levels by 48 hours after dosing. Lower expression was detected in normal healthy volunteers who received a partial GC receptor agonist, which is consistent with the reduced transactivation potential of this compound. In cohorts of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, expression of the GC signature was negatively correlated with the percentages of peripheral blood lymphocytes and positively correlated with peripheral blood neutrophil counts, which is consistent with the known biology of the GC receptor. Expression of the signature largely agreed with reported GC use in these populations, although there was significant interpatient variability within the dose cohorts. CONCLUSION: The GC gene signature identified in this study represents a pharmacodynamic marker of GC exposure.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Prednisolone/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics , Biomarkers/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Female , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Leukocyte Count , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics , Male , Pharmacogenomic Testing , Up-Regulation/drug effectsABSTRACT
PI3Kδ plays an important role controlling immune cell function and has therefore been identified as a potential target for the treatment of immunological disorders. This article highlights our work toward the identification of a potent, selective, and efficacious PI3Kδ inhibitor. Through careful SAR, the successful replacement of a polar pyrazole group by a simple chloro or trifluoromethyl group led to improved Caco-2 permeability, reduced Caco-2 efflux, reduced hERG PC activity, and increased selectivity profile while maintaining potency in the CD69 hWB assay. The optimization of the aryl substitution then identified a 4'-CN group that improved the human/rodent correlation in microsomal metabolic stability. Our lead molecule is very potent in PK/PD assays and highly efficacious in a mouse collagen-induced arthritis model.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Structure-Activity Relationship , Animals , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism , Caco-2 Cells/drug effects , Caco-2 Cells/immunology , Dogs , ERG1 Potassium Channel/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Female , Humans , Immune System Diseases/drug therapy , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Lectins, C-Type/metabolism , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/metabolism , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , RabbitsABSTRACT
Aberrant Class I PI3K signaling is a key factor contributing to many immunological disorders and cancers. We have identified 4-amino pyrrolotriazine as a novel chemotype that selectively inhibits PI3Kδ signaling despite not binding to the specificity pocket of PI3Kδ isoform. Structure activity relationship (SAR) led to the identification of compound 30 that demonstrated efficacy in mouse Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and collagen induced arthritis (CIA) models.
